TVM Corp Masterplan Draft 201304 PDF

NOVEMBER 2012
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM CORPORATION
DEPARTMENT OF TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM MASTER PLAN
Planning Team:

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FOREWORD
Historically, Thiruvananthapuram has been the seat of power ever since the Capital of erstwhile
Travancore kingdom was shifted from Padmanabhapuram. The capital city is a representative show
piece of the character and culture of a State and hence it deserves meticulous land use planning. The
city has a Development Plan, sanctioned by Government in 1971 and a Second Development Plan
was prepared and published in 1993. Both these Plans cover only the central area of the present

surpassed the planning area of the Sanctioned Development Plan and second Development Plan
(published), necessitating a new Master Plan.
Upholding the commitment of the Corporation towards a planned, more livable capital
city, Corporation council took a resolution on 24.06.11[No.1 (3)] to prepare a new Master Plan
for the City. Now it is completed. I am sure that the Master Plan will lessen the hardship of the
people of Thiruvananthapuram as they need to look into only a single document before initiating
any development work, which was hitherto needs the reference of at least three documents,
viz. Sanctioned Development Plan for Trivandrum city -1971, Published Development Plan for
Trivandrum - 1993 and Road Network Plan for 2011. True to the spirit of green city status of
Thiruvananthapuram, bestowed by the father of our Nation, the new Master Plan has taken a
deliberate attempt to conserve its green area. I am happy to see that the run off drainage network
of the city comprising of Karamanayar, Killiyar, Pattom thodu, Ulloor thodu, Amayizhanjan thodu,
Akkulam lake, Parvathy Puthanar and Vellayani lake are well taken care of in the Master Plan. A road
network for decongesting the core city of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation is also noteworthy. The
Master Plan proposes multimodal mobility hub, monorail and LRTS to have world class experience in
commuting within the city. The Master Plan envisages two new towns at the extreme end of the city,
one at Chenkottukonam and other at Vizhinjam as a part of the strategy for decongesting the core
city. Zone wise varying FAR and application of TDR to make land available for development are two
pro development aspects in the Master Plan. The Master Plan envisages IT based enterprises and
Tourism as the future economic base of the City. A two pronged strategy, treating the biodegradable
waste at source itself to the possible extent and community level biodegradable treatment plants to
treat the remaining waste, is suggested for the solid waste management.
I am very much aware that the success of a Plan, however best it is, depends on acceptance of
it among the people and its materialization on ground. I therefore request the development partners
of the city, be it a government agency or general public, to have a look into the Master Plan before
zeroing down into any development they wish to implement, so as to have a larger view on the
development of the city. I am happy to place the Master Plan before the citizens of the City with the
hope that this will become a tool for a more livable Thiruvananthapuram.
Thiruvananthapuram Adv. CHANDRIKA. K

Mayor of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
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PREFACE
The Department of Town & Country Planning has been instrumental in the preparation of
Town Planning Schemes in the State as per the provisions contained in the Town Planning Acts in

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made it imperative to prepare Development Plan for all urban settlements in the State on a priority
basis. The Department has taken up the challenging task of preparation of 32 Development Plans

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Development Plan for Trivandrum was prepared and sanctioned by the Government
way back in 1971. Efforts for preparing a new General Town Planning Scheme encompassing a
wider area paved way for the publication of Development Plan for Trivandrum City in 1993 by the
Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority. But the scheme did not reach the sanctioning stage
owing to several reasons.
The development of the city, in the meantime, had undergone several changes and
deviations from the original development concepts and proposals an d this necessitated preparation
of a Master Plan for the State Capital, the area limits of which by then extended further. As an interim
measure, the Government varied the zoning regulations of the sanctioned Master Plan. The efforts
for preparation of the Master Plan covering the area within the extended limits of the Municipal
Corporation gained momentum with the GO (Rt) No. 3982/2008/LSGD dated 13.11.2008.
The Municipal Corporation too vide its resolution No. 1(3) dated 24.06.2011 requested for the
preparation of the Scheme. With the active involvement of the Planning Team of the Department
and cooperation of the Municipal Corporation, the Draft Master Plan was prepared.
The Plan visualises the State Capital as a multi functional compact city with vibrant
economy, which conserves its Blue–Green network and providing high standard infrastructure for
its people. The planning interventions required for achieving this vision are formulated in this plan.
The coordination of various agencies involved in the development process, strong political will, pro-
active involvement of the stakeholders and the people at large are essential for materializing the
plan proposals and thereby transforming the State Capital into one of the most livable cities.
This commendable task of plan preparation of Thiruvananthapuram Master Plan was

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take this opportunity to appreciate the earnest efforts of all members of the planning team lead by
Sri. Jacob Easow, Additional Chief Town Planner, Sri. S.Ajay Kumar, Town Planner and Sri. Baiju K,
Town Planner. We hope this document will provide planned development for our State capital.
Thiruvananthapuram EAPEN VARUGHESE

26-11-12 Chief Town Planner
v
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thiruvananthapuram city has a Development Plan prepared and sanctioned way back
in 1971, the extent of which is limited to the central city area of the present Thiruvananthapuram

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amalgamating the nearby Grama Panchayats , thus necessitating the preparation of a New Master
Plan for Thiruvananthapuram. It is in this juncture, Government decided to prepare Development
Plans for 32 Towns of Kerala, vide GO(Rt) No. 3982/2008/LSGD dated 13.11.2008 . The preparation
of a Development Plan for the Capital City of Kerala found a prominent place in the above list , thus the
preparation of a New Master Plan for the capital city is on. Later Department has entrusted the task of
preparation of Master Plan for Thiruvananthapuram City to the State Project Cell of the Department in
June, 2012 with the objective of completing the Plan by November, 2012 with the coordination of the
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Preparation of the Draft Master Plan was not envisaged as a mere technical exercise, but
as a joint action with the Municipal Corporation. Though Working groups were constituted at the
Corporation with the aim of getting greater feedbacks on people’s aspirations, this methodology didn’t
yield desired results and hence all councilors of the 100 wards of the Municipal Corporation were
approached to collect their views and information on people’s aspirations. Consultations were also
made with stakeholders like Indian Institute of Architecture, Thiruvananthapuram, CREDAI etc. to
shape up the development proposals.
The draft proposals thus arrived at were discussed with the Hon’ble Minister for Urban
Affairs, Worshipful Mayor and Councilors of the Municipal Corporation. After considering their valuable

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As already stated, the Draft Plan took this shape with the active involvement and contributions
from different sectors. The Department wish this opportunity to acknowledge them for their valuable
contributions.
We are highly indebted to the moral strength, constant support and timely advice rendered by
Sri. Manjalamkuzhi Ali, the Hon’ble Minister for Urban Affairs, Government of Kerala.
We are highly spirited by the interest and enthusiasm shown by Adv. Chandrika K, Worshipful
Mayor of Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. Without her constant support, this draft plan
would not have reached at this stage.
We sincerely thank Sri G.Happy Kumar, Deputy Mayor, Thiruvananthapuram Municipal

Corporation for his support and guidance at different stages of its preparation.
The contributions of all councilors of the Municipal Corporation were vital for addressing the
people’s aspirations in the Master Plan. We whole-heartedly thank them for their support.
We gratefully acknowledge Sri. Eapen Varughese, Chief Town Planner for his constant technical
guidance and motivating the Planning Team, which helped in the timely completion of this task.
We sincerely thank the stakeholders including Indian Institute of Architecture,

Thiruvananthapuram Centre and CREDAI for sharing their suggestions for the development of the
Capital City.
vii
The Planning Team for the preparation of the Thiruvananthapuram Master Plan needs special
mention. It is their unmatched effort which delivered the draft scheme as scheduled. We acknowledge
with pride their valuable services. We also acknowledge the entire staff of both Regional Town Planning

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Above all, we are highly indebted to the people of this great historic city; the denizens of the
Land of Lord Sri Padmanabha; for their interest and support to bring out this humble endeavour for the
planned development of our State capital.
Jacob Easow
Additional Chief Town Planner
S. Ajay Kumar
Town Planner
Thiruvananthapuram Baiju K.
26-11-12 Town Planner
viii
ix
CONTENTS
PART I
STUDY AND ANALYSIS
1. Need for the plan 2-7
2. Earlier planning efforts and studies 8 - 13

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PART II
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT VISION
23 Summary and Findings 206 - 215
24 Goals and Objectives 216 - 223
25 Development Concept 224 - 239
PART III
LAND USE PLAN AND SECTORAL PROPOSALS
26 Proposed Land Use 2031 242 - 253
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28 Sectoral Proposals 268 - 289
xii
PART IV
DEVELOPMENT REGULATIONS
29 Development Control 292 - 317
30 Annexes 318 - 357
xiii
xiv
List of Tables
Table 5.1 Planning Units
Table 5.2 Population Projection for the City - Decrease Rate Method
Table 8.1 Major Industrial Parks in the City
Table 8.2 Special Economic zones in the City
Table 9.1 Percentage of workers engaged in Trade & Commerce Sector in Corporations
Table 19.1 Estimated existing housing shortage and additional houses required for the
added population of the city
Table 21.1 Growth of vehicle population in Thiruvananthapuram District
Table 21.2 Vehicle population in Thiruvananthapuram district
Table 21.3 Major road stretches with V/C ratio >2 in 2009
Table 21.4 Locations for origin-destination survey in Thiruvananthapuram City
Table 21.5 Modal split of inter-city daily
Table 21.6 Modal split of inter-city daily goods
Table 22.1 Determination of Activity Pattern in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
Table 25.1 Containable population in zones
Table 26.1 Zone wise Priority of development
Table 26.2 Land use area
Table 27.1 Proposed road widths
Table 28.1 List of markets for Solid waste disposal facility
Table 28.2 Phasing of Slum scheme implementation
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xvi
List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Thiruvananthapuram District and the city

Figure 3.2 Local bodies of Thiruvananthapuram
Figure 3.3 Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Wards
Figure 4.1 Travancore
Figure 4.2 Evolution of Thiruvananthapuram city
Figure 4.3 District Regional Linkages
Figure 4.4 Regional Linkages of the City
Figure 4.5 Physical
Figure 5.1 Distribution of Population in wards
Figure 5.2 Grama Panchayats with higher growth rate of population
Figure 5.3 Population density - Comparison among LSGs in Thiruvananthapuram District
Figure 5.4 Distribution of Population Density among the wards
Figure 5.5 LSGI wise Projected Population Density Distribution - 2021
Figure 6.1 Distribution of Concentration Index of Total Workers among the Planning units
Figure 6.2 Distribution of WPR among the Planning units
Figure 6.3 Concentration Index of Main workers
Figure 6.4 Concentration Index of Cultivators
Figure 7.1 Land use Concentration – Thiruvananthapuram District
Figure 7.2 Existing Land Use of the City - 2012
Figure 7.3 Commercial Land use Concentration
Figure 7.4 Agriculture Land use Concentration
Figure 7.5 Other Major Land uses Concentration
Figure 7.6 Activity Zones based on Land use Concentration Pattern
Figure 8.1 Major MSMEs in the City
Figure 9.1 Existing Commercial Clusters: 2012
Figure 9.2 Existing Hierarchy of Commercial Clusters
Figure 9.3 Existing Hierarchy of Markets
Figure 9.4 Existing Hierarchy of markets and commercial clusters
Figure 12.1 Ward wise Distribution of Major Drinking Water Sources
Figure 12.2 Water Scarcity among wards
Figure 13.1 Ward wise distribution of method of sewage disposal
Figure 14.1 Ward wise Interval of Solid Waste Collection
Figure 14.2 Corporation Health Circles (86 wards)
xvii
Figure 15.1 Centres of Excellence in the City
Figure 16.1 Major Health Institutions in the City
Figure 17.1 Existing wetland in the City
Figure 17.2 Existing green in the City
Figure 17.3 Existing drainage basins in the City
Figure 18.1 Distribution of Parks in the city
Figure 19.1 Ward wise distributions of Slums
Figure 20.1 Building foot print density grid of the City
Figure 20.2 Direction of Development of the City
Figure 20.3 Intensity of Development in the City
Figure 20.4 Population density based urban form of the City -2011
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Figure 21.2 Desire lines of inter-city passenger trips
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Figure 22.1 Functional Character of Wards at Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
Figure 22.2 Derivation of Activity Pattern of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
Figure 22.3 Existing Activity Pattern of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
Figure 22.4 Existing Road Network of District
Figure 22.5 Existing Road Network of Thiruvananthapuram city
Figure 22.6 Derivation of Existing Spatial Structure
Figure 22.7 Existing Spatial Structure
Figure 25.1 Suggested population density based urban form of the City- 2031
Figure 25.2 Suggested city form and direction of development
Figure 25.3 Connectivity Concept - 2031
Figure 25.4 Suggested spatial structure
Figure 25.5 Tributaries in the City
Figure 25.6 Development Concept
Figure 26.1 Development zones
Figure 26.2 FAR Guide Map
Figure 26.3 Proposed Land use 2031
Figure 27.1 Transportation Plan 2031
Figure 27.2 Route map of mass transport system (LRTS)
Figure 28.1 Interstate Tourism Circuit
Figure 28.2 Intercity Tourism Circuit
Figure 28.3 Health Circle wise markets for Solid waste disposal facility
Figure 28.4 Proposed Blue – Green Network
xviii
List of Charts
Chart 3.1 Thiruvananthapuram Corporation - Revenue Income and Expenditure

Chart 5.1 Total Population of Thiruvananthapuram District - 1971 to 2011
Chart 5.2 Total Population 2011 - Comparison with neighbouring districts
Chart 5.3 Growth rate of population – Comparison with surrounding districts
Chart 5.4 Growth rate of population of Thiruvananthapuram District in comparison with the State
Chart 5.5 Growth rate of Population of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation (1981-2011 in
comparison with the District
Chart 5.6 Population density – Thiruvananthapuram in comparison with surrounding districts
Chart 5.7 Comparison of Sex ratio (General) among neighbouring districts and State
Chart 5.8 Comparison of Sex ratio (0-6) among neighbouring districts and State
Chart 5.9 Age sex pyramid – Thiruvananthapuram district
Chart 5.10 Age sex pyramid – Kerala
Chart 5.11 Projected Population-2031
Chart 6.1 Percentages of Workers and Non-workers in the district
Chart 7.1 Land use breakup of the City 1966
Chart 7.2 Land use breakup of the City 1990
Chart 7.3 Land use breakup of the City: 2012
Chart 8.1 Registration of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), 2011
Chart 8.2 % Share of Taluk MSME registration compared Year on Year

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Chart 10.1 District wise International Tourist Visits During 2010
Chart 10.2 District wise Domestic Tourist Visits During 2010
Chart 12.1 Drinking water sources by type
Chart 12.2 Extent of Water Scarcity
Chart 13.1 Method of Sewerage disposal in Thiruvananthapuram city
Chart 14.1 Interval of Solid Waste Collection
Chart 14.2 Composition of Solid Waste

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Chart 21.2 Modal split of inter-city daily passenger trips in percentage

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Chart 26.1 Land use break up 2031
xix
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Annexes
9.1 Existing Hierarchy of Commercial Clusters

11.1 List of Heritage building with grade
19.1 Grade I Slums
19.2 Grade II Slums
19.3 Grade III Slums
19.4 Grade IV Slums
19.5 Remaining Slums
21.1 Inventory details of major roads in Thiruvananthapuram City
21.2 Volume-capacity ratio on major road links within Thiruvananthapuram City
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21.4 Locations selected for parking demand survey in Thiruvananthapuram City
22.1 Functional Character of the City
22.2 Activity based Spatial Structure
27.1 Analysis of Road Width
27.2 Proposed Roads to be widened
xxi
xxii
Abbreviations
ADB – Asian Development Bank

ADS – Area Development Society
ASI – Archaeological Survey of India
BMW – Bio Medical Waste
BOD – Bio Chemical Oxygen Demand
BSUP – Basic Services to Urban Poor
C – DIT – Centre for Development Imaging Technology
CBD – Central Business District
CDP – City Development Plans
CDS – Community Development Society
CDS – Centre for Development Studies
CESS – Centre for Earth Science Studies
CNG – Compressed Natural Gas
CRZ – Coastal Regulation Zone
CWSN – Children With Special Needs
DBFOT – Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer
DO – Dissolved Oxygen
DPR – Detailed Project Report
DTPC – District Tourism Development Corporation
DTS – Digital Theater Systems
EWS – Economically Weaker Sections
FAR – Floor Area Ratio
GIS – Geographical Information System
GoI – Government of India
GoK – Government of Kerala
GP – Grama Panchayat
HSS – Higher Secondary School
ICTT – International Container Transshipment Terminal
IGNOU – Indira Gandhi National Open University
IHSDP – Integrated Housing and Slum Development
xxiii
IMA – Indian Medical Association
IMAGE – Indian Medical Association Goes Eco-Friendly
ISM – Indian System of Medicine
IT – Information Technology
IWAI – Inland Waterways Authority of India
JBIC – Japan Bank for International Cooperation
JICA – Japan International Cooperation Agency
JnNURM – Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
KFVP – Kinfra Film and Video Park
KIMS – Kerala Institute of Medical Science
KINFRA – Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation
KITTS – Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies
KMBR – Kerala Municipality Building Rules
KSIDC – Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation
KSPCB – Kerala State Pollution Control Board
KSRTC – Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
KSUDP – Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project
KTDC – Kerala Tourism Development Corporation
KWA – Kerala Water Authority
LPS – Lower Primary School
MG road – Mahatma Gandhi road
MLD – Million Liters per Day
MSME – Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
MVD – Motor Vehicles Department
NACO – National AIDS Control Organization
NH66 – National Highway 66
NHG – Neighbourhood Groups
NIIST – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology
NRHM – National Rural Health Mission
NSSO – National Sample Survey Organization
PDA – Priority Development Areas
Pp sq.km – Persons per square kilometer
xxiv
PPP – Public Private Participation
PUC – Pollution Under Control
RAY – Rajiv Awaz Yojana
RCC – Regional Cancer Centre
RGCB – Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Bio-Technology
ROW – Right of Way
RWAs – Residential Welfare Associations
RWH – Rain Water Harvesting
SAT – Sree Avittom Thirunal Hospital
SCERT – State Council of Educational Research and Training
SEZ – Special Economic Zone
SFCPoA – Slum Free City Plan of Action
SH – State Highway
SIEMAT – State Institute of Educational Management and Training
SIET – State Institute of Educational Technology
SLNA – State Level Nodal Agency
SWM – Solid Waste Management
TERLS – Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station
TRKL – Tourist Resort (Kerala) Ltd.
TSS – Thiruvananthapuram Sewerage Scheme
TWSS – Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply Scheme
UPS – Upper Primary School
VSSC – Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
WFPR – Work Force Participation Ratio
WTP – Water Treatment Plant
xxv
1 NEED FOR THE PLAN
1.1 THE CITY
1.2 NEED FOR A MASTERPLAN
1
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Thiruvananthapuram is an
emerging metropolitan city in the southernmost
part of India and is the capital of Kerala, the God’s
own Country. This Chapter gives a brief introduction to the
City, its importance in the global scenario and assesses
the need for a City Master Plan.
1.1 THE CITY 1.2 NEED FOR A MASTER PLAN

The area of Thiruvananthapuram City stretches As the city of Thiruvananthapuram poises to

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mid land sandwiched between the high land comprising
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Lakshadweep Sea. Known as Thiruvananthapuram in the comprehensive Master Plan for Thiruvananthapuram
colonial and post colonial period, the city has regained its
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capital, which has enhanced the character of the city as a the people in the region, it will also challenge dynamic
service center, in the region. Located strategically nearer systems of environment the people live in which may
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INFERENCE
Thiruvananthapuram is a place of importance in the history of region and the State of Kerala. Blessed
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Chapter 1 : Need for the plan
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2 EARLIER PLANNING
EFFORTS AND STUDIES
2.1 DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR
TRIVANDRUM CITY
2.1.1 Objectives
2.1.2 Basic Approach to Planning
2.1.3 Basic Approach to Sectors
2.1.3.1 Housing
2.1.3.2 Commercial Uses
2.1.3.3 Industries
2.1.3.4 Civic Amenities
2.1.3.5 Parks And Open Spaces
2.1.3.6 Transportation
2.1.3.7 Infrastructure Facilities
2.2 DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM CITY 2001
2.3 CITY LEVEL PLANS

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Spatial planning for the City

has been entrusted to the Town and Country Planning

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3 PROFILE OF THE CITY
3.1 LOCATION
3.2 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
3.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND PHYSICAL
FEATURES
3.4 SOCIO ECONOMIC ASPECTS
3
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16
Chapter 3 : !"#$
D Lakshadweep Sea in the west

and Western Ghats in the east.
D 100 elected wards for the City
D Highest point- Observatory
D Borders between tropical

savanna and tropical monsoon
climate
D Generally hot and humid
D Average rain fall 170 cm/

3.2 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS annum
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Figure 3.2 Local bodies of Thiruvananthapuram
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3.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND PHYSICAL

FEATURES

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Chapter 3 : !"#$

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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 21
4 HISTORY AND
REGIONAL LINKAGES
4.1 HISTORY
4.2 REGIONAL LINKAGES
4.3 CONNECTIVITY
4
Chapter
Right from
18th Century, the City places itself in the
history as a Capital. This Chapter gives a brief description on
the history of Thiruvananthapuram City through different ages. It also
describes the linkages of Thiruvananthapuram City with respect
to nearby regions.
4.1 HISTORY in Thiruvananthapuram. In 1799 AD, Velu Thampi, then a

Karyakar of Talakkulam, led a march of the local people
The place was referred as Ananthankadu before
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word, ‘Thiru-Anantha-Puram’ which means “The town of the Kings’s ministers.
of Lord ANANTHA”, the abode of the sacred Serpent
“Anantha”, upon whose coils reclines Lord Vishnu who is The accession of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal who
the deity of the royal family of the erstwhile Travancore reigned from 1829 to 1847 AD, ushered in an epoch
State. of cultural progress and economic prosperity. The
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Maharaja Marthanda Varma who reigned from the opening of an English school at Thiruvananthapuram.
1729 to 1758 AD, is regarded as the Father of modern
An observatory and a charity hospital were also
Travancore. He modernised Thiruvananthapuram. The
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locals of Travancore had supported him against the
Pillamar when he was the heir-apparent. When he was Uthram Thirunal, Rev. Mead, an Anglican priest of the
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them. During his reign, he renovated the Padmanabha Schools, including one for girls, were started in
Swamy temple and the walls of the fortress. He also Thiruvananthapuram.
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During the reign of Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal
Thiruvananthapuram, which he made into a great centre
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Tamil schools all over the State. A hospital with lying-
protect Travancore from Mysore and in accordance to in-facility and a hospital for the mentally challenged
that treaty, was allowed to install a Resident and troops were also established in Thiruvananthapuram. The
Chapter 4 : History And Regional Linkages
25
D The town of Lord ANANTHA
D Travancore was part of Southern

section of Madras Province during
British rule
D The Municipality came into being in

1920.
D Became Corporation in 1940
D During the reign of Sree Chithira

Thirunal Maharaja, it was given
Figure 4.1 Travancore Corporation status.
D Regional linkages
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with Dr. Read as its Principal. A Law class was opened in
Thiruvananthapuram in 1874 AD, and the main building Z Kollam –cashew industries and tourism
of the old Kerala Government Secretariat was designed potentials - catalyst for socio-economic
and constructed by the Maharajah’s chief engineer, Mr. development of Thiruvananthapuram
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tourism vibrancy adds to Tourism
Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal’s reign was the
network of Thiruvananthapuram
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The Sree Moolam Assembly came into being in 1904.
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Thiruvananthapuram and other parts of Kerala during transport : By Air (The International
the reign of Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal. Airport at Thiruvananthapuram) by
Rail & by Road
During the regency of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bai,
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started in Thiruvananthapuram in 1877 during the reign

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Courtesy: Indian Institute of Architects, Thiruvananthapuram Centre
Figure 4.2 Evolution of Thiruvananthapuram city
3,}
4.2 REGIONAL LINKAGES

Thiruvananthapuram district is bordered by Kollam
district on the north, Thirunelveli and Kanyakumari
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district, as all the three districts depends much on the
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Karakulam, Aruvikkara, Vilappil and Vilavoorkal in the
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 27

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Rich in cultural heritage, Thiruvananthapuram has served as the capital to the area in pre-colonial period,
colonial period, and post-colonial period, which has enhanced the character of the town as a service town, in
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 29
5 Demography
5.1 POPULATION
5.2 GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION
5.3 POPULATION DENSITY
5.4 SEX RATIO
5.5 POPULATION PROJECTION
5
Chapter
The
population parameters serve as the base
for all development activities. The demographical study helps
us to analyse the pattern of population concentration within a city. This
Chapter gives a brief description about the size of the population, its growth
rate, population density, population concentration pattern and population
projection.
5.1 POPULATION "

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Chart 5.1 Total Population of Thiruvananthapuram
Chart 5.2 Total Population 2011 - Comparison with
District - 1971 to 2011
neighbouring districts
32
Chapter 5 : Demography
33
D Population within the Corporation

is concentrated in the coastal wards
south of airport
D Population size is less in wards

located towards city core.
D LSGs adjacent to Corporation

particularly Vilappil and Vilavoorkal
shows higher growth rate
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Corporation was lesser during 1981-
91 and 1991-2001 and greater
Figure 5.1 Distribution of Population in wards than that of the District during
2001-2011
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Chart 5.3 Growth rate of population – Comparison Chart 5.5 Growth rate of Population of
with surrounding districts Thiruvananthapuram Corporation in comparison
with the District
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in Comparison with surrounding districts _. %&}-%
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,
Chart 5.7 Comparison of Sex ratio (General) among

neighbouring districts and State
Figure 5.3 Population density - Comparison among

LSGs in Thiruvananthapuram District
" }~~x7%" % %

7, 7, %
x|{ "
" _ Chart 5.8 Comparison of Sex ratio (0-6) among
neighboring districts and State
'
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 35
Figure 5.4 Distribution of Population Density among the wards

8
-~*{. ,%%%%7, Table 5.1 Planning Units
,
, % % -%.
" }~~x % 7

% 8

%%87

-z{*z. % , ,
" ~*{ % , -x~z*
Chart 5.9 Age sex pyramid –

Thiruvananthapuram district
Chart 5.10 Age sex pyramid – Kerala
x~. , %% % % % 8

,]%

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%' 5.5 POPULATION PROJECTION

"' 4;
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 37
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% Distribution - 2021
%,
%%
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INFERENCE
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Table 5.2 Population Projection for the City -
, 7
) % % 7%"
Decrease Rate Method % %% %%
%,xzzx}~~x%
) %%

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47
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 39
6 occupational Structure
40
6.1 WORK FORCE
6.2 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
6.3 DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR CLASS OF
WORKERS
41
6
Chapter
This
Chapter gives a brief description
on the existing economic base of Thiruvananthapuram
City based on the occupational structure of the City as per 2001
Census. Analysing the workforce of a city in comparison which
the district is very important in the preparation of a
Master Plan
6.1 WORK FORCE The total w

' % 3

' ,
' 6
' %

The Census 2001 gives the total workers in the
district as 10, 47,935 persons which is 10.19% of the
7
% x

' +
State total of 10,283,887. In the district only 32% are 7%" % %
'
%%
workers (Chart 6.1). only 25%.
The Work force of an area is indicated by the Work

j
"
#%-&#. %" %,

%
%
' - ,. %
% %
%
"
"

" }~~x%&#
% % % }
i.e. 10.47 lakhs people are workers in the district. When

" %
% ,
, % % % %%
% %% % &#
7%"

% _ %
% %% 7,
Alappuzha is ahead with 34%.

,%%
%

' ,
&# ,% , 7%"
$ % %
%%% %

""
%
%%%%
%
%
Chart 6.1 Percentages of Workers and Non-workers "
"

"
in the district %
7
"%% % %-
$]#.
42 42
Chapter 6 : Occupational Structure
43
+

"

%%
%

'

"

xzzx }x{}~~x%
x}~
%
%
%
'
,
% &#7
x},
unit 27(Vanchiyoor) to 6454 in the coastal Planning unit
|-,,.
D Both the total number of workers and

WPR are increasing in the city.
D Total number of workers in 2001 is

313520.
D WPR of the Corporation average

compared to neighbouring LSGs– Just
below Kadinamkulam & Kalliyoor
D Cultivators and agricultural labourers

constitute only 2% of the population,
indicating the urban nature of the
Corporation.
D 31% of the population is engaged in

other works mostly contributing to
tertiary sector which shows its higher
urban nature.
D Agriculture labourers, Cultivators, and

Figure 6.1 Distribution of Concentration Index of
Household Manufacturers are mainly
Total Workers among the Planning units concentrated in the out skirts of
Corporation
j,{x
% %

%
D Other Workers are evenly distributed
+8
%
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"%

%
"

% % ,

%
+8

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"

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{}z
in the coastal Planning unit 67 (Vellar) as shown in
Figure 6.2.
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 43
Co"

'
7%"
district during 1991 and 2001 shows that there is a
(
" %
7%
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sector.
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7
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6.3 DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR CLASS OF

WORKERS
+% %%%

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Figure 6.2 Distribution of WPR among the
6,_, %%
,% % %
Planning units

, ,
%

, 7 %
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% 7
6.2 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
%%
%
% %,

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agricultural labourers, household industrial workers and
" >

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other workers. %%
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%

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% " %,

urban nature.
' 7
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%

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' 3

xzzx
unit 27 (Vanchiyoor) to 5493 in Planning unit 78
"

}~}x
%{{+% %%
-,,
. ) %
%
}|
%
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%

6 %,
%% } ,
,
considering the general declining trend of industrial
' &
%
8

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% 7 %
" is high in City core and along the transport corridors
the chart with 28%. (Figure 6.3).


%
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wards).

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peripheral wards and lesser in central city area.

%

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it is slightly less.
In the district it is seen that the agricultural

Figure 6.3 Concentration Index of Main workers 7%

%
,%
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 45

>

%
} " 7 5%

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urban is engaged in other works and even in rural area
%" %
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+ %

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wards).
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also high.
Figure 6.4 Concentration Index of Cultivators

INFERENCE
%
% % 7,
%

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% %

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base character of the town as a service town.
" %

%

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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 47
7 LAND USE
48
7.1 LAND USE AT DISTRICT LEVEL
7.2 LAND USE AT CITY LEVEL
7.3 COMPARISON OF LAND USES
7.3.1 Residential
7.3.2 Commercial
7.3.3 Industrial
7.3.4 Public and Semi-public
7.3.5 Other Land uses
7.4 LAND USE CONCENTRATION PATTERN
7.4.1 Residential Concentration
7.4.2 Commercial Concentration
7.4.3 Industrial Concentration
7.4.4 Public & Semi-public Concentration
7.4.5 Agricultural Concentration
7.4.6 Other Major Land uses Concentration
7.5 ACTIVITY ZONES BASED ON LAND USE
CONCENTRATION PATTERN
49
7
Chapter
Land use is the use of any land parcel indicated by the predominant
activity there such as residential, commercial, industry, public/
semi public, agriculture etc. Land use analysis is imperative for any
spatial plan as it facilitates to understand the prevalent economic
activity of an area and gives a notion on the direction in which
the city will develop in future according to the land availability.
This Chapter gives a brief description on the land use pattern of
Thiruvananthapuram City through an understanding of the State
and the District patterns. It analyses the existing land use pattern,
variation in land use pattern and the concentration pattern of land
use at city level.
7.1 LAND USE AT DISTRICT LEVEL

%

%
%7
,
%
%

%
7% %%
%

, ,%
}{z % % % % %

% "
x}~ ' 8"
%

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," % % % % ,

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%
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%% "@
7%^

7

* 7
,% % %7^
% 7%% %
% , % %
*, % Source: DUR, Thiruvananthapuram
% % " %
% % -j, |x. Figure 7.1 Land use Concentration –

"

%"
%
Thiruvananthapuram District
" % %
%

-
$]#. ,xz{{ |{_'

, -{. xz{{
7.2 LAND USE AT CITY LEVEL

, % -xx.
%"
7

%%
-{.
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7%" % % , % "% %

%
xz{{
%|x%
%
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"

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50 50
Chapter 7 : Land use
51
The City
D In 1966, the city was having a

total area of 74.86 Sq.kms which
Chart 7.1 Land use breakup of the City: 1966 increased to 141.74 Sq.Km in 1990.
In 2012, the total area of the
% "
%
} % % Corporation is 215.86 Sq.km. and
%

has been divided into 100 wards.
' "
7%"
% xzz~
% |} 7%" D Major single land use (56%) is residential

"

, xzz~ %
%

xx| _' +% %% xzz~ %
followed by agriculture (22%).
, -z.

"
-x~.
D The commercial areas are increasing
-z."'
" " #
along the transport corridor and new
%%
7
| %
"

%
commercial centers are been developed

% 7,

%

7 % %,
near Kazhakootam and Vizhinjam
7%
%%"" , % areas.
% ' "
7%"
%}~x}
%| D The CBD area has the highest
concentration of commercial activity.
D The Public/Semi Public area in the

Corporation limit has considerably
increased
D There is considerable Public and Semi

Public land use (13%)
Chart 7.2 Land use breakup of the City: 1990 D #$!
including the Airport.
D The distribution of land use shows
that agriculture area is more
concentrated at the periphery of city
D There is considerable decrease in the

! !
converted to other use.
Chart 7.3 Land use breakup of the

City: 2012
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 51
Figure 7.2 Existing Land Use of the City -: 2012

+ }~x}
%
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OPEN SPACES ISSUES

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Courtesy : Indian Institute of Architects, Thiruvananthapuram Centre
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 53
7.3 COMPARISON OF LAND USES 7.3.2 Commercial

7%"
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4^
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+% %
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7, 7.3.4 Public and Semi - Public
xzz~ 57 %
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7.4.2 Commercial Concentration
7.3.5 Other Land uses

%
8

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7.4 LAND USE CONCENTRATION PATTERN

%
8
#

+ % * Figure 7.3 Commercial Land use Concentration
, % ^%

%
+8 7"",%

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%

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%Q

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7.4.1 Residential Concentration + %
%
8

%
%
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%
#
%
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 55
7.4.4 Public & Semi-Public Concentration , % %

%
' %

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%
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7
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7.4.5 Agricultural Concentration %
"
%
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7.4.6 Other Major Land uses Concentration

7,

%
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Figure 7.4 Agriculture Land use Concentration Figure 7.5 Other Major Land uses Concentration

7%
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- 7. "
7
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7.5 ACTIVITY ZONES BASED ON LAND USE
%" ,
7%%

%
CONCENTRATION PATTERN
Figure 7.6 Activity Zones based on Land use Concentration Pattern
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 57
j,|{
7%^

%
INFERENCE

%
8 j
%', % 7%

%
8

%
j
% alysis it is seen that the
+8
7 x %'
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 59
8 industry
8.1 DISTRICT LEVEL INDUSTRIES
8.2 CITY LEVEL INDUSTRIES
8.2.1 Manufacturing Enterprises
8.2.2 Industrial Parks/ IT Parks/ Mini Industrial
Parks
8.2.3 Information Technology Park
8.2.4 Industrial Parks
8.2.4.1 KINFRA Small Industries Park, Thumba
8.2.4.2 KINFRA Film and Video Park,
Kazhakoottam 8.2.6 Traditional Industries
8.2.4.3 Special Economic Zones 8.3 EVALUATION OF ONGOING
8.2.5 Industrial Estates PROJECTS
8.2.5.1 Pappanamcode Industrial Estate. 8.4 PROBLEMS
8.2.5.2 Ulloor Mini Industrial Estate 8.5 POTENTIALS
8
Chapter
Industry is one of the priority sectors in the development of a region.

As the State capital, Thiruvananthapuram basically acts as a service
provider, with people mostly engaged in government and institutional
activities. Still, it promotes a number of fast growing industrial units
which acts as a catalyst in the development of the city. This chapter
mainly deals with the distribution of industries at district and city levels,
including manufacturing enterprises, major large and medium enterprises,
industrial parks, IT parks, Mini Industrial estates, SEZ, Industrial
estates and traditional industries in the corporation limits and the
pertinent development issues.
8.1 DISTRICT LEVEL INDUSTRIES of registered small-scale units in Thiruvananthapuram

District is declining compared to that of the State.
As per the enactment of the Micro, Small and
Employment provided in Thiruvananthapuram District is
Medium Enterprises Development Act (MSMED Act),
also declining but at a lesser rate than that of the State.
2006 which came into force on the 2nd October 2006, the
%
+, %

% There are 4 central sectors, 14 State sectors, 1 co-
% %
3,
%" 6

"7 %

% %
{~ "7% %

(EM) has been introduced. Also the earlier concept of and large scale industries at the district level. The Kerala
“Industries” has been changed to “Enterprises”. %% + % 7
"%
"

-+$.
engages more than 9725 employees in its various units.
There is a marginal decrease in the number of
In 2012 there were 1020 registered SSI/ MSME units in
working factories within the Thiruvananthapuram District
during the year 2010-2011. The Economic Review, 2011 7%" % %"
%
(
indicates that, average annual growth of registered SSI/ have great demand in foreign countries. These products
MSME and employment in Thiruvananthapuram District
( '% % 66 %%
(8.60%) is less than that of the State (9.57%), and the
%
7%"

"

, % % "
% a large number of small scale industrial units working
in Thiruvananthapuram district to that of State is in Thiruvananthapuram district. As on 2010-2011,
declining. Small-scale industrial units registered in the district has 1077 SSI/ MSME units which generate
Thiruvananthapuram district along with their associated 9725 employment. Out of 1077 SSI/ MSME units in
investment and employment provided, has declined in Thiruvananthapuram District, 309 units are women units,
the past few years, which is similar to the trend witnessed 64 are SC units, 7 are ST units and remaining 1006 are
in the State. Thiruvananthapuram District has 9.90% of general units. The total investment is Rs. 5752.27 Lakhs.
the total small-scale industries in the State. The Economic The industrial estate at Papanamcode, mini industrial
Review 2011 report reveals that the average growth estate at Ulloor and industries development centre at
Chapter 8 : Industry
Kochuveli are encouraging the industrial development in

7%"
"

"
%

8% "
"
% %
,
simplicity and excellence in design. This sector employs
about 1,75,000 persons and is the second largest
"
(%
%
,%%
D At the city level, there are a
based industries of the State. Thiruvananthapuram few manufacturing enterprises,
$ % % {~

"7
industrial parks/ IT parks/ mini
is 48% of the State’s total. It may be noted that the industrial parks, information
, %

66
% % %%
"

technology parks, industrial
'^ /, /;' ^

estates and traditional industries.
8 ,
, %

66

Chart 8.1.
D Technopark Thiruvananthapuram,
'* $
technology park
D With the rise in population and

land value, the prospects of large
scale industries in the urban area
have diminished to a large extent
even within the industrial estates.
D The new development, such as

Vizhinjam International Deep
water Multipurpose Seaport,
Setting up of New International
Airport terminal, Monorail
project as well as the extension of
Corporation area have increased
the scope for setting up of new
Source: District Industries Centre Enterprises.
Chart 8.1 Registration of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises (MSME), 2011 D The added Grama Panchayats to
the Corporation has given some
8 , , %

66
%% scope for industrial development
Thiruvananthapuram district the highest number of in the City
, %

% %
"

%5%

% %
% , %

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D Within the central part of the
5%
% {~
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"

% }z City there is scope for mini –

/'

/,-x. micro enterprises and traditional
'^ -x.
%
industries.
, %
"
,
%

and light engineering, handloom and garments, wood
furniture etc. The trend based analysis shows that
66$, %
7%"
"

is diminishing compared to other areas. The year on year
data is shown in Chart 8.2.
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 63
8.2.1 Manufacturing Enterprises
In the city, there are many medium and large scale
industries which fall under central sector, state sector,

*
"7 %

% %
"7% %

%% + % $7
"%
"

(KSIDC) is a public sector establishment to set up small
, % J 7, %
working factories in the city include oil mills, cashew
%

@
%8 ",%
industrial units, chemical units, match factories, general
engineering units and automobile workshops. The
Chart 8.2 % Share of Taluk MSME registration %

6
66%
j,x
compared Year on Year
8.2.2 Industrial Parks/ IT Parks/ Mini

8.2 CITY LEVEL INDUSTRIES Industrial Parks
At the city level, there are a few manufacturing 7%"
"

enterprises, industrial parks/ IT parks/ mini industrial +

, -+. ' 7^
' %
"'

%

, "' % %% Kazhakootam, Thiruvananthapuram.
%
%

Figure 8.1 Major MSMEs in the City
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 65
Two Kinfra Industrial Parks – companies, employing over 30,000 IT Professionals. The
select list of companies working at Technopark include
¤ +/j#+ % '
TCS, Infosys Technologies, Oracle India Pvt Ltd, Ernst and
Thiruvananthapuram Young, Allianz Cornhill, UST Global, IBS, Suntec, NeSt,
¤ +/j#j4
'^'
% RR Donnelley & Co., ICON, Collabora, RMESI, Alamy

Thiruvananthapuram Images, Kanoo Group, Saudi Engineering Group, Toonz

> "

, #7
Two Special Economic Zones - %8%
¤
"'-++. Technopark is the IT hub of the State of Kerala, and
7%" ,§
¤ +/j#j4
'-
to be the knowledge capital of the region. Technopark
Gaming) provides world class, robust and safe power and datacom
% %
J,

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%

%
One industrial estate at Pappanamcode, one
enabling environment for IT industry that is leveraged
mini Industrial estate at Ulloor and one Industrial
%
"%
"

"77%,
Development Centre at Kochuveli.
The single window service at Technopark ensures
8.2.3 Information Technology Park %% % "

,;, "
"
Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram, an autonomous Technopark will be rapid.
society promoted by the Government of Kerala, is India’s
Technopark has a total built-up space of about 4
3 %

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7x~"
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, %+"' +%
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4 assessed Technology Park. Spread over 326.54 acres,

% _(
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"' Currently Technopark has 156 acres of land in
hosts over 225 IT and ITES companies, including 6 CMMI ^'
%%]7 %"
/>
7}66+7 7+5z~~~ 3 {{/>!"

Technopark Phase II: 8.2.4.1 KINFRA Small Industries Park, Thumba

As second phase expansion Technopark has "'
%}'
/>*{{%
has fully developed industrial plots with uninterrupted
_ {

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% ""

7
;'^%8 , "
% "' ', 8
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declared as a Special Economic Zone by the Government
customs service, business centre, health centre and
+~
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and hygienic waste disposal system. The main products
art Campus and the balance land of 36 acres has been
%8 ,% %

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7,
own campus.
light engineering and repairs and services. Current Lease
Technopark Phase III: Premium/ Acre is Rs. 35.13 Lakhs.
As third phase expansion, Technopark is acquiring 8.2.4.2 KINFRA Film and Video Park,
z}
%%8 , " % Kazhakoottam
Second phase 86 acres. The Phase III is being developed Thiruvananthapuram is the centre of various

,^3 7

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Coopers (P) Ltd (PWC) has been entrusted with the %%
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assignment for the development of Technopark Phase % "%^

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j4
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develop the IT/ITES SEZ (40 acres) in Technopark Phase "
%*"

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III is under process and will be issued to partners based
" 6
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8.2.4 Industrial Parks
^
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Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development
Zone. The preview theatre here is the one of its kind in

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x The total park area covers 75 Acres of land in which 10.1
acres land area is reserved for Special Economic Zone
-.

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%%*" "
Table 8.1 Major Industrial Parks in the City 7 ~~~~ _(
"
"" %
"' %
, "7
power plant. The water supply is fully developed

' %
% % %
%
Technopark. Units requiring land or independent
, "%
%"
%"
7
with developed independent plots. Current Lease
Premium/ Acre is Rs. 47.16 Lakhs/ Acre.
8.2.4.3 Special Economic Zones

"

-. 3 X
spec3 % % 7
Source: KINFRA 2012
be deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 67

%
"
%J Z 8.2.5.2 Ulloor Mini Industrial Estate
'
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8"
%* The Mini Industrial Estate, Ulloor is located at 5 Km
7
"% %%, ,

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The Indian SEZ policy provides for the development
+% ,
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% 1 Km from the Estate. Only two sheds are available and
%

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% + has steady power supply and public water supply and
%
"7% 7
" ]% % 8 %

6
"

up in SEZ for manufacturing of goods and rendering of 7

',%
services. ! ' $ '
, 6

_%

The units in the zone have to be net foreign
8 , % %
% % %
8.2.6 Traditional Industries
"% 7*

8"
% %
%
>

"
_% % 3 % %% > ( 7%" %
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in India to set up a Special Economic Zone. The Cochin area there are not many raw material sources for the
Special Economic Zone is followed by several others, %
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Table 8.2. main agencies involved in the sector. There are about
~~
%%
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Table 8.2 Special Economic Zones in the City
%
% %
% % % % +% %

%%
% % %
% (

% "
%

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"

limit which is processed and then re exported to other
countries.
8.3 EVALUATION OF ONGOING

Source: KINFRA 2012 PROJECTS
8.2.5 Industrial Estates

,
, "
% %
"'
+ ++"
% "
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+/j#
+$5 x|
+ % %%
36 Mini Industrial Estates spread all over Kerala. There
"' + ++ "
%
is one industrial estate at Pappanamcode and one mini ,
, "% (%
"

%
industrial estate at Ulloor in Thiruvananthapuram city. "
%%
, ? ,, %+"' +/j#

"%%
"
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"

8.2.5.1 Pappanamcode Industrial Estate
The Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode is located at 8.4 PROBLEMS
x
% +%
"
% }~
As the city is growing rapidly, it puts tremendous
4^
% %%
x}| pressure on availability land. Out of the total area only
+% ,
% % %
/> {{ % 2% is contributed by Industrial land use. As the land
around 2 Kms from the Estate. 43 numbers of sheds are value of city is increasing rapidly it is not possible to start
available and have steady power supply and public water large industrial units in the city. During the last 10 years
"" 8 %

6
the land value has increased considerably and more and
produces include manufacture of wooden furniture,

7%%
&%%
", 7 "
"
% %,,
7%
wood working lathe and Black and Deckor sandering
66? %
,
, %' /'

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leading, with Chirayinkizhu the close follower. This has
%

,",

%% lead to infrastructural complaints from mini units most

noted being power, roads and availability of skilled Tech industries. The green category micro enterprises
labour. With the rise of suburbs as hubs of technology

"
% "," + "%
clusters, a new city is emerging towards north and is %
%
% '

%,
,%%
%,
( can be setup inside the city limit. There is
%
&%% "
"
7

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%"'%4^j%,

the prospects of large scale industries in the urban
area have diminished to a large extent even within the industrial centre can be developed near Paudikonam
industrial estates. More and more incidents involving "
%

"% %
industries unable to operate due to local community 8
% %%!$
"

resistance is a common issue. +%
3 % % +/j# 7 %
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8.5 POTENTIALS , % % , "
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development of IT based industrial enterprises.
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INFERENCE
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scope for industrial development in the City. development of large and medium industries, it
7 , "
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industrial enterprises. So high tech enterprises can be
7
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, an economic base for the City in future .

" '7%" %
>,
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 69
9 TRADE AND COMMERCE
9.1 EXISTING SCENARIO
9.2 EXISTING HIERARCHY OF
COMMERCIAL CLUSTERS
9.3 EXISTING HIERARCHY OF MARKETS
9.4 FACILITIES IN MARKETS
9.5 MARKETS AND COMMERCIAL
CLUSTERS
9.6 PROBLEMS
9.7 POTENTIALS
9
Chapter
Trade and
commerce plays a pivotal role in
shaping the development of any city’s economy by making

$
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+

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+

9.1 EXISTING SCENARIO " }~~x

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As per the Economic Review, the City’s gross district 7%"
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9.2 EXISTING HIERARCHY OF COMMERCIAL

Source: Census 2001
CLUSTERS
7%" %

workers - 2001
% % %

%
%

Chapter 9 : Trade and Commerce
73
Table 9.1 Percentage of workers engaged in Trade &
Commerce Sector in Corporations
D The City
Z Only 17.6% of workers are engaged in Trade

and commerce, which is low compared to
other Municipal Corporations of Kerala
Z Sporadic distribution of markets within the

Source: Census 2001
city.

,
7
"%

% % 8 ,

Z Presently 1 main market, 4 sub markets, 7
% 7
3
% 8 ,
main zonal markets, 46 local markets and 4

road side markets.
j, zx
% 8 ,

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%
%% " %%
%
% Z Only 51% wards have their own markets
,%

% 8zx
,7 %
-+++++++4.
%8 ,
Z 73% have shed, 79% have enough space and
%
only 33% have enough parking spaces.
Z Only 3 markets have waste management

facility.
Z Unhygienic and congested conditions in

markets are arising due to the absence of
waste management system and parking
facilities. There is no market in Kovalam.
Z Morning / evening markets affect the

" $!+
D It is seen that the overall distribution of

commercial nodes is not uniform and
does not tally with market hierarchy.
Figure 9.1 Existing Commercial Clusters: 2012
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 73
Figure 9.2 Existing Hierarchy of Commercial Clusters

" %

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9.3 EXISTING HIERARCHY OF MARKETS
%,

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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 75
Figure 9.3 Existing Hierarchy of Markets

Figure 9.4 Existing hierarchy of markets and commercial clusters
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 77
"
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9.4 FACILITIES IN MARKETS

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9.7 POTENTIALS
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 79
10 TOURISM
10.1 TOURISM ATTRACTIONS
10.1.1 Natural Tourism
10.1.2 Heritage Tourism
10.1.3 Religious Tourism
10.1.4 Cultural Tourism
10.1.5 Health Care Tourism
10.1.6 Educational Tourism
10.2 PROMINENCE OF TOURIST PLACES
10.3 TOURIST ARRIVALS
10.4 TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE
10.5 EXISTING TOURISM CIRCUIT
10.6 AGENCIES INVOLVED
10.7 PROBLEMS
10.8 POTENTIALS
10
Chapter
With Kovalam beach as a world tourism destination,

Thiruvananthapuram City is the gateway for tourism in Kerala.
The City is able to provide a variety of attractions for the tourists,
making it a must visit location in the tour itinerary of domestic
and foreign tourists. This Chapter gives a brief description of
the existing tourism attractions and prominent tourist places in
the City. The Chapter also details out the infrastructure facilities,
agencies involved and the major development issues in the realm
of Tourism
10.1 TOURISM ATTRACTIONS 7

%
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The city is bestowed with immense scope for
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Chitra Art Gallery are all within the Zoo complex amidst
7 % %
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The places of tourist interest based on type of tourism %,

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10.1.3 Religious Tourism
10.1.1 Natural Tourism With the discovery of riches and treasures in the
The city is blessed with the natural beauty and %" %
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X@Z
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Chapter 10 : Tourism
83

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10.1.4 Cultural Tourism

D The City has the potential in
% 7% "", %
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Z Natural Tourism
from 6 to 12 January every year at the courtyard of
%'7%"7%% Z Heritage Tourism
> %
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/ ,$ j 77%"
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Z Educational Tourism

7

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$"%%,$ * D Regional Spots - Akkulam Lake, Veli
%
%

Lake, Shanghumukham, Thiruvallam

'% %

% %,

% 7% %
,
% % D National Spots - Museum,
,
% % 4^% % Kanakakkunnu, Fort area
% 7%
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7% )
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D International Spots- Kovalam,

%
# +%
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Padmanabhaswamy Temple
%3 %
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D Even though the City has many
4
" '!7 %4> tourism spots, the quality of

% % 7 "" % % infrastructure and other amenities are
not up to the mark.
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10.1.6 Educational Tourism /
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INFERENCE
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 87
11 heritage
11.1 HERITAGE TYPES
11.1.1 Built Heritage
11.1.2 Cultural Heritage
11.1.3 Natural Heritage
11.2 PROBLEMS
11.3 POTENTIALS
11
Chapter
The City is rich in heritage buildings and precincts of historic and

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11.1 HERITAGE TYPES heritage zone. The list of heritage buildings and precincts
based on Heritage grading, is given in Annexe 11.1.
The heritage precincts of the City according to their
types are categorized as built heritage, cultural heritage
and natural heritage. The Central Jail at Thiruvananthapuram was

x|% %%
,
11.1.1 Built Heritage the fort in a building which was used as barracks
There are some places, corridors and linkages which
% / !, + "% x{ %
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%% transferred and accommodated in the buildings put up
!% %, %
, % for the purpose in Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram.
structures, areas and precincts that are of historic, It was here that Sri. Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer
% % %
% ,3
the ‘Beypore Sultan’ served a court sentence for two
include natural features within such areas or precincts years and six months imprisonment. He wrote a story

7
% ,3
% “Mathilukal” based on his life there.
sacred groves, hills, hillocks, water bodies (and the areas
adjoining the same), open areas, wooded areas, etc. It
must be recognized that the ‘cultural landscape’ around
%, %
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% % 11.1.2 Cultural Heritage
and its built heritage and thus is very much its integral
part. 6 #
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Vallakadavu, Chalai Road, MG Road from LMS to
%
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structure type which may be of historic, cultural, social, importance. There are many centres like Kuthiramalika,

,3 " % ' _ VJT hall, Gorky Bhavan, Nishagandhi Auditorium, Tagore
architectural features and special categories such as %J% % 7
,^
heritage precincts which are irremovable parts of
@' " 4@
Chapter 11 : Heritage
D The City is bestowed with
Z Built Heritage
Z Cultural Heritage
Z Natural Heritage
D Lack of comprehensive guidelines

and plans for the protection and
maintenance of such places and the
rich natural heritage it owns.
D There is little awareness among the

public about the need of protecting
heritage buildings.
D Stringent laws and strategies for

the preservation of heritage are
necessary to conserve these sites for
Beema Palli are very important religious places which
7 7 @ % "
" the future.
are considered to be instance for the City’s communal
harmony and rich cultural heritage. D Many of the heritage buildings are
privately owned and there are issues
11.1.3 Natural Heritage regarding their conservation.
Natural Heritage includes all components of our
surroundings which have not been created by man D There is more number of heritage

% % "%
buildings which can be reused
or ecological value and which could also be of directly adaptively in an aesthetic manner
usable resource value. so that the monument gets
Geological Heritage sites such as Kovalam Beach, protected.
Akkulam Lake, Veli Lake and lagoon and Thiruvallam
+ 6 >%, % D Degradation is not massive and if
Valiyathura and Vizhinjam are such natural heritage sites
strict directions are given there is
within the city.
still a possibility for conserving them
11.2 PROBLEMS for the future.
The heritage sites, buildings and precincts face
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 91
tampers due to lack of urban design inputs because of c. Ownership issues
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Many of the heritage buildings are privately
The main drawback regarding natural heritage sites is the

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dumping of wastes in such areas. Due to the unplanned
3
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buildings is a big problem because of which many of the
existent between the water bodies gets blocked and the owners are disinterested in keeping them.

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d. Absence of a regulatory mechanism
a. Age of structures

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Many of the heritage buildings and precincts face
maintenance of heritage buildings and sites so that the
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11.3 POTENTIALS
seasons for years and most of which are monuments

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the monument gets protected. Then people can observe
the beauty of such buildings and it will add value to
The main problem regarding heritage buildings and % $,

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are given there is every possibility of conserving them
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7 for the future. There is also a scope for developing the
these sites for the future. Central prison as heritage precinct.

Chapter 11 : Heritage

INFERENCE
The Archeological Survey of India (ASI) is the

7 , 7
7 , As the capital city of the princely state of
"
% , %, , " % + Travancore, Thiruvananthapuram is blessed with rich

}|
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culture and heritage. There are numerous buildings
the two are within the Thiruvananthapuram city. They and precincts which are of historic and cultural
are the Rock cut temple at Vizhinjam and Parasurama "
% '

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Temple at Thiruvallam. The Dept of Archaeology, Kerala , "
% "
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% maintenance of such places and the rich natural
protected. The Art and Heritage Commission is a high %, %
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primarily at least for now, there will not be much
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 93
12 Water supply
12.1 WATER SOURCES OF THE CITY
12.2 CITY WATER SUPPLY
12.2.1 Quantity of water
12.2.2 Quality of Water
12.2.3 Storage Reservoirs
12.2.4 Water Treatment Plants
12.2.5 Distribution Network
12.2.6 Physical Losses
12.2.7 Water Tariff
12.2.8 Water scarcity
12.3 PROBLEMS
12.5 ONGOING AND COMMITTED
PROJECTS
12.5.1 Water Supply Scheme to Kovalam
Tourist Area
12.5.2 Scheme to Pappanamcode and
Nemom Areas
12.5.3 Scheme to Vandithadam
12.5.4 Scheme to New Vizhinjam Port
12.5.5 Integration with JBIC Project
12
Chapter
Provision
of clean drinking water is a vital service
required by every living creature in the world. The cities over the
years have become highly water demanding and this is particularly true for the
metropolitan and the mega-cities of both developing and developed countries. These are
highly concentrated centres of population. The quantity of water that these cities consume is
so high that at present they are often referred to as “Thirsty Cities”. This chapter gives a
brief description of the existing water sources, water supply system, water treatment
plants, distribution system, physical losses, demand and supply, problems
and status and evaluation of major projects.
12.1 WATER SOURCES OF THE CITY $,%" %~ % % ,

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Karamana River with two reservoirs at Peppara meet the enhanced demand, the Thiruvananthapuram
and Aruvikkara is the main surface water source for % "" ,% %,
Thiruvananthapuram water supply scheme. Raw water is
7, % " %
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also pumped from Karamana river at Kundamankadavu, "
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Aruvikkara, Adimadakkayam and Trikkannapuram to the
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also provides surface water to kayal pump house located
at Thiruvallom.
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Karikkonam, Pallithura wards and open wells are found

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scheme caters to the needs of around 8000 people.
12.2 CITY WATER SUPPLY

The Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply Scheme
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country. The scheme was commissioned in 1933 with a
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96
97 Chapter 12 : Water Supply
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people are dependent on well as their source. It was also
found that 4% people are dependent on public water
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D Karamana River with two
service. This was mainly found in the coastal areas of reservoirs at Peppara and
% %%x}x,7 %

Aruvikkara is the main surface
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water source
D 81% people depends on KWA
D Installed capacity to produce 273

MLD
D 9 Water Treatment Plants
D Distribution loss of 35.50%
D Coverage is 85%
D ;!!$

more than 41% during whole
year
D The city water supply scheme is

one of the oldest schemes in India
and there is a gap of 137 MLD
of water between production and
demand.
D Shortage of water is commonly

felt in the coastal belt, elevated
Figure 12.1Ward wise Distribution of Major Drinking
areas and some of the outer
Water Sources
peripheral areas.
12.2.1 Quantity of Water D Grama Panchayat areas merged

At present, Kerala Water Authority has an to Corporation boundary are
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not well connected with proper
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 97
12.2.2 Quality of Water 12.2.4 Water Treatment Plants
The water supplied to Trivandrum city under z &% %% % -&.
Thiruvananthapuram water supply scheme is tested
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water from various water treatment plants are tested and are divided into various zones which are served by

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used from open wells located at Panchallor and Anakuzhy
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12.2.3 Storage Reservoirs
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12.2.5 Distribution Network
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Chapter 12 : Water Supply
12.2.6 Physical Losses

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Figure 12.2 Water Scarcity among wards
Source: Kerala Water Authority

12.3 PROBLEMS
Chart 12.2 Extent of Water Scarcity
The city water supply scheme is one of the oldest
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purpose in the city which is provided by KWA but some ^''@
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 99
be addressed. A part of the city water supply is diverted &
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12.5 ONGOING AND COMMITTED
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12.4 AGENCIES INVOLVED Water supply is not adequate in the Kovalam area.
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Chapter 12 : Water Supply

" 7&%"" 3, 12.5.4 Scheme to New Vizhinjam Port
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water lake near the city as source. development are proposed to be included under the
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12.5.2 Scheme to Pappanamcode and Nemom
Areas 12.5.5 Integration with JBIC Project
Pappanamcode and Nemom areas are located on the "
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creates quality problems in the water supplied. Also | 6$ %%% "% "", %

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Scheme, which caters to the areas nearby Kovalam, is far INFERENCE

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order and beyond repair. Quality of water supplied is % %
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 101
13 SEWERAGE SYSTEM

13.1.1 Thiruvananthapuram Sewerage
Scheme
13.1.2 Availability of Sewerage System
13.1.3 Method of Sewage Disposal
13.2 PROBLEMS
13
Chapter
Sewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage. It

encompasses components such as receiving drains, manholes,
!
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to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into

the environment. This chapter mainly deals with the existing
scenario of Thiruvananthapuram Sewerage System and the major
constraints in the sewerage network and development suggestions for
the improvement of sewerage system in Thiruvananthapuram city.
13.1 EXISTING SCENARIO ,!

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105
13.1.1 Thiruvananthapuram Sewerage

Scheme
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14 SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
14.1 GENERATION AND COLLECTION
14.2 COMPOSITION OF WASTE
14.3 CORPORATION HEALTH CIRCLES
14.4 EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES
14.5 PROBLEMS
14.6 ONGOING PROJECTS
14.6.1 Modern Plant at Chalai
14.6.2 Source Level Treatment of Waste
14.6.3 Mobile Incinerator
14.6.4 Baling and Wrapping of Waste

14.6.6 Other Efforts
14
Chapter
Solid waste
management is a challenging issue in
any City development. Thiruvananthapuram City also faces
the issue and in the present context it is severe. This Chapter discusses the
generation and collection, composition of waste, existing treatment facilities,
trend of waste generation, involvement of the Corporation health circles,
problems, existing and ongoing projects and the agencies involved.
14.1 GENERATION AND COLLECTION

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Chapter 14 : Solid waste management
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Z Towards central part of the city and

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Figure 14.1 Ward wise Interval of Solid Waste

Collection
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 113
14.2 COMPOSITION OF WASTE

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15 EDUCATION

15.1.1 School Education
15.1.2 Higher and Professional Education
15.1.2.1 Arts and Science Colleges
15.1.2.2 Professional Educational Institutions
15.2 DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
15.3 CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE
15.3.1 Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram
15.3.2 College of Engineering,
Thiruvananthapuram
15.3.3 University College, Thiruvananthapuram
15.3.4 University College, Karyavattom
15.3.5 Govt. Law College, Thiruvananthapuram
15.3.6 Kerala Law Academy Law College
15.3.7 Government Sanskrit College
15.3.8 Swathi Thirunal College of Music
15.3.9 Centre for Development of Imaging
Technology (C-DIT)
15.3.10 Centre for Development Studies (CDS)
15.3.11 Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS)
15.3.12 National Institute For Interdisciplinary
Science And Technology (NIIST)
15.3.13 Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
(RGCB)
15.3.14 Special Schools
15.4.1 State Government
15.4.2 Non Governmental Organizations
15.4.2.1 Life Skills Education - Kerala Balavihar
15.4.2.2 Mitraniketan
15.5.1 IT@School Project
15.5.2 'Akshara Keralam' Project
15.5.3 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
15
Chapter
Education planning is one of the essential areas of interest in various

development schemes of the State Government. In the context of Right

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establishment of schools within the area prescribed except forest areas.

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of education, existing problems, potentials and spatial distribution of
major institutions in Thiruvananthapuram city.

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Fig 15.1 Centres of Excellence in the City

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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 131
16 HEALTH
16.1 EXISTING DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO
16.2 DISEASES
16.3 HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE
16.5 PROBLEMS
16.6 POTENTIALS
16.6.1 Regional Cancer Center
16.6.2 Sri Avittom Thirunal (SAT) Hospital
16.6.3 Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical
Science And Technology
16.6.4 General Hospital
16.6.5 Women & Children Hospital, Thycaud
16.6.6 Government Hospital, Peroorkkada
16.6.5 Women & Children Hospital, Thycaud
16.6.6 Government Hospital, Peroorkkada
16.6.7 Mental Health Centre, Oolanpara
16.6.8 Government Ayurveda College Hospital
16.6.9 Government Homeopathic Medical
College Hospital
16
Chapter
Any city would need a healthy popu-

lation for taking forward its development prospects and so it is
imperative that the city has high standard health service facilities. This Chapter
discusses the existing scenario of health sector in the city including common diseases
and health care infrastructure. The chapter further discusses the agencies in-
volved, existing problems and potentials and infers discussing
development suggestions.
16.1 EXISTING DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO 16.2 DISEASES

The rapid decline in growth rate, highest mean age

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at marriage especially of families, a very high level of the city are discussed here. Longevity and changes in
acceptance and awareness of family planning methods life style in the city have contributed to the growth of

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non-communicable diseases. These include diseases
rate etc, are the commendable achievements in health such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure,
standards in Kerala which are almost comparable to that cancer and diabetes.
of developed countries in the world. Low birth rate and
death rate along with high female life expectancy, low >"%

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infant mortality with negligible gap between rural and disease and needs careful and sensible management
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134
Chapter 16 : Health
135

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partners.
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Medical College, Regional Cancer
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Chapter 16 : Health
Figure 16.1 Major Health Institutions in the City
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 137
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16.6.8 Government Ayurveda College Hospital 16.6.9 Government Homeopathic Medical
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tackled without undue delay by providing a common health care facility within the City limits.

Chapter 16 : Health
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 141
17 ENVIRONMENT
142
17.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
17.1.1 Land
17.1.1.1 Topography
17.1.1.2 Wetlands
17.1.1.3 Sacred Groves (Kavu)
17.1.1.4 Coastal lands
17.1.1.5 City Greenery
17.1.2 Water
17.1.2.1 Waterbodies
17.1.2.2 Ground Water
17.2 POLLUTION ASPECTS
17.2.1 Water Pollution
17.2.2 Industrial Pollution
17.2.3 Air Pollution
17.2.4 Noise Pollution
17.2.5 Bio-Medical Waste
17.2.6 E-Waste
17.4 PROBLEMS
143
17
Chapter
Thiruvananthapuram, referred by Mahatma Gandhi as the

`Evergreen City’ of India, was known for its urban area development
and the ecological balance it maintained with miles of greenery
surrounding it. But over the years with burgeoning population,
economic growth and modernization, its state-of-the-art infrastructure
and resources are becoming redundant to deal with the burning issues
of the city today – be it shortage of land, solid waste management,
sanitation, air pollution, noise pollution and water pollution. This
Chapter discusses the prevailing physical environment of the City
comprising land and waste, and the pollution aspects.
17.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 17.1.1.1 Topography

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Chapter 17 : Environment
145
Table 17.1 Ridges in the city
D The city has
Z14 Ridges
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Z14 Major water bodies
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leveling of low lying land
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Table 17.2 Sacred groves in the city
Figure 17.1 Existing wetland in the City
Table 17.3 Major water bodies in the city
Figure 17.2 Existing green in the City

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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 147
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 151
18 OTHER CIVIC AMENITIES
18.1 COMMUNITY HALLS
18.1.1 Victoria Jubilee Town Hall (VJT Hall)
18.2 READING ROOMS AND LIBRARY
18.2.1 State Central Library
18.2.2 Kerala University Library
18.3 CREMATORIA AND BURIAL GROUNDS
18.3.1 Santhi Kavadam (Thycaud Electric

Crematorium)
18.4 PARKS AND PLAY GROUNDS
18.5 OTHERS
18
Chapter
The facilities provided by the governments and municipal

corporations for common people are called civic amenities.
This chapter gives details of major civic amenities available in
Thiruvananthapuram city such as community halls, reading
rooms and library, cremation and burial grounds and parks,

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18.1 COMMUNITY HALLS

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Only 19 wards out of 100 wards are having
values, the habit of reading is to be encouraged by
exclusive community halls. Since community halls can
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on the establishment of at least one library in each ward
various events, establishment of at least one hall in each
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ward can be made mandatory. The major halls in the
area are the State Central Library and University Library.

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18.2.1 State Central Library
18.1.1 Victoria Jubilee Town Hall (VJT Hall)
State Central Library of Kerala is also known as
Built to commemorate the golden jubilee of the Thiruvananthapuram Public Library. It is situated at the

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library in India. The Library was established in the
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events. Perhaps the most preferred venue for public Swathi Thirunal Maharaja of Travancore. The work of

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reformer and speaker of the mid to late 19th Century, “A
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Chapter 18 : Other Civic Amentities
155
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admission to the Library. The Library was then known
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in English and Malayalam, archived using Nitya digital

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D The City has a fairly good network

of Civic amenities
18.2.2 Kerala University Library D It is encouraging to have parks and
Kerala University Library is situated in the heart of open spaces though more or less
the Thiruvananthapuram city very adjacent to University ! < <
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is a well maintained model for the
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the best in South India. Kerala University Library is today
D Most of the libraries and Reading
the major centre of study and research in the state. On
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rooms are not facilitated with
teachers and others visit the library daily. computer facilities
D Only 15 wards have crematoria

18.3 CREMATORIA AND BURIAL GROUNDS
/ burial grounds with only one
x % % %

electrical crematorium for the City
burial grounds. The number of burial grounds cannot
be increased much further, due to less space as well as D Only 21 wards are having exclusive
problems created to the environment. Shanthi kavadam, play grounds and only 23 wards
the only electric crematorium in Thiruvananthapuram are having parks showing lack of

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hierarchy in open spaces
required.
D Only 21 wards have police stations
18.3.1 Santhi Kavadam (Thycaud Electric most of which are not facilitated
Crematorium) with computer facilities
The total land area of Santhi Kavadam (Thycaud
D The present Central Prison does
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to be upgraded to a Correctional
The main crematorium building named the Santhi Institution
Kavadam encompasses two electric furnaces and a
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collected in urns. The ashes in the urns are handed over
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 155
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18.4 PARKS AND PLAY GROUNDS

separate powerful transformer exclusively for the purpose
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stones with green carpet on both sides. The spot is called with neither play grounds nor parks. Only 3 wards have
the Smrithi Mandapam. There is another enclosure to more than one play grounds, Parks, playgrounds, green
accommodate more people in the Smrithi Mandapam. spaces and other open spaces are necessary for the
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the electric crematorium. Electric crematorium project species in environments that are otherwise

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156 156
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡
Town and Country Planning Department, Government of Kerala
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18.5 OTHERS
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INFERENCE
The Capital City is provided with the required
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be addressed among the future development
prospects of the City with the provision of improved
infrastructure. An open space hierarchy has to be
provided for the City for improved leisure and

Fig. 18.1 Distribution of Parks in the city

¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 159
19 housing
19.1 SLUMS AND OTHER SUB-STANDARD
HOUSING
19.2 CITY SLUM IDENTIFICATION
19.3 EXISTING SLUM IMPROVEMENT
PROGRAMMES
19.4 HOUSING SHORTAGE
19.5 PROBLEMS
19
Chapter
Housing
is an important sector, for
carving out any future City development
scenario. This Chapter briefs the slums and other
sub-standard housing in the City, its problems,
and housing shortage.

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162
Chapter 19 : Housing
B BPL population- 120367 (26.36% of

the total City population) in 2001
B Punjakkari ward has the maximum

number of slums; 20 slums.
B Kottapuram ward has the maximum

slum population.
B 132 slums are located within or

in proximity to solid waste dumps,
drainage ponds, open drains, streams,
canals etc.
B 90 slums are unauthorized settlements

on public land like road Purambokku,
railway land, thodu Purambokku, canal
Purambokku etc.
Source: Department of Town and Country Planning People’s
B 199 slums located in low lying areas.
Figure 19.1 Ward wise distributions of Slums
B Grade 1 slums : values 40-66 (104
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 169
20.1 DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT OF
THE CITY
20.2 INTENSITY OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE
CITY
20.3 POPULATION DENSITY IN URBAN
FORM
20 BUILT UP DENSITY
20
Chapter
The built up density analyse the density of buildings in a

particular area. In this chapter grid wise analysis is done
for identifying built up density. The existing building foot
print (Building extent) of city is taken from satellite imagery
and GIS analysis is done to identify the pattern of the
distribution of built up area. From this the direction of
development intensity is analysed for the city.
20.1 DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE

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Chapter 20: Built up Density
173
D The City
Z Development trend is obviously

along major transport corridors
particularly in the North- South
corridor.
Figure 20.1 Building foot print density grid of the Z Four distinctive zones within
City
the City showing intensity of
development.
Z Clear cut pattern in existing

population density based urban
form.
Figure 20.2 Direction of Development of the City
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 173
Figure 20.3 Intensity of Development in the City

Figure 20.4 Population density based urban form of the City -2011
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 175

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21
TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
178
21.1 TRANSPORT NETWORK
21.1.1 Road Network 21.8 INTER-CITY GOODS TRAFFIC
21.1.2 Rail Transport 21.8.1 Volume of Goods Vehicles at Outer
21.1.3 Air Transport Cordon Points
21.1.4 Water Transport " #$ %
21.2 VEHICLE POPULATION 21.8.3 O-D of Goods Transportation
21.3 ROAD NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS "
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21.4 TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY " *$
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21.4.1 Link Volume and Capacity Utilization 21.9 PROBLEMS

21.5 PARKING CHARACTERISTICS AND
PARKING ACCUMULATION
21.6 PEDESTRIAN VOLUME
21.7 BASE YEAR INTER-CITY TRAVEL
CHARACTERISTICS
21.7.1 Characteristics Of Inter-city

!
21.7.1.1 Modal-split
21.7.1.2 Purpose of Trip
21.7.1.3 Origin-destination of Passenger Trips
21.7.1.4 Pattern of Inter-city Passenger Trips
179
21
Chapter
Tran spor tation

network is like a nervous system of a
city which often indicates the distribution of development
a city has. A transportation network ensuring inter connectivity and
intra connectivity of a city is an impetus for the development of the city. This
chapter gives the existing status of all four modes of transport within the
City, particularly road transport probing into vehicle population, network
characteristics, volume study, parking characteristics, pedestrian volume

$

21.1 TRANSPORT NETWORK @

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180 180
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 181
The airport is well connected to the city centre and Thiruvananthapuram district during the period from
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Source: NATPAC 2011
21.1.4 Water transport
Thiruvananthapuram of the erstwhile Travancore /

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have rendered long stretches of the channel useless.
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22 EXISTING SPATIAL
STRUCTURE
22.1 FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER
OF WARDS
22.2 ACTIVITY PATTERN
22.3 EXISTING CONNECTIVITY
PATTERN
22.4 EXISTING HIERARCHY OF
NODES
22.5 EXISTING SPATIAL STRUCTURE
22
Chapter
This Chapter gives a brief description

on Spatial Structure of Thiruvananthapuram city. The
Functional Character of the settlement, Activity pattern based on
land use, Connectivity Pattern and Hierarchy of Nodes are taken

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Figure 22.1 Functional Character of Wards at Thiruvananthapuram Corporation

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Figure 22.2 Derivation of Activity Pattern of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation

Figure 22.3 Existing Activity Pattern of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
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22.3 EXISTING CONNECTIVITY PATTERN

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Figure 22.7 Existing Spatial Structure


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23 SUMMARY AND FINDINGS
23.1 SUMMARY OF ANALYSES
23.2 MAJOR FINDINGS

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Chapter 23 : Summary and Findings
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24 VISION, GOALS AND
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24.1 THE VISION STATEMENT
24.2 GOALS
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25 Development concept
224
25.1 POPULATION PROJECTION AND
ITS DISTRIBUTION
25.2 SUGGESTED CITY FORM AND
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NODES
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25.5 SUGGESTED SPATIAL STRUCTURE
25.6 SUGGESTED BLUE-GREEN NETWORK
25.7 ENVISAGED CITY FUNCTIONS
25.8 THE CITY DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT
2031
225
25
Chapter
From the analyses it is clear that the determining factors for formulating
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zones, physical direction of development, blue-green network, hierarchy of

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City development concept.
25.1 POPULATION PROJECTION AND

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Chapter 25 : Development Concept
227
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PART III
LAND USE PLAN AND

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26 PROPOSED LAND USE 2031
242
26.1 PROPOSED LAND USE
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27 traffic and transportation
plan 2031
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27.1 PROPOSED ROAD NETWORK
27.2 CYCLE TRACK
27.3 JUNCTION IMPROVEMENT
PROGRAMMES
27.4 PROPOSED RAIL NETWORK
27.5 MONO RAIL
27.6 PROPOSED INLAND WATER TRANS
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27.7 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT FOR AIR
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27.8 TRANSPORT TERMINALS
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27.8.3 Rail Terminals
27.8.4 Inland Water Transport Terminals
27.8.5 Air Terminal
27.8.6 Goods Terminals
27.9 Pedestrian Facilities
27.10 Parking Facilities
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27
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28 Sectoral Proposals
28.1 INDUSTRY
28.2 TRADE AND COMMERCE
28.3 TOURISM
28.4 HERITAGE
28.5 WATER SUPPLY
28.6 SEWERAGE
28.7 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
28.8 EDUCATION
28.9 HEALTH
28.10 ENVIRONMENT
28.11 CIVIC AMENITIES
28.12 HOUSING AND SLUM
DEVELOPMENT
28
Chapter
Detailing of the proposals based on the proposed land use plan

will instigate development of the city. This Chapter briefs the
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28.1 INDUSTRY
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28.2 TRADE AND COMMERCE sound show of the story ‘Mathilukal’
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 289
29 DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS
292
I. Zoning Regulation
II. Zone wise varying Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
III. Transferable Development Rights (TDR)
IV. Special General guide lines for the
preparation of layout plan/DTP Scheme
for the Green to Planned Development
zone.
293
29
Chapter
1.0 All future developments shall be in conformity 2.2 In some cases it may be possible to permit some
with the provisions of the Thiruvananthapuram
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category deals with the uses that shall be restricted
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the proposals envisaged in this General Town under normal circumstances.
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refered to as the Secretary. on the sides of new roads / roads proposed for
294
Chapter
Chapter
29 : 29Development
: Zoning Regulation
Controls
widening as per the scheme shall be governed Town Planner.

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detailed road alignment approved by the Chief referred along the GLS-2 Map.
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 295
Chapter 29 : Development Controls
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Chapter
Chapter
29 : 29Development
: Zoning Regulation
Controls
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 309
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¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 313
3.0 II. Zone wise varying FAR %"
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5.2 Preferably the layout plan/DTP Scheme should be
4.0 III. Transfer of Development Right (TDR)
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TDR is suggested. provided that part of land have a minimum of 1
ha of area and the area remaining should be less
than or equal to 1ha. Otherwise this piecemeal
approach is not encouraged.
5.3 The Layout Plan/DTP Scheme is to be based on a
1 m interval contour map of the area and detailed
land use map at cadastral level.
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the proposed land use map is to be detailed out
in the Layout Plan /DTP Scheme.
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be limited to 30%. The coverage in the individual
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in the KMBR related to the building use, but with
a limit of 50%.
5.6 10% of the developed land in the lay out plan/DTP
Scheme should be earmarked for economically
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5.7 Any other requirement as required by the KMBR

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4.2 The sites of the development proposals listed are
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the sources from which the TDR is originated. but the plan should be approved by the concerned

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FAR Zones I & II (Refr FAR Guide Map) where it
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with a road of at least 12m width (as per the
by the Government. "
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5.1 The Layout Plan/DTP Scheme should be prepared park and open space and area earmarked for

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Annexe 1 29. Gold and silver thread sari work
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30. Ice-cream or ice making
service or light industries x +

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1. Aerated water and fuit beverages 32. Jobbing and machining
2. Apparel making 33. Light engineering

34. Laundry, dry cleaning and dyeing
4. Assembly of bicycles, baby carriage and other 6 %,

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small non motorized vehicles. products
@ '' 36. Manufacture of soaps involving process without

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health club
37. Mineralized water
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38. Musical instruments manufacturing
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11. Carpet weaving } "" ]*"
12. Cement and concrete products (where crusher is 43. Power looms / hand looms (without dyeing &
not used) bleaching)
13. Chilling plants and cold storage 44. Photo and picture framing
14. Coir (without bleaching / dyeing) % ,%
15. Concrete batching plants { ,"
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18. Electronics and electrical goods medical purpose
19. Electronics equipment (Assembly) ~ #^

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works (without any chemical treatment) 52. Sports goods
21. Embroidery and lace manufacturing 53. Steeping and processing of grains
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24. Foot wear (rubber and PVC) 56. Toys
25. Furniture making | &%
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28. Gold and silver smithy
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 317
Annexes
318
9.1 Existing Hierarchy of Commercial Clusters
11.1 List of Heritage building with grade
19.1 Grade I Slums
19.2 Grade II Slums
19.3 Grade III Slums
19.4 Grade IV Slums
19.5 Remaining Slums
21.1 Inventory details of major roads in
Thiruvananthapuram City
21.2 Volume-capacity ratio on major road links
within Thiruvananthapuram City
+ :; <=
intersections in Thiruvananthapuram City
21.4 Locations selected for parking demand
survey in Thiruvananthapuram City
22.1 Functional Character of the City
22.2 Activity based Spatial Structure
27.1 Analysis of Road Width
27.2 Proposed Roads to be widened
319
Annexes
ANNEXE 9.1
320
Annexes
ANNEXE 11.1
List of Heritage Building with Grade
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 321
Annexes
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 323
Annexes
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 325
Annexes
ANNEXE 19.1
Grade 1 Slums
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 327
Soure: Analysed from the Corporation data

Annexes
ANNEXE 19.2
Grade 2 Slums
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 329
Source: Analysed from the Corporation data

Annexes
ANNEXE 19.3
Grade 3 Slums
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 331
Source: Analysed from the Corporation data

Annexes
ANNEXE 19.4
Grade 4 Slums
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 333
ANNEXE 19.5
Remaining Slums

Annexes
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 335
Annexes
Source : Analysed from the Corporation data
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 337
Annexe 21.1
Source: NATPAC 2011

Annexes
Annexe 21.2
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 339
Annexes
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 341
Annexes
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 343
Annexes
Source: NATPAC 2011
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 345
Annexe 21.3

Annexes
Source: NATPAC 2011
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 347
Annexe 21.4
Source: NATPAC 2011

349
350
351
352
Annexes
Annexe 27.1
¡§¨¤¦¡£¤¡ 353
354
355
356
357

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NOVEMBER 2012

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM MASTER PLAN

Art & Design Consultants:

Thiruvananthapuram Adv. CHANDRIKA. K

This commendable task of plan preparation of Thiruvananthapuram Master Plan was

Thiruvananthapuram EAPEN VARUGHESE

We sincerely thank Sri G.Happy Kumar, Deputy Mayor, Thiruvananthapuram Municipal

We sincerely thank the stakeholders including Indian Institute of Architecture,

1. Need for the plan 2-7

2. Earlier planning efforts and studies 8 - 13

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23 Summary and Findings 206 - 215

24 Goals and Objectives 216 - 223

25 Development Concept 224 - 239

26 Proposed Land Use 2031 242 - 253

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28 Sectoral Proposals 268 - 289

29 Development Control 292 - 317

30 Annexes 318 - 357

Table 5.1 Planning Units

Table 8.1 Major Industrial Parks in the City

Table 8.2 Special Economic zones in the City

Table 21.1 Growth of vehicle population in Thiruvananthapuram District

Table 21.2 Vehicle population in Thiruvananthapuram district

Table 21.4 Locations for origin-destination survey in Thiruvananthapuram City

Table 21.5 Modal split of inter-city daily

Table 21.6 Modal split of inter-city daily goods

Table 22.1 Determination of Activity Pattern in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation

Table 25.1 Containable population in zones

Table 26.1 Zone wise Priority of development

Table 26.2 Land use area

Table 27.1 Proposed road widths

Table 28.1 List of markets for Solid waste disposal facility

Table 28.2 Phasing of Slum scheme implementation

Figure 3.1 Thiruvananthapuram District and the city

Chart 3.1 Thiruvananthapuram Corporation - Revenue Income and Expenditure

9.1 Existing Hierarchy of Commercial Clusters

ADB – Asian Development Bank

1.1 THE CITY 1.2 NEED FOR A MASTER PLAN

The rich and abundant cultural heritage of Z Thiruvananthapuram, an emerging metro

6 Town and Country Planning Department, Government of Kerala

2.1.2 Basic Approach to Planning

2.1.3 Basic Approach to Sectors

2.1.3.2 Commercial Uses

2.1.3.4 Civic Amenities

2.1.3.5 Parks And Open Spaces

2.1.3.7 Infrastructure Facilities

2.2 DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR

2.3 CITY LEVEL PLANS

Spatial planning for the City

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2.1.2 Basic Approach to Planning 2.1.3 Basic Approach to Sectors

2.1.3.2 Commercial Uses

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