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APRIL 2017
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................. 3
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 4
2. APPLICABLE CODES AND STANDARDS ............................................................................................. 4
3. SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENT ................................................................................................... 4
4. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................. 4
4.1 Input Data ..................................................................................................................................... 4
4.2 Conductor sizing for short time thermal requirements ................................................................ 4
4.3 Soil Layer Model............................................................................................................................ 5
5. EARTHING GIRD DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 6
5.1 Tolerable Step and Touch Voltage calculation.............................................................................. 6
5.2 Evaluation of Ground Resistance .................................................................................................. 7
5.3 Calculation of Ig – Phase to earth fault ......................................................................................... 8
5.4 Justification for Ig ........................................................................................................................ 10
5.5 Grid current calculation .............................................................................................................. 11
5.6 Grid Step and Touch Voltage calculation .................................................................................... 11
2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Amithi Power Consultants (Pvt) Ltd, carried out the design of the earthing system for a switch yards at
Akkareipattu in accordance with the requirements of the Standard: IEEE 80 –2000 Guide for Safety in
Substation Grounding. Specific resistance is calculated on the basis of measured values of soil
resistivity.
Certified by:
…………………………………..
D. G. Rienzie Fernando
B.Sc. Eng, C.Eng, MIE (SL),
Managing Director,
Amithi Power Consultants (Pvt) Limited.
21/04/2017
3
1. INTRODUCTION
Earthing system design is carried out as per the IEEE 80-2000 standard. Clearing ground fault keeping
touch and step potentials in acceptable region in an optimal time period is the main criteria of
earthing.
4. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Earth grid conductors are of Copper (hard-drawn)installed 600mm below ground level
Crushed rock is used as the surfacing material
Earth grid shall be bonded with exothermic joints
Step and touch potentials, as per the recommendations of IEEE 80 standard
4
4.3 Soil Layer Model
Soil resistivity data was observed along two perpendicular diagonals of the site.
Rod Spacing (m) Resistivity (Ωm) along Diagonal 1 Resistivity (Ωm) along Diagonal 2
2 114.5 128.9
4 310.1 295.4
6 308.4 301.3
8 290.5 330.2
10 320.1 360.2
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Rod Spacing (m)
Resistivity (Ωm) along Diagonal 1 Resistivity (Ωm) along Diagonal 2
As per the soil resistivity test data soil layer model has been done based on the two layer model
which is described in IEEE 80:2000.
Selected,
Upper layer resistivity = r1 = 150 Ωm
Lower layer resistivity = r2 = 350 Ωm
r2/r1 = 2.33
5
Figure 1 - Sunde’s Graph
0.157
Tolerable Body Current for 70kg body weight (IB ) =
√0.5
180
0.09 (1 − 3000)
Surface layer derating factor (Cs ) = 1 −
2 × 0.1 + 0.09
6
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 50 = (1000 + 6 × 0.708 × 3000) × 0.164
7
5.2.2 Defined Parameters
𝐾1 = 1.06
𝐾2 = 5.8
Akkareipattu Switch Yard is fed by a 33 kV double circuit line come from Ampara GSS.
Angle = -83.90
33
Fault Impedance = 0.8607 – j8.0541
= (0.4329 + j4.0510) Ω
8
Line Reactance (Per length) = 0.316353728 Ω/km
Distance = 16 km
Therefore,
At Akkareipattu Switchyard
= (3.7331 + j9.1127) Ω
33000
Fault Current in complex form = 3.7331 + j9.1127
= (1183.1569 – j2888.1491) A
Therefore,
Angle = -67.720
Zero sequence current for line-to-ground fault (IEEE 80-2000 equation 69)
𝐸
𝐼0 =
𝑋0 + 𝑋1 + 𝑋2
Where,
I0 is the symmetrical rms value of zero sequence fault current in A
E is the phase-to-neutral voltage in V
X1 is the positive sequence equivalent system reactance (sub transient) in Ω
X2 is the negative sequence15 equivalent system reactance in Ω
X0 is the zero sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω
𝐸
𝐼0 =
𝑋0 + 2𝑋1
𝐸
𝑋1
𝐼0 = 𝑋0
+2
𝑋1
9
𝐸
3 [𝑋 ]
1
3𝐼0 = 𝑋0
𝑋1
+2
𝐸
Three phase Fault Current = 𝐼𝑘3 = 𝑋
1
3 𝐼𝑘3
𝐼𝑘1 = 𝑋0
𝑋1
+2
Then,
3 × 3.12
𝐼𝑘1 =
4+2
𝐼𝑘1 = 1.56 𝑘𝐴
𝐼𝑔 = 𝐼𝑘1 𝑥 𝑆𝑓
= 1.56 × 1
= 1.56 𝑘𝐴
Typically zero sequence impedance of the earthing transformer of a GSS is varies between 60 Ω-90
Ω.
= 317.5 A
The fault current in the Gantry will be much smaller than 317.5 A since the Gantry is far away from
the GSS.
Also the fault current used for the earthing design is much larger than this figure.
Hence, Fault current calculation used for the earthing design is acceptable.
10
5.5 Grid current calculation
𝐼𝐺 = 1 × 1.56
= 7081.32 V
5.6 Grid Step and Touch Voltage calculation
2 × 404
𝑛𝑎 =
60
60
𝑛𝑏 = √
4 × √224
𝑛𝑑 = 1
𝑛 = 13.467 × 1.001 × 1 × 1
Equation 84_ IEEE-80-2000
= 13.482
0.6
𝐾ℎ = √1 +
1
Equation 83_ IEEE-80-2000
= 1.26
𝐾𝑖𝑖 = 1
11
1.2
𝐿𝑀 = 177.5 + [1.55 + 1.22 ( )] Equation 91_ IEEE-80-2000
√14 2 +162
= 405.881
1 1 1 1
𝐾𝑠 = [ + + (1 − 0.513.482−2 )
𝜋 2 × 0.6 1.2 + 0.6 1.2
= 1706.92 𝑉
Equation 92_ IEEE-80-2000
Mesh voltage and step voltage of the designed ground grid are less than the acceptable values.
Hence the design caters all the safety precautions.
12