1-Drilling Rig Equipment

‫المعھد الجزائري للبترول‬
INSTITUT ALGERIEN DU PETROLE
School of Boumerdes
UFR: Drilling & Production
Drilling Rig Equipment
PREPARED BY: A.NACEF

DRILLING INSTRUCTOR
Contents
Introduction
Types of drilling rig
Drilling rig systems
hoisting system
rotary system
circulating system
Pipe handling equipment
Power generation and transmission
Rig instrumentation
Well control equipments
Waste management system
Introduction
Types of wells
Exploration: Drilled in an area that has not been explored
before. (No offset data, very little geological and pressure data
available).
Development: Drilled to enter a known productive portion of the

reservoir. (Good offset data available).
Drillship Semisubmersible Jackup Submersible Land rig

Types of land rig
Conventional land rig
Mobile land rig

Drilling rig ratings
Freedom Input Output

Rotation RPM Torque
Rotation per N.M / Ft.lbs
minute
Pipe Velocity Weight
movement Meters per hour Ton / lbs
Circulation Flow rate Pressure

Liter per minute Bar / Psi
Hoisting system
Surface equipment required to give the drill string the necessary

axial power, lifting speed and height
The hoisting system consists of:

Hoisting tower
Substructure
Drawworks
Crown block and traveling block
Drilling line
Hoisting system
HOISTING TOWER:
The derrick or mast is a framed structure with four load-bearing

legs on a square base. The metal structure can be either welded or
bolted.
The drilling derrick is primarily constructed to withstand the

following main stresses:
- Compressive loads (drill string’s weight and casing, when it is

hoisted into and out of the hole).
- Wind.
- Reactive force to the torque from the top drive.
Hoisting system
HOISTING TOWER:
Construction designed to provide vertical height required to raise

sections of pipe from or lower them into hole. This construction is
known as Derrick or mast:
Shape of a pointed pyramid with

one foot in each corner resting
on square angles
Metal structure can be either
welded or bolted.
Designed to withstand wind and
compressive loads.
Hoisting system
• Derrick: a fixed welded or bolted structure known as standard
derrick.
- Mobile rigs offshore generally use this construction.
• A = Vertical distance between the rig

floor & crown block beams
• B= Distance between adjacent feet
• C = V-door opening
• D = Smallest width of the derrick
• E = Distance between the crown
block floor and the pulley block.
Hoisting system
HOISTING TOWER:
Mast: (or portable derrick) a folding structure that may be raised in

a cantilever fashion.
- Pulled in upright position using the draw works and special hoisting
cable. For transporting by land, the mast can be divided into two or
more section.
- Suited mainly for onshore drilling operations that require good
mobility.
Hoisting system
HOISTING TOWER:
The derrick is designed to store a certain
number of connected drill pipe lengths

known as stands.
About 90 feet (28m) above the drill floor

is a finger board (known as monkey
board) for the stacking and securing of
these stands.
Stabbing board Monkey board
Hoisting system
HOISTING TOWER:
According to the length of the stands that can be stored on the drill
floor, the drilling derricks are classified in 3 main types:
Triple derrick: largest on shore rig which

can rack back stand of a length of 65 to 95 feet
(stand = 3 joints).
- Save time due to less connection during

drilling and due to no or less need to lay down
pipe on the ground.
Hoisting system
HOISTING TOWER:
Double derrick: designed to stand back

stands ranging in lengths from 57 to 65 feet (2
joints).
This type of rig will be rated to drill up to

11000 feet or workover well as deep as 13000
feet.
Hoisting system
HOISTING TOWER:
Single derrick:
• Truck mounted rigs, mainly used with light

weight rigs and workover rigs,
• The mast capacities ranges are from 100,000
lbs hook load to 440,000 lbs with heights
ranging from 70 ft under crown to 131 ft under
crown.
• Many of these rigs are equipped with heavy
duty hydraulic systems capable of providing
power for the entire rig.
Hoisting system
Substructure
- This is what the rig sits on and it comes in veering heights
- Provides the support for the derrick and derrick loading.
- It must be strong enough to carry the maximum set back load along with the
hook load.
- It also provides the necessary clearance beneath the rig floor for the
wellhead and preventers stack.
Two types:
• Plate girder substructure
• Box on box substructure

Plate Girder Substructure
Swing-lift Substructure Slingshot Substructure

Box on Box Substructure
- The easiest type to install as it is just a matter of placing one section on

top of the other and pin in them together
Hoisting system
Cellar
- In land rig the substructure site on a

concrete base, Normally referred to as
the slab.
- In the centre of the slab is the cellar
where will be the most of the wellhead
equipments.
Hoisting system
Cellar
Hoisting system
Lifting the derrick and drawworks:
- The jack knife type derrick is pivoted at its base and is raised or lowered by
the use of drawworks
- The stripped down structure is moved by truck load. A big derrick would
normally take 12 loads to move.
- The mast is constructed with the use of pins that join the sections together
- Some types of rigs use hydraulic rams to raise or lower the mast
Lifting the derrick and drawworks
In general the rig is assembled on the ground. By stringing up the drill line
and block the driller will slowly raise the derrick into position by one of two
methods:
- The drawworks is hoisted into position, followed by the derrick then the
floor section (sling shot).
- The derrick is picked up first then the drawworks is raised and pined to the
substructure
To accomplish lifting the substructure will have an A frame incorporated into it.
Raising The Derrick On An Oil Rig.flv

Drawworks
Hoisting system
Drawworks
• A large winch used to hoist the drill string and casing.
• It is the heart of the drilling rig and provides hoisting & braking
power required to raise or lower pipes.
• It is the capacity of the Drawworks that characterizes a rig and
indicates the depth rating for the borehole that can be drilled.
• Different types of drawworks: hydraulic

drawworks, electrical drawworks and
drawworks driven mechanically
Hoisting system
Principle parts of drawworks
The drawworks is composed from:
Main Drum
Transmits torque required for hoisting or braking.
Stores drilling line required to move travelling block.
Hoisting system

Brakes
Stop and sustain weights imposed when lowering pipe

Mechanical brakes primarily used as parking brakes but can also be
used for emergency braking.
The brakes work as a fail-safe device meaning that if a fault occurs in
the control system or electrical supply is lost, the brakes are applied.
Drawworks brakes
Patins de frein Bande de frein
Levier
de frein
Drawworks brakes
Freins à bandes Freins à disque

Drawworks brakes
Levier de frein Câble Jante
Garniture
s de
freins
Jante
Tambour
Hoisting system
Transmission (gears, sprockets, chains)
Provides a means of changing direction and speed of travelling

blocks
Catheads
Attached to both ends of draw works

They are controlled by clutches to
reel chains or cables to torque up or
break out drill pipe connections
Hoisting system
Auxiliary Brakes: used to assist drum brakes in controlling

hook load. Two types of mechanism are used:
The Hydrodynamic Brake.
The Eddy-Current Brake.

Auxiliary Brakes
The hydro-dynamic type braking is provided by

water being impelled in a direction opposite to
the rotation of the drum. The brake is mounted
on a shaft that can be engaged to the drawworks.
The electromagnetic type braking is provided by

two opposing magnetic fields. The magnitude of
the magnetic fields is dependent on the speed of
rotation and the amount of external excitation
current supplied. In both types of
auxiliary braking systems, the heat development
must be dissipated using a liquid cooling system.
Hoisting system
Crown block: It is a set of pulleys (sheaves) on which the drilling line
passes through.
– It is supported by the top platform of the drilling mast.

– Provides a means of taking drilling line from hoisting drum to
traveling block.
– Crown block is stationary.
Hoisting system
Travelling block and Hook:
– They are normally manufactured in a

solid block containing number of
sheaves (less than crown block).
– Drilling line is wound continuously on
the crown and travelling blocks.
– The hook has a shock absorber to lessen
stresses when the load is picked up and
make screwing connections easier.
Travelling Block & Hook
Drilling line
Travelling block
Hook
Swivel
Kelly spinner
Rotary Hose
Crown & Travelling Blocks
Crown block
Travelling block
Hoisting system
Drilling line: a multi stranded steel cable that is used to connect the
Drawworks, the crown block, the travelling block and the deadline
anchor. Its primary purpose is to hoist or lower drill pipe or casing
from or into a well.
Hoisting system
Drilling line: an assembly constituted by several strands regularly placed in

one or many layers helicoidally wound around the central rope core
- Every strand is itself made of many strings of steel wire helicoidally wound
Cable designation: generally referenced by its diameter, the number of strands

& the number of wires per strand.
Exp: 1 ¼”_6_26 1 ½”_6_36 1 1/8”_6_19

Hoisting system
Types of Wire Rope Lay
Right Lang Lay
Left Lang Lay
Right Regular Lay
Left Regular Lay

Hoisting system
Drilling line
Drilling line strength is determined by it’s composition.
Common diameters are 1”, 1 1/8”, 1 ¼”, 1 3/8” & 1 ½”
Drilling line wear is measured in Ton miles.
The allowable ton miles between slipping and cutting is determined by
the cable and how well lubricated the cable is.
The inside of the drilling line wears faster then the outside.
Hoisting system
Deadline anchor
The drilling line strung through the traveling block and to the drawworks is
secured by the deadline, which is wrapped around the deadline reel and
clamped. This prevents the line from slipping and the traveling block from falling
Supply Reel
A spool that stores the unused portion of the Drilling Line
Hoisting Mechanisms
Hoisting design
D : sheaves diameter
d : drilling line diameter
Bending severity of drilling line should be

limited
D/d = ± 30
Hoisting Mechanisms
Hoisting design
Big hook load
Big cable diameter
Big wounding diameter
Required dimensions very excessive for

P
Crown & travelling blocks sheaves P
Drawworks main drum
Dead line anchor sheave
Hoisting Mechanisms
Hoisting design
Hook load is divided by the number of
line between crown and travelling bloc
Acceptable dimensions of cable &

equipment
If we move the drilling line by 1 m the

travelling block will move by 1/N m
T=F/N
T: Dead line tension; F: hook load;

Better control of WOB
N: number of lines.
Rotating system
The rotation system consists of surface equipment necessary for
exerting the required torque and rotational speed on the drill string. It
consists from:
1. Swivel
2. Kelly
3. Kelly bushing
4. Master bushing
5. Rotary table
6. Top drive
Rotating system
Swivel: A mechanical device that must simultaneously suspend the

weight of the drillstring, permits the rotation of the drillstring
beneath it while keeping the upper portion stationary, and permit
high-volume flow of high-pressure drilling mud from the fixed
portion to the rotating portion without leaking.
Rotating system
The drive pipe (Kelly): The heavy steel

member, usually four or six-sided that is
suspended from the Swivel through the
Rotary Table and connected to the topmost
joint of drill pipe to turn the drill stem as
the rotary table turns.
The kelly is used to transmit rotary motion

from the rotary table or kelly bushing to the
drillstring, while allowing the drillstring to
be lowered or raised during rotation.
Rotating system
Kelly bushing: An adapter that serves to connect the rotary table to
the Kelly. The kelly bushing has an inside diameter profile that
matches that of the kelly, usually square or hexagonal.
It is connected to the rotary table by four large steel pins that fit into
mating holes in the master bushing (or square for square master
bushing).
Type HDS Type HDP

Rotating system
Master Bushing
A device that fits into the rotary table to accommodate the slips and
drive the kelly bushing so that the rotating motion of the rotary table
can be transmitted to the Kelly.
Type MSPC Type MPCH Type MSPC Type MBSS
Fits 20-1/2” to 27-1/2” Fits 37-1/2” to 49-1/2” Fits 17-1/2” to 27-1/2” Fits 17-1/2” to 27-1/2”
Rotary Tables Rotary Tables Rotary Tables Rotary Tables
Rotating system
Rotary table:
The equipment used to turn the drill stem and support the drilling
assembly.
It has a beveled gear arrangement to create the rotational motion
and opening into which bushings are fitted to drive and support the
drilling assembly.
A lock prevents the table from turning when pipe is unscrewed.
Power is provided by independent rotary drive.
Rotary Table
Rotary Table
Rotating system
Top Drive
The top drive or the Derrick Drilling Machine
(DDM) is basically a combination of rotary table,
Kelly and swivel.
The top drive is mounted onto a guide frame
carriage which travels on rails up and down inside
the derrick.
The drawworks raises and lowers the carriage
whilst all the torque from the top drive is
transferred to the rails and onto the derrick’s
structure
Rotating system
Top Drive:
The TDM include the
following parts:
• Rotary swivel
• Transmission and main
shaft.
• Motors (one DC motor or
two AC motors).
• A pipe handler including
elevator.
• I.B.O.P. valve.
Rotating system
Advantages of Top Drive Drilling:
Drill with Stands
Back reaming
Connections can be made-up or

broken-out at any point the derrick:
Safer Drilling Operation
Circulating system
The Rig Equipment responsible the movement of drilling fluid within

the well as well as solids removal incurred by the drilling fluid.
Circulating components consist of the following:
Mud tanks Swivel

Suction line Return line
Pre-charge pumps Solid control equipment
Suction dampener Shale shaker
Mud pumps Sand trap
Pulsation dampeners Degasser
Vibrator hoses Desander
Mud manifold Desilter
Stand pipe Mud cleaner
Rotary or Kelly hose Centrifuge
Circulating System
Mud
Pumps Stand
pipe
Rotary
hose
Mud Tanks
Circulating system
Mud tanks
A large tank that holds drilling fluid on the rig
For land rigs, most mud pits are rectangular steel construction,
with partitions that hold about 200 barrels each.
They are set in series for the active mud system.
Circulating system
Suction line: connects the mud tanks to the pre-charge pump.

There is usually a strainer in between the mud tanks and the pre-
charge pumps to prevent large particules entering the pumps.
• Pre-charge pumps: centrifugal pumps

that force the fluid into the suctions of the
mud pumps. This must be done to prevent
cavitation of the fluid end of the mud pumps.
• Suction dampener: this is a nitrogen filled rubber bladder inside

the suction manifold on the mud pump. This helps to maintain
constant suction pressure in the fluid end.
Circulating system
Mud pumps
A large, high-pressure reciprocating pumps used to circulate the mud
on a drilling rig. The flow rate is counted in Strokes per minutes.
Two types of mud pumps:
Duplex Pumps: they have two cylinder that are double acting on
both forward and backward strokes
Triplex Pumps: they have tree cylinders that are single acting on
only forward strokes. They are lighter and more compact and easier
to operate.
Mud pump
Triplex Pumps:
Duplex Pumps:
Single Acting Piston
Mud pump characteristics
Maximum pressure:
Pmax = Fmax /S
Duplex pump : S = 5.06 ( D2 – d2/2 )
d D
Triplex pump : S = 5.06 D2 F
F: force applied on the piston road

S : Section, cm2
L : stroke length
D : liner diameter, in
d : piston road diameter
Hydraulic power , CV
P : Pressure, Kgf/cm2 P.Q
Q : Flow rate, L/mn P H=
450
Theoretical Flow rate:

Duplex Pumps:
D2
Q2 = π L
Flow rate in forward direction 4
2 2
Flow rate in backward direction Q = (π D d
1
− π )L
4 4 2
d
For 2 pistons: Q = 2(Q1 + Q2 ) = 0.0515nL( D 2 − )
2
Triplex pumps: Q = 0.0386nLD 2
Q : Flow rate, L/mn
D, d, L, in
n: number of stroke pumped in one minute
Pump efficiency:
Qr Qr Reel low rate

η=
Qt Qt Theoretical flow rate
Pump parts
Pump parts
Fluid end module
Pump parts
Fluid end module
Pump liner Suction / discharge valves

Mud pump discharge pressure
1st piston
2nd piston
1st piston 2nd piston 3rd piston

Circulating system
Pulsation dampeners: the nitrogen filled spherical bladder that is
down stream from the discharge valves. This further smoothes out the
vibration caused by the fluid leaving the fluid modules.
Circulating system
Vibrator hoses: the flexible steel
and rubber hoses that are between
the rigid steel piping. These allow
minor misalignment and remove
some of the input or “shock” from
the system.
Mud manifold: a valves and

piping system that allows control of
the mud coming from the mud
pumps to the rig. This mud may be
distributed to the stand pipe, to the
BOP kill line or just back to the mud
system.
Stand pipe manifold
Stand pipe
Pump 1 Pump 2 Kill line Bleed off

Circulating system
Stand
Stand pipe: the pipes that are pipe
attached to the derrick structure.

They are topped by a goose neck; they
are the conduit from the rig floor to
Rotary
the rotary hose. hose
Rotary or Kelly hoses: these are

made from the same material as the
vibrator hoses. They are attached to
the stand pipe goose neck on one end
and the goose neck of the swivel or
top drive on the other end. They allow
vertical movement of the drill string.
Circulating system
Swivel: Allows rotation of the drill string beneath it while keeping

the upper portion stationary, and permit high-volume flow of high-
pressure drilling mud from the fixed portion (rotary hoses) to the
rotating portion without leaking.
Wash pipe
Bearing Goose neck
Kelly
Circulating system
Return line: The large-diameter metal pipe that connects the bell
nipple under the rotary table to the possum belly at the mud tanks.
The flow line is simply an inclined, gravity-flow conduit to direct
mud coming out the top of the wellbore to the mud surface-treating
equipment.
Solid control equipment
Function:
Eliminate drilled solids that are contaminants in the drilling mud.
Improper Solids Control can Cause :

Decreased drilling rate
Thicker wall cakes (Differential pressure sticking)
Increased mud costs
Increased Viscosity
Increased pressure losses
Contributes to possibility of Lost Returns and kicks
Solids Effect on ROP

80
70
60
50
ROP ft/hr
40
30
20
10
0
4% 8% 12% 16%
% Solids
Wall Cake Thickness
Cake Thickness for Permeable Sandstone Core
2.5
2
Filter
Cake 1.5
Thickness
(inches) 1
0.5
0
0 1% 2% 3%
Drilled Solids Concentration
Solids Effect on Viscosity
200
180
160
140
Apparent 120 Fines
Viscosity 100
API Barite
80
60
40
20
0
10 11 12 13 14 15
Mud Wt. (ppg
(ppg))
Solid Classification
API CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION MICRON SIZE
COLLOIDAL LESS THAN 2

ULTRA-FINE 2 TO 44
FINE (SILT) 44 TO 74
MEDIUM (SAND) 74 TO 250
INTERMEDIATE 250 TO 2000
Solid Classification
Particle Size Reference Points
Material Micron Size (micron)

Normal Eyesight 40.
Finger Sensitivity 20
Bentonite .002 - 10
Barite 3 - 100
Cuttings .007 - 1,000
Sand >74
Silt 2 - 74
Solid control equipment design
The design objective of any solids control system should be to achieve

step-wise removal of progressively finer drilled solids.
This allows each piece to optimize the performance of downstream

equipment.
In addition, the system must have some ability to differentiate between

low-gravity drilled solids and valuable weighting material.
Solid control equipment design
Shale shaker:
The primary and probably most important device on the rig for
removing drilled solids from the mud.
A wire-cloth screen vibrates while the drilling fluid flows on top of it.
The liquid phase of the mud and solids smaller than the wire mesh
pass through the screen, while larger solids are retained on the
screen and eventually fall off the back of the device and are
discarded.
FSI Model 20L.mp4

Linear Shakers
Linear Motion : All areas move in a synchronous, linear motion with uniform
vibration energy
Linear Shakers
Volume Capacity
Determined by:
1. Shaker design
2. Screen mesh & type
3. Fluid properties
4. Solids loading
Circulating system
Mud degasser: A device that removes gas from the mud coming
out of a well. It is important that gas in the mud is detected and
removed as quickly as possible because it can be dangerous for
peoples (hydrogen sulphide) and can cause equipments’ problems.
• Vacuum degasser: a vacuum

pump is used to create under
pressure in a tank. The drilling fluid
is then sucked into the tank through
a suction pipe, and is spread in a
thin layer over large plates, so that
gas is released. The gas is
transported from the installation via
a pipe system.
Vacuum degasser
Hydrocyclones
The hydrocyclone is a simple, low cost machine. It was developed for mining
applications but was adapted to the oil industry.
Mud enters the feed chamber tangentially at a
high velocity provided by pump pressure.
As the mud spirals downward through the cone

section, centrifugal force and inertia cause the
solids to gravitate to the wall. The largest solids
will discharge out the underflow opening of the
hydrocyclone.
As the cone narrows, the inner most layers of

fluid turn back toward the overflow creating a
low pressure vortex in the center of the cone.
The air and cleaned fluid will rise and exit the
cone through the vortex finder and out the
overflow opening of the cone.
Hydrocyclones
Hydrocyclones Performance Variables

Cone diameter (inches)
Feed pressure (at manifold)
Solids size distribution (feed)
Plastic viscosity
The cut-point
If there are no solids larger than a hydrocyclone rated cut- point no

solids will be removed.
Hydrocyclones
Hydrocyclone Performance
If there is a large volume of solids

greater than a hydrocyclone rated cut -
point the discharge may rope unless
the unit is properly sized
High solids concentration causes solids
to block underflow discharge.
Cone wear increases and solids are
expelled through the overflow opening
Increase the processing rate by adding

cones
Hydrocyclones
Desander and Desilter:
Hydrocyclones are classified by size of the cone as either desanders
(typically 12 inches in diameter) or desilters (4 to 6 inches in
diameter), with the size of the cone determining the size of particles
the device removes from the mud system.
The desander should be located downstream of the shale shakers and

degassers, but before the desilters or mud cleaners.
Ciclone.flv
Mud Cleaner
A hydrocyclone mounted over a shaker.
Designed to recover barite allowing hydrocyclone operation while weighted.
Installed after D-Sander and D-Silter cones.

Centrifuge
Based on the principal of accelerated gravity, an object spun about a
central point is forced away from that central point.
The degree of force generated is a function of the speed at which the
object is spun and the distance of the object from the central point.
Used to control fine solids that would contribute to undesirable mud
density or mud rheology.
Centrifuge
Circulating system
Circulating components:
Triplex Mud Pump
Circulating system
Circulating components:
Mud mixing hoppers
Solid size separation for each type of equipment
The pipe handling system includes the surface equipment necessary for
the manipulation of tubular, from storage on deck until it is made up to
the required torque in the rotary table.
Tubular: drill pipes, drill collars, X-over, pup joints, stabilizers,

casing, tubing…etc.
Pipe handling equipment can be divided into the following categories:
- Making-up tubular equipment
- Tubular handling equipment

Making-up tubular equipment
Equipments used to make-up and break-out connections.

Rotary tongs: The large wrenches used for applying the necessary
torque when making up or breaking out drill pipe, casing, tubing, or
other pipe connections.
• Usually they are powered by the drawworks’ catheads.
Kelly spinner: A pneumatically operated device mounted on top of

the kelly that when actuated causes the kelly to spin.
Drill pipe spinner: A pneumatically operated device usually

suspended on the rig floor used to make fast connections and spin off
of drill pipes.
Iron roughneck: hydraulically operated machine that make-up and

torque connections of drill pipes and drill collars.
Hydraulic power tongs: used to make-up and break-out tubing and

casing. Some require rotary tongs to assist, and some have a built in
back up tong.
Manual chain tong: may be used to rotate the joint using man
power, unable to torque connections correctly.
Top drive machine: the top drive is also used to rotate left or right
to make up joints and can torque-up and break-out connections.
Tubular handling equipment
Equipment used to move and suspend tubular on the rig. These include
the following:
Elevators: a set of clamps that grip a stand of casing, tubing, drill pipe
or drill collars so that the stand or joint can be raised from or lowered
into the opening of the rotary table.
- Drill pipe elevators: have a taper or “bottle neck” and are always centre
latched.
Elevators:
- Drill collar elevators: they are square shouldered and side door type.
Elevators:
- Casing elevators: for low string weight are square shouldered and are
side door type. For high string weight they are slip type elevators (or
spider elevator).
- Single joint or pick up elevator: used to pick up joints to be added to

the string.
Elevators:
- Spider elevators: This type of elevator are fitted around the pipe and
the weight of the load causes a wedge action to force teeth in the slips
to bite the casing body and carry the load.
Slip type tubing elevator Slip type casing elevator

Elevators:
- Elevator links: equipment attached onto the Traveling Block in order

to suspend the Elevator.
Slips: A wedge shaped piece of metal with teeth or other gripping

elements that are used to prevent pipe from slipping down into hole or
to hold the pipe in place.
Hand slips or rotary slips fit around the drill pipe and wedge against the
master bushing to support the pipe. Engaged and disengaged manually.
- Drill pipe slips: consists of three steel wedges.

Slips:
- Drill collar slips: they have a greater number of steel wedges.
- Casing slips are similar to drill collar slips.

Slips:
- Power slips: are pneumatically or hydraulically actuated devices that

allow the crew to dispense with the manual handling of slips when
making a connection.
Safety clamps: They are used on tubular above the slips to prevent
dropping the string should the slips fail to hold.
Lifting subs: used to lift drill collars and HWDP with no lifting
shoulders with the elevator.
Tugger/Winch: (capstan, air hoist, cathead): A pneumatically

operated drum with wire rope spooled onto it to move or lift heavy
objects on the rig floor. Usually two winches are installed on the rig
floor.
Power source
Prime mover:
The source of power for the rig location is the prime mover.
On modern rigs, the prime mover consists of one to four or more
diesel engines.
These engines commonly produce several thousand horsepower.
Prime Mover
Power consumption for different depths drilled

Power transmission systems
AC to DC system: this system work as follow:
- The prime mover supplies the AC generator (alternator) with power;

- The AC generator create electric power;
- The AC generator sends alternative current to the SCR (Silicon
Control Rectifier);
- The SCR convert the AC to DC;
- The DC motors convert electric power to mechanical power to drive
heavier equipment such as mud pumps, the drawworks and the
rotary table (or DC top drive).
AC to DC system
DC to DC system:
- Diesel engines power the DC generator;

- The generated DC goes directly from the DC generator to a control
panel and to DC motors.
- The DC motors generates mechanical power to run the mud pumps,
drawworks and rotary table (or DC top drive)
- Smaller AC generator attached to the system, supplies AC current to
equipment that uses AC, such as AC motors and chemical mixing
pumps.
DC to DC system
Mechanical rigs:
A drilling rig in which the source of power is one or more internal-
combustion engines and in which the power is distributed to rig
components through mechanical devices (such as chains, sprockets,
clutches, and shafts), also called a power rig.
- Small to medium land rigs use mechanical drives.

- Easy maintenances and use, but lacks flexibility in utilization and
location.
Mechanical rig
Prime Mover
Engine
Room 0-750 V- DC Motors
460 V AC Supercharging
pump
600 V AC 110 V AC
Lighting
220 V AC
Transformers
Magnetic Brake
600 V AC (Elmagco)
Top drive Room

Rig instrumentation
Driller’s console:
The place where the most of the rig instrumentation is installed, it

should be installed in a way that permit to the driller a good visibility
when he is controlling the brake handle.
Rig instrumentation
Rig instruments:
Rig instruments include:
Weight indicator
Pump strokes
Pump pressure gauge
Rotary tachometer
Rotary torque gauge
Tool joint make up torque
Mud return flow rate indicator
Mud tanks level indicator
Trip tank volume indicator
Drilling recorder
Rig instrumentation
Weight indicator
The largest gauge on the driller’s

panel, it indicates hook load and WOB
(weight on bit). The weight sensor is
sensitive to hook load change and
monitor drag or overpull in drill string
when running in or out of hole.
- Hook load: total amount of weight
hanging from the hook.

- WOB: amount of weight put on the bit
by the drill string.
Rig instrumentation
Weight indicator
Weight
Indicator
Dead line ( 96 T )
N=8
Hydraulic
( 12 tonnes ) oil
Dead line anchor

Rig instrumentation
Pump strokes
Strokes: when all the pump pistons make one full revolution.
- Stroke volume= number of pistons X amount of mud each piston

pumps.
- Amount of mud each piston pumps= cylinder volume X pump
efficiency.
- Total volume pumped = stroke volume X number of strokes.
Rig instrumentation
Pump pressure gauge
Shows amount of pressure the mud pumps put out. It takes pressure
from the standpipe and it is transferred through a flexible hose to the
driller’s consol where it is converted into a reading shown in Bar or
Psi.
- Pumps pressure is very important parameter, it helps in detecting

some problems like plugged bit nozzles, string washout …etc.
Rig instrumentation
Rotary tachometer
It gives a reading of surface RPM (revolution per minutes) that the

drill string is turning; this will be an average of the RPM that the bit
is turning.
The bit may instantaneously be turning faster or slower due to stick
slip…etc.
Rig instrumentation
Rotary torque gauge
Measure the twisting force or the torque the rotary or the DDM are
applying to the drill string during rotation.
It is read from a sensor at the top drive unite (TDU) or if rotary table
drilling, from the rotary chain or rotary table drives motor.
Measured in foot-pounds or in Newton-meters.
It helps preventing twist off due to over-torque during drilling.
Adjustable torque valves can be used to set a maximum allowable
torque.
Rig instrumentation
Tool joint make up torque
Measures the force being applied by the

drawworks cathead and together with the
length of the tong arm this will indicate the
torque being applied to tighten the
connection.
The torque is measured in foot-pounds or in
Newton-meters.
It helps in making up drill pipe, drill collar
and X-over connections with the right
amount of torque.
Rig instrumentation
Mud return flow rate indicator
A flow paddle is mounted in the mud return line to detect return
flow.
The paddle moves according to return flow and detect abnormalities
in the return flow.
It helps in detecting a kick situation or a loss zone situation.

Rig instrumentation
Mud tanks level indicator
A float that moves up and down if the mud level rises or falls.
Several mud tanks with floats are connected to a digital totalizing
panel mounted on the driller’s console.
Sonic mud tanks level indicators can be used in the rig.
It helps in detecting a kick situation or a loss zone situation.

Rig instrumentation
Trip tanks volume indicator
A float or sonic sensor are used to indicate the trip tank mud level in
order to monitor the amount of mud displaced when running in or
pulling out of hole tubular.
Tubular displacement is calculated before each trip and compared
with measured displaced fluid.
Close monitoring of trip tank during trips is critical to proper well
control.
Rig instrumentation
Drilling recorder
Record drilling variables:

- Hook load
- WOB
- ROP (rate of penetration)
- Torque
- Pump strokes
- Pump pressure.
Well Control Equipment
Definition: A complete set of equipment, instruments and tools for

operations of oil/gas well control.
• Well control equipment:

- annular BOP Blowout.wmv
- Ram type BOP

- Closing unit
Nezla blow out.wmv
- Chock manifold
- Mud gas separator
Equipo_FIRE.wmv
Annular BOP
Rams type BOPs
Kill line
Choke line
Drilling Spool
Casing head
Annular BOP:
Functions:
- Open hole sealing: No any tubular
in borehole
- Annulus sealing: Tubular exists in
borehole
- Stripping in/out: With 18o tapered
drill pipe, reducing control
pressure
Annular BOP:
Annular Closing Times:
API state that surface annular preventer closing times should not
exceed 30 seconds for smaller than 18 3/4” and 45 seconds for 18
3/4” and larger.
Annular BOP:
Annular BOP main parts:

Annular BOP:
Types of packing unit:

Ball rubber: from Shaffer spherical BOP
Annular BOP:

Taper rubber: from Hydril ‘GK’ or ‘GL’
Annular BOP:

Compound rubber: from Cameron ‘DL’
Ram-type BOP:
- Totally sealing: Seal open hole with blind ram
- Sealing annulus: Seal annulus with available pipe ram
- Shearing pipe: Drill pipe to be cut off in case of emergency with shear
ram
Ram-type BOP:
Classification of RAM BOPs:

Per RAM shape:
Variable ram pipe ram blind ram shear ram
Per RAM numbers:

Single, double and triple
Ram-type BOP:
Closing Times
- API requirements state that surface rams must close within 30
seconds.
Structure of ram type BOPs:
- The area ratio of piston versus rod is called pressure ratio
- Rams to be pushed by downhole pressure to strengthen contact
versus shell
- Replacing spool: Side flange of BOP to be used as spool for
connecting choke line and kill line
- Front bulge of rams to fit opposite groove, triangle bulge help to
push unlined tubular to center of borehole
Type of Ram BOP:
CAMERON ‘U’ BOP:
- The Ram bonnets are opened and closed using hydraulic pressure.
- A large manual locking screw facilitates locking and closing of the
BOP if required.
Type of Ram BOP:
‘U’ BOP – compounds:
Type of Ram BOP:
HYDRIL RAM PREVENTERS:
- Hydraulic passages and fluid connectors are contained within the
BOP body.
- Manual locking BOPs to lock the rams in the closed position or to
manually close the ram if the hydraulic system is inoperative.
- Multiple-position locking uses a hydraulically actuated mechanical
clutch mechanism to automatically lock the rams in the closed
position.
Type of Ram BOP:
Hydril Ram Types:

Type of Ram BOP:
SHAFFER ‘SL’ RAM:

- Ram bodies are available in single, double and treble models.
- Hydraulic passages drilled through the body eliminate the need for
external manifolds and piping.
- ‘SL’ preventers equipped with poslock pistons are locked
automatically in the closed position each time they are closed.
Type of Ram BOP:
Shaffer Ram Types:

Ram-type BOP:
Handle lock device:
- Closing BOP by manpower: In the case of system failure, ram BOP
could be closed by turning lock device
- Ensure long term closing: After closing ram BOP, by using lock
device, control pressure could be released to prevent control lines
leaking and miss-operation
Ram-type BOP:
Handle lock device:
- Manual lock: Turn clockwise in place then ¼~½ round back
- Manual unlock: Turn counter clockwise in place then ¼~½

round back
Ram-type BOP:
Closing steps of ram BOP:
- Normal practice:
1. Closing BOP with hydraulic system
2. Using manual lock device
3. Releasing hydraulic pressure
- Special practice (Failure of hydraulic control):

1. Handle of switch to be in closing position
2. Manual closing ram BOP
3. Handle of switch to be in central position
Ram-type BOP:
Opening steps of ram BOP:
1. Manually unlock device
2. Open rams with hydraulic control
3. Releasing hydraulic pressure

Closing unit:
Consist of an independent automatic accumulator unit rated for at

least 3,000 psi working pressure with a control manifold, used to
operate BOPs and hydraulically controlled valves.
Closing unit:
Accumulator Capacity: The accumulator volume of the BOP

systems should be sized to keep a remaining stored accumulator
pressure of 1380 kPa (200 psi.) or more above the minimum
recommended precharge pressure after conducting the following
operations (with pumps inoperative):
- Closing all (rams and annular) functions and Open all HCRs valves.
- Opening all (rams and annular) functions and Close all HCRs valves
- Closing the annular.
- Opening choke line remote operated valve.
Accumulators shall have a pre-charge equal to 1/3rd of the rated pressure
Chock manifold:
A set of valves used to control the flow coming from the cock line in a
case of well control situation.
Chock manifold:
Choke Manifold Requirements:

At least three flow paths must be provided that are capable of
flowing well returns through conduits that are 76.14 mm (3-inch)
nominal diameter or larger.
- At least one flow path shall be equipped with a remotely controlled,
pressure operated adjustable choke.
- At least one flow path shall be equipped with a manually operated
adjustable choke.
- At least one flow path must permit returns to flow without passing
through a choke. Two gate valves with full rated working pressure
must be provided in this unchoked flow path.
Mud gas separator:
An atmospheric or low pressure separating vessel that removes gas

from the mud coming out of a well when a kick is being circulated
out.
Degassers Installation
Other well control equipment:
Safety Valves
Inside BOP
Gray valves
Kelly Cocks
Top Drive Safety Valves
Float Valves
Composition of well control equipment
Rig floor
Shale shakers
Mud Pumps Mud tanks

Evacuation line
Drill string
Hydraulic
Choke
Annular
Manual
Choke Mud return
Pipe Rams
Manual
Choke
Blind Rams
Choke line
Kill line
Separator
Choke Manifold
Composition of well control equipment
Waste Management System
Applications
Drying system to efficiently separate drilled solids

from oil-base and synthetic drilling fluids.
Discharge drill cuttings with less residual oil content.
Reduce waste volumes & liquid content.
Maximize recovery of drilling fluid.

The Vortex Dryer is designed to reduce and recover base fluid from a variety of
feed slurries. The Dryer is used to reduce this liquid to as low as 6%, by weight.
Solids from the rig solids

control equipment, specifically
shale shakers and mud
conditioners are routed to the
Vortex Dryer via conveyors
Slurry is accelerated by the

rotating parts
Solids are retained on the screen
surface
Centrifugal force slings free
liquids through the screen
openings
Flights convey solids down the
screen surface
Solids fall through the bottom
Cleaned liquid exits via the
overflow launder
The clean solids exit the bottom of the dryer and are discarded overboard or
collected in Cuttings Boxes for offsite transport and disposal.
The recovered liquid exits

the Dryer through the
effluent ports and is routed
to a Liquid Collection Tank.
The recovered liquid is then
processed through a
decanting centrifuge for
final clarification, storage,
and reuse.
Oil On Cuttings
OOC = weight of oil/weight of dry cuttings

Reported as grams per kilogram
OOC %-IN reference = 25% weight

OOC%-OUT < 30% of OOC %-IN
OOC in dry cutting obtained from the Vortex dryer should be

30% * 25% = 7.5% of weight
For the control of performances, two methods are applied in the rig
- Retort (distillation), (API RP 13B-2)
- Measure of recovered mud volume
Drilling Rig
Example Rig Layout
Rig Crew Organization
Drilling
supervisor
Service
Toolpusher
Company
Rig
HSE advisor
administrator
Mechanic Electrician Crane

Driller Welder
chief chief operator
Mechanic Electrician Asst Driller
Derrickman
Roughneck
Roustabout
Rising the Rig
Rising the Rig 1.flv Rising the Rig 2.wmv

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1-Drilling Rig Equipment

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‫المعھد الجزائري للبترول‬

INSTITUT ALGERIEN DU PETROLE

Drilling Rig Equipment

PREPARED BY: A.NACEF

Development: Drilled to enter a known productive portion of the

Drillship Semisubmersible Jackup Submersible Land rig

Mobile land rig

Freedom Input Output

Circulation Flow rate Pressure

Surface equipment required to give the drill string the necessary

The hoisting system consists of:

The derrick or mast is a framed structure with four load-bearing

The drilling derrick is primarily constructed to withstand the

- Compressive loads (drill string’s weight and casing, when it is

Construction designed to provide vertical height required to raise

Shape of a pointed pyramid with

- Mobile rigs offshore generally use this construction.

• A = Vertical distance between the rig

Mast: (or portable derrick) a folding structure that may be raised in

The derrick is designed to store a certain

number of connected drill pipe lengths

About 90 feet (28m) above the drill floor

Triple derrick: largest on shore rig which

- Save time due to less connection during

Double derrick: designed to stand back

This type of rig will be rated to drill up to

• Truck mounted rigs, mainly used with light

• Plate girder substructure

• Box on box substructure

Swing-lift Substructure Slingshot Substructure

- The easiest type to install as it is just a matter of placing one section on

- In land rig the substructure site on a

Lifting the derrick and drawworks:

Raising The Derrick On An Oil Rig.flv

• Different types of drawworks: hydraulic

Principle parts of drawworks

Stop and sustain weights imposed when lowering pipe

Freins à bandes Freins à disque

Levier de frein Câble Jante

Principle parts of drawworks

Transmission (gears, sprockets, chains)

Provides a means of changing direction and speed of travelling

Attached to both ends of draw works

Principle parts of drawworks

Auxiliary Brakes: used to assist drum brakes in controlling

The Hydrodynamic Brake.

The Eddy-Current Brake.

The hydro-dynamic type braking is provided by

The electromagnetic type braking is provided by

– It is supported by the top platform of the drilling mast.

Travelling block and Hook:

– They are normally manufactured in a

Drilling line: an assembly constituted by several strands regularly placed in

Cable designation: generally referenced by its diameter, the number of strands

Exp: 1 ¼”_6_26 1 ½”_6_36 1 1/8”_6_19

Right Lang Lay

Left Lang Lay

Right Regular Lay

Left Regular Lay

Drilling line strength is determined by it’s composition.

Common diameters are 1”, 1 1/8”, 1 ¼”, 1 3/8” & 1 ½”

Drilling line wear is measured in Ton miles.

The allowable ton miles between slipping and cutting is determined by