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B . A . S c , U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1983
in
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November 1986
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V6T 1Y3
3E-6 (3/81)
ABSTRACT
expansion problem.
Page
Abstract i i
Table of Contents i i i
Acknowledgements xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1
2.1 Introduction 7
Problem
3.1 Introduction 14
i ii
Page
4.1 Introduction 31
4.2.1 Geometry 35
6.1 Introduction 44
7.1 Introduction 55
i v
Page
8.1 Introduction 76
9.1 Introduction 87
9.3.1 Results 91
V
Page
Expansion Curves
Bibliography 160
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
10.1 Simplified Method for Determining P-Y Curves for N.C. Clays 128
10.2 Simplified Method for Determining P-Y Curves for Dense Sand 138
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
P i l e Problem 26
L a t e r a l P i l e Loading 32
S o i l - P i l e Interface 37
viii
LIST OF FIGURES - Continued
Figure Page
Undrained Clay 62
ix
LIST OF FIGURES - Continued
Figure Page
9.2 P-Y Curves for Undrained Clay from Plane Strain Analyses 92
9.3 P-Y Curves for Undrained Clay from Plane Stress Analyses 93
9.8 P-Y Curves for Dense Sand from Plane Strain Analyses 104
9.9 P-Y Curves for Dense Sand from Plane Stress Analyses 105
x
LIST OF FIGURES - Continued
Figure Page
10.14 Plane Strain - Plane Stress Transition Zone for Dense Sand 140
10.15 P-Y Curve for 3-Dimensional Stress and Strain Condition 141
XT
LIST OF FIGURES - Continued
Figure Page
11.4 Comparison of Pressuremeter and P-Y Curves for Dense Sand 152
11.5 Comparison of Pressuremeter and P-Y Curves for Dense Sand 153
xii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
interest during this research. Thanks also to Dr. W.D.L. Finn and
Dr. Y.P. Vaid, for their review of this manuscript and their helpful
(where are you?), F. Salgado, and H. Vaziri, for their assistance, and
of this manuscript.
encouragement.
xi i i
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
a s e t o f independent l i n e a r or non-linear s p r i n g s
d i s t r i b u t e d a l o n g the l e n g t h of the p i l e .
s t r e s s - s t r a i n p r o p e r t i e s o f the s o i l .
the s o i l s u r r o u n d i n g the p i l e i s r e p l a c e d by d i s c r e t e s p r i n g s . S o i l
r e s i s t a n c e t o p i l e d e f l e c t i o n i s r e p r e s e n t e d by the l o a d - d e f l e c t i o n
proposed.
i n t r o d u c t i o n o f i n t e r a c t i v e g r a p h i c s . A m o d i f i e d v e r s i o n o f Reese &
Grigg, 1982).
p r e d i c t e d f o r both c o h e s i v e and c o h e s i o n l e s s s o i l s u s i n g n o n - l i n e a r
e l a s t i c s o i l models a r e p r e s e n t e d .
A r e c e n t l y - d e v e l o p e d h i g h e r - o r d e r e d two-dimensional finite
solutions.
used i n t h e c a v i t y e x p a n s i o n a n a l y s e s . The e f f e c t o f p r e s s u r e m e t e r
s i z e was examined.
p r e s s u r e m e t e r r e s u l t s t o determine f a c t o r s f o r c o n v e r t i n g
p r e s s u r e m e t e r c u r v e s t o P-Y curves.
p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h , h i g h l i g h t i n g t h e methods and t h e r e s u l t s , i s g i v e n
i n Chapter 2.
Chapter 3 c o n t a i n s a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e
t o p r e d i c t P-Y c u r v e s . The v a l i d i t y o f t h e f o r m u l a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d
i n l i g h t o f p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h on t h e problem.
is given.
b r i e f l y i n Chapter 5. R e s u l t s o f u n i a x i a l c o m p r e s s i o n and c a v i t y
e x p a n s i o n a n a l y s e s performed t o v e r i f y t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e program
6
strain and plane stress P-Y curves were predicted for both undrained
clay and sand. The effects of pile diameter and mesh size on the
for determining P-Y curves were derived from the normalized curves. In
Chapter 12.
7
CHAPTER 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION
piles has been the subject of much research over the past 10 or 15
problems.
methods and their results i s given in Section 2.2. The finite element
pile load tests were developed by Matlock (1970) for soft clays, Reese
& Welch (1975) and Reese et a l . (1975) for s t i f f clays, and Reese et
surface and failure by lateral soil flow around the pile at greater
= N cD 2.1
P
N 3 + _c_y
T" + J H ,
_ 3£ N ^ 9
P P
c D
where
c undrained strength
D pile diameter
clays.
& = 45° + rf /2 f
by a factor A according to
10
= A P 2.4
c
moments (M) were measured at points along the length of the model pile
2.5
and P 2.6
where
z = depth
sensitive to the curve shape and the errors are greatly multiplied by
P ^
u t were not o b t a i n e d from the c e n t r i f u g e t e s t s f o r depths g r e a t e r
than 6 f t .
p r e d i c t i o n s a t s h a l l o w depths. O v e r a l l , t h e r e i s l i t t l e resemblance
a r e s i m i l a r and a r e d e s c r i b e d i n Chapter 3.
ranging from about 6cD for complete soil-pile separation behind the
from plane stress analyses. Neither Thompson nor Yegian made any
relationships.
using the finite element method. The predicted curves were compared
centrifuge curves. No values were determined for P ^ > nor was any u t
6 times.
soft clay and saturated sand do not agree with finite element
predictions. Large discrepancies exist in the i n i t i a l slope, shape,
two methods. Since the empirical curves were developed from limited
pile load tests, their applicability for soils other than those in
many factors that could affect the predicted results (ie: mesh size,
doubt.
programs such as C0M624 (see Section 1.1) can be compared with results
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Wright (1973), Thompson (1977), Barton & Finn (1983), and Atukorala &
element mesh i s a circular disk with the pile located at the centre.
Section
pile, are applied to the pile centre. Pile deflections (Y) resulting
from the applied loads produce the desired P-Y curves. Strictly
deformations.
3.2. Rollers were placed along the symmetry boundary to ensure zero
also exists, but only under the condition that stresses i n the s o i l
must not approach levels where tensile failure occurs and causes the
s o i l to separate from the pile (Yegian & Wright, 1973). The use of
soil-pile separation may not be valid for large lateral loads or for
analyses of pile sections at shallow depths (see also Sections 3.4 and
only half of the disk, the horizontal load for a corresponding lateral
FIGURE 3.2: FINITE ELEMENT MESH FOR THE LATERALLY LOADED PILE PROBLEM
omitted half of the pile section.
loads depend on the size of the disks. The problem then rests in the
disk radius.
radii did not affect the predicted value of P ^ » but did affect the
u t
section and a fixed outside boundary at radius R from the pile centre
•JI
Y = P 1 + u (3 - 4u) ln R - r2
8?rE 1 - u J2 . 2
R + r 3 - 4ju
where
Poisson's ratio
to infinity.
determine the value of R for the two-dimensional model that will give
0 l 1 1 1 1
0 2 4 6 8
JL
two zones. For soil within a radius r , plane strain condition was
a v
where
h = embedded length
E = i n i t i a l s o i l modulus
so
Equation 3.2 was used to determine the mesh radius for the P-Y
curve finite element analyses. Although the equations were derived for
l\3
CO
shown by Thompson, the mesh radius does not affect the value of
P ]_l-»
u
a n
d n a s
only a
moderate influence on the shape of the P-Y
curve (see Figures 3.3 and 3.4). Overall, in the absence of soil-pile
expected.
the basis that pressures from soil above and below are sufficiently
are restricted to the horizontal plane with soil flowing around the
greater depths.
P^
u t near the surface of a saturated clay. For P at large
depths, a block flow model was used. These failure conditions are
illustrated in Figure 3.6. A similar method was used to determine
between 1.5 and 3.0 pile diameters, depending on the pile roughness
deformation conditions.
(1977) for plane stress and plane strain conditions. Using various
'///A//'
/ t \
Movement
Lood
Mud line
^ Pile of
/ Diometer b
a) Passive Wedge
FIGURE 3.6: ASSUMED FAILURE MECHANISMS FOR LATERALLY LOADED PILE PROBLEM
ro
(After Reese et a l . , 1974, p. 481) cn
28
( i e : o c ) i s indicated.
TABLE 3.1
EFFECT OF SOIL-PILE ADHESION
ON P "|t FOR PLANE STRAIN ANALYSIS
u
OF UNDRAINED CLAY
a P u 1 t /cd
0-0 9-142
0-1 9-527
0-2 9-886
0-3 10-220
0-4 10-531
0-5 10-820
0-6 11-088
0-7 11-336
0-8 11-563
0-9 11-767
1-0 11-940
CHAPTER 4
INTERFACE ELEMENTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
to the pile surface (Figure 4.1b). Movement of the pile forces the
side of the pile and tension stresses behind the pile. The presence of
large shear stresses, however, will likely cause slippages along the
(Figure 4.2b), tension stresses will not develop during loading. The
these circumstances, soil adjacent to the pile flows around the pile
FIGURE 4.1: DEFORMATION OF FINITE ELEMENT MESH DURING LATERAL PILE LOADING
A
a) Laterally Loaded Pile
Ii,
SECTION A-A
this situation, s o i l flows around the front of the pile and separates
from the pile at some point along the back (Pyke & Beikae, 1984).
along the surface of the pile i f the pile skin friction i s exceeded.
clays (see Figures 3.7 and 3.8). Results similar to those of Yegian
were obtained.
Yegian, normal elements with special modulus properties were used. The
sections.
35
4.2.1 Geometry
surface, reflecting the maximum skin friction that can develop during
value.
DIRECTION
OF LOADING
INTERFACE ELEMENTS
2r = 2c cosS + 2 (T sinS
0 4.1
s
1 - sinS
c = etc 4.2
a
and S =/8jf 4.3
with rough steel pile surfaces in clay, and /S = 0.80 for piles in
sand.
low, negative stresses may develop behind the pile during loading,
/* /* /* J* J* f* A / mu
c
Smooth Polished 0-54 0-64 0-79 0-40 0-68 0-40 — 0-50 0-25 0-50
Steel -j^
Rough Rusted 0-76 0-80 0-95 0-48 0-75 0-65 0-35 0-50 0-50 0-80
Parallel to grain 0-76 085 0-92 0-55 0-87 0-80 0-20 0-60 0-4 0-85
Wood |
At right angles to grain 0-88 0-89 098 063 0-95 0-90 0-40 070 0-50 0-85
Smooth Made in iron form 0-76 0-80 0-92 0-50 0-87 0-84 0 42 0-68 0 40 1O0
Concrete - Grained Made in wood form 0-88 0-88 0-98 0-62 0-96 0-90 0-58 080 0-50 1-00
Rough Made on adjusted ground 0-98 0-90 1-00 0-79 1-00 0-95 0-80 095 0-60 1-00
Note: f c 5 oc
elements.
both the shear and the bulk modulii were reduced by a factor of 1000
upon tension failure. The low shear modulus prevents any further
significant changes i n shear stress while the low bulk modulus allows
Upon tension failure, both the shear and the bulk modulii were reduced
the main finite element program. The geometry program inputs mesh
obvious. Program users can number the nodes the way they desire and
Moreover, i f the same mesh geometry i s used for more than one
Triangles (CST). Examples of the elements are shown in Figure 5.1. LST
(After V a z i r i , 1 9 8 5 )
ro
performed with CST elements produced better results. The improvements,
however, were small and did not warrant the high computing costs
(1985).
44
CHAPTER 6
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Duncan et a l . (1980).
elements were tested under both plane strain and plane stress
conditions.
be written as follows:
where
V
E T = E.(I - R (<r /<r )
f d df
2
B
t - BtV
k
W"
where
P = atmospheric pressure
a
= minor principal stress
*3
failure ratio
R
f
= deviator stress
f
d
= deviator stress at failure
'df
s
where
oa 3 a
R
k
B = b u l k modulus number
m = b u l k modulus exponent
where
1 - sinaf
The d e r i v a t i o n o f the s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p i s c o n t a i n e d
i n Appendix A.
Solution
m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s a r e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r a sand w i t h a r e l a t i v e d e n s i t y
MATERIAL
72.1 750.0
k
E
n 0.0 0.5
24.0 600.0
k
B
m 0.0 0.5
R
f 0.9 0.9
fi 0.0 0.29
123.4 122.4
^sat (Pcf)
Depth (ft) 20.0 20.0
Patm
. (Psf) 2116.2 2116.2
FIGURE 6.3: PLANE STRAIN STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR SAND
between the finite element predictions and the theoretical curves
subsequent stress increases and yields the flat portions of the curves
shown.
condition.
6.6
y _y u
_y
E E.[l - RJff
s l f Y df
y J
where E^ and ( T ^ are as given in Equation 6.5. The remaining
Solution
undrained clay and sand (material properties given in Table 6.1) are
plotted in Figures 6.4 and 6.5. Again, good agreements exist between
Once again, the results verify the ability of the program to model the
7.1 INTRODUCTION
plane strain quadrant shown in Figure 7.1, and the plane strain
laterally loaded pile problem (see Figures 3.2 and 4.3), the
progresses out radially from the centre of the mesh in the cavity
the comparisons.
consolidated clay and are based on Atukorala & Byrne (1984). The
MATERIAL
144.1 144.1
k
E
n 0.0 0.0
24021.0 24021.0
k
B
m 0.0 0.0
0.0006 0.9
R
f
c (Psf) 610.0 610.0
u
^2 (deg) 0.0 0.0
n 0.499 0.499
123.4 123.4
''sat
Depth ( f t ) 40.0 40.0
P = P + c 1 + ln AT 2G 7.1a
o u
r c
o W f
or P = P + c 1 + ln Ax 1 6BE 7.1b
o u
r c 9B - E
o u
where
T = i n i t i a l radius of cavity
follows:
61
<
P = P + c 1 + l n 'AT 2G 7.2
r o u
r c
where
r = current radius of c a v i t y = r Q + Ar
l i m i t i n g p r e s s u r e , based s o l e l y on m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s , i s a c h i e v e d :
P = P + c [1 + l n ( 2 G / c ) ] 7.3
L
T
o u L
u v / J
s t r a i n o r i n i t i a l e l a s t i c p o r t i o n o f t h e c u r v e i s g i v e n by t h e l i n e a r
P = P + 2G(4r/r ) 7.4
r o v
o y
29
63
Solution
Figure 7.4. Good agreement with the closed form solution was obtained
mesh in Figure 7.2 but with the outer boundary pinned at nodes 65, 66
« I i i i i 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 r
0-0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
STRAIN Ar/r 0
p r e d i c t e d by t h i s method i s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 7.4.
(T = P (a /r )
r
2 2
7.5
where
= p r e s s u r e ( o r change i n p r e s s u r e ) on w a l l o f c a v i t y
a = r a d i u s of c a v i t y
r = r a d i a l d i s t a n c e from c e n t r e of c a v i t y
P = 3060
r PSF
Q =1FT
0
Q = 7.766 FT
were performed u s i n g o n l y n o n - l i n e a r e l a s t i c m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s f o r a
dense sand.
D i f f i c u l t i e s a r i s e i n the a n a l y s i s o f e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c materials
s t r e s s , cT^', as f o l l o w s :
1 - sinjzf'
1 - sin* 1
e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c c l o s e d form s o l u t i o n .
7.3.2 E l a s t i c - P l a s t i c C l o s e d Form S o l u t i o n
An e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c c l o s e d form s o l u t i o n f o r t h e e x p a n s i o n of a
c y l i n d r i c a l c a v i t y i n an i n f i n i t e c o h e s i o n l e s s medium was d e r i v e d by
complete d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e s o l u t i o n , i n c l u d i n g d i l a t i o n e f f e c t s , was
(l-N)/(l+n)
P R = P Q (1 + sinpf') E Ax 7.9
1 + ju r nP sinyj'
o
n = (1 - s i n v O / ( l + s i n v )
where
^' = f r i c t i o n a n g l e o f t h e c o h e s i o n l e s s m a t e r i a l
V = dilation angle
E = i n i t i a l Young's modulus = k„P ((ToVP ) n
Ji a J a
M o d i f i e d Mohr Diagram
7.9 reduces to
E (l-N)/2
P = P (1 + sin*') Ar 7.11
r o
1 + ji rP q sin*'
given by
(l-N)/2
P L = P Q (1 + sin*') 2G 7.12
P sin*'
o
The above closed form solution does not take into account the
7.13
E
i " E a«V a>
k P /P n
m 7.14
G = k
G W / P
a >
Material properties for the sand are based on Byrne & Eldridge (1982)
(j/ = 0) are shown i n Figure 7.9. An outer stress boundary was used i n
solution.
D r (%) 75
750.0
k
E
n 0.5
1250.0
k
B
m 0.5
0.9
R
f
c (Psf) 0.0
*l (deg) 39.0
A0 (deg) 4.0
V (deg) 0.0
0.4
122.4
/sat < Pcf
>
Depth ( f t ) 20.0
K 1.0
o
P (Psf) 2116.2
atm v
PRESSURE ON CAVITY WALL AP (psf)
O 20 40 60 80 100 (X10 )
2
ro
PRESSURE ON CAVITY WALL AP (psf)
o 5 10 15(X10 3)
CHAPTER 8
PRESSUREMETER EXPANSION
8.1 INTRODUCTION
expansion curves, are obtained from the tests, from which values for
Pressuremeter curves obtained from the analyses were compared with P-Y
for deriving P-Y curves from pressuremeter curves. The results are
performed using the finite element mesh shown in Figure 7.2. The
placement of rollers along the top and bottom boundaries of the mesh
the study are given in Table 8.1 and were derived as follows:
Soil depth = H
14.4 28.8
k
E
n 0.0 0.0
1200.0 2400.0
k
B
m 0.0 0.0
0.9 0.9
R
f
0.498 0.498
*o
c (Psf) 152.5 305.0
u
(deg) 0.0 0.0
*1
(deg) 0.0 0.0
Using H=10 f t and H=20 f t in the above equations yields the values
7.4. The results also show the H=20 f t curve to be merely a scaled-up
for a dense sand are shown in Figure 8.2. Properties for the sand were
determined from values given by Byrne & Eldridge (1982), and Byrne &
of 2G. The overall shape of the two curves are similar, the H=20 f t
600.0 600.0
k
B
m 0.5 0.5
0.8 0.8
R
f
*l (deg) 39.0 39.0
D r (%) 75 75
0.222 0.222
122.4 122.4
'sat < Psf
>
K 1.0* 1.0*
o
STRAIN Ar/r D
FIGURE 8.2: PRESSUREMETER CURVES FOR NON-LINEAR ELASTIC DENSE SAND FROM
PLANE STRAIN AXISYMMETRIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES 00
ro
The load-deflection values plotted in Figure 8.2 do not describe
at or near failure, where the strength of the soil varies with changes
Section 7.3.1.
(150 in) as before. The width of the loaded area was also retained at
the 4P vs. Av/v plots in Figure 8.4, however, shows that the
0.0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
RADIAL DISPLACEMENT OF CAVITY WALL Ar (ft)
FIGURE 8.3: COMPARISON OF PRESSUREMETER CURVES PREDICTED USING DIFFERENT INITIAL CAVITY RADII
00
FIGURE 8.4: COMPARISON OF PRESSUREMETER CURVES PREDICTED USING DIFFERENT INITIAL CAVITY RADII
can be e l i m i n a t e d through t h e use o f t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l s t r a i n ,
new r v a l u e s ,
o
r e l a t i o n s h i p . T h i s a s s u m p t i o n , however, i s v a l i d o n l y f o r s e l f - b o r i n g
pressuremeters i n s t a l l e d w i t h no s o i l d i s t u r b a n c e s . I n p r a c t i c e , soil
relationship d i f f i c u l t to predict.
CHAPTER 9
9.1 INTRODUCTION
P-Y curves for the laterally loaded pile problem were predicted
strain and plane stress analyses for both undrained clay and sand were
the mesh radius and the pile diameter. The P-Y curves were compared
method for deriving P-Y curves from pressuremeter curves. The results
9.1. As noted i n Section 3.2, rollers were placed along the axis of
follows:
And 1 = [4(E /E )I ] 1 / 4
= 3.148 D
o p so p J
Finally, R = 7 1 = 22.03 D
for D = 2 f t .
obtained by using linear strain elements and the mesh i n Figure 9.1.
PARAMETER VALUE
1.44 H
k
E
n 0
120 H
k
B
m 0
n 0.498
R
f 0.9
c (Psf) 15.25 H
u v
'
120.0
*sat < > Pcf
<T' (Psf)V
57.6 H
(T ' (Psf)
m
57.6 H
K 1.0
o
9.3.1 Results
The predicted P-Y curves for various depths are shown in Figure
9.2 for plane strain analyses, and in Figure 9.3 for the plane stress
and l.OE^ (1.5(2G)) are appropriate for the plane strain and plane
displacements (Y > 0.7 f t for plane strain, and Y > 0.4 f t for plane
with Y. The load at which the P-Y curve becomes linear i s taken as
P ^
u t< Using this method, identical values of P ^ u t = 12.1cD (c = c^)
T i 1 1 r
D= 2 FT
0
-0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 9 10
Y (ft)
FIGURE 9.2: P-Y CURVES FOR UNDRAINED CLAY FROM PLANE STRAIN ANALYSES
VO
r\3
i 1 1 r^n 1 1 1 i i i i r
Y (ft)
FIGURE 9.3: P-Y CURVES FOR UNDRAINED CLAY FROM PLANE STRESS ANALYSES
vo
CO
P^j., and the P-Y curve does not flatten off as expected.
The P]_£ value of 12.1cD obtained for the plane strain case
u
of 0.5 was used in the finite element analyses for clay. Randolph's
prediction.
curves for soft clays. The empirical curves, shown as dashed lines in
Figures 9.2 and 9.3, were determined using the method recommended by
in Appendix B.
block flow failure mechanism at large depths (see Figure 3.5b). The
P , = N cD 9.4
ult p
N = 3 + (T7c + J H/D
p , 3 £ N ^ 9
p
where
type
9.4 increases with depth, ranging from 3 at the surface to the maximum
value of 9 at a depth of
H = 6D 9.5
c •
(0-'D/cH) + 0.25
v
For the plane stress curves shown in Figure 9.3, "P ^ values
curves. For lack of better information, the curves are drawn such that
The results shown i n Figures 9.2 and 9.3 were obtained for a
mesh radius of 22D was maintained for a l l the analyses. The same
96
number of elements were used for a l l the meshes, only the sizes of the
The predicted P-Y curves are shown i n Figures 9.4 and 9.5. The
same factor. In other words, plots of P/D vs. Y/D would yield a single
curve for each of the plane strain and plane stress conditions,
previous work by Thompson (1977) has shown that the stiffness, but not
the ultimate strength, of the P-Y curves depends on R. P-Y curves were
generated for R = 10D, 20D and 50D to verify Thompson's results and to
The results for plane strain analysis are shown in Figure 9.6.
were used i n the plane strain and plane stress analyses, respectively.
1.57E., and 1.22E. were obtained for R = 10D, 20D, 22D, and 50D,
0.77E. were obtained for mesh radii of 10D, 22D, and 50D,
o
1 1 1 i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 i r
Y (ft)
FIGURE 9.4; EFFECT OF PILE DIAMETER ON PLANE STRAIN P-Y CURVE PREDICTIONS FOR UNDRAINED CLAY
§ i 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i i i i i r
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Y (ft)
FIGURE 9.7: EFFECT OF MESH RADIUS ON PLANE STRESS P-Y CURVE PREDICTIONS FOR UNDRAINED CLAY
o
o
respectively, for plane stress analyses. R=22D was perviously
Neither P ^ u t
n o r
the shape of the curves appear to be overly
between the R = 10D and R = 22D curves, and the R = 22D and R = 50D
lower and upper bounds for the zone of influence, the curves predicted
relationships.
Plane strain and plane stress P-Y curves were determined for a
analyses in Chapter 8.
pile elements were 500 times greater than those of the s o i l elements.
used:
K = 1 — sin^' 9.6
where
PARAMETER VALUE
1000
k
E
n 0.5
600
k
B
m 0.5
0.8
R
f
0.222
W (deg) 4.0
0 CV
}
(deg) 33.0
D r (%) 75
122.4
(Pcf) 60.0
P atmospheric p r e s s u r e = 2116.2 P s f
a
(T 1
was used as t h e i n i t i a l o v e r a l l c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e . The
to the o l d value.
9.4.1 Results
p r e d i c t i o n s a r e a l s o g i v e n i n T a b l e 9.3. As i n t h e a n a l y s e s f o r c l a y ,
i n c r e a s e s i n P w i t h Y beyond the p o i n t s o f f a i l u r e a r e o b s e r v e d .
l o a d - d e f l e c t i o n behaviour begins.
a r e g i v e n below:
P a s s i v e wedge:
Flow b l o c k :
P
ult = A D
^ H
( K
a ( t a n
/ * - 1) + K t a n * ' t a n / * ) 9.10
where
H = depth
tf = internal friction angle
o< =tf/2
/8 = 45° + oi
results are shown in Table 9.4. Equating the theoretical and predicted
P^
u t values for plane strain analyses, A ranging from 0.0645 to
decrease with depth. Such a trend i s expected since the passive wedge
Additional P-Y analyses were performed for the dense sand using
TABLE 9.4
COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL
DEPTH tf <r 1
K K p A
P
ult ^ult
mo o a from
THEORY
from
FEM
f see"]
(ft) (deg) (Psf) (notej
D = 2 ft
P _ = 2116.2 Psf
atm
Values of A were determined by comparing P ^ obtained from
u t
The results of the analyses are shown in Figures 9.10 and 9.11.
Consequently, plotting P/D vs. Y/D for any pile diameter would yield a
unique curve for each of the plane strain and plane stress condition
at a given depth.
changes i n the mesh radius, the problem was analysed using mesh radii
of 10D, 20D, and 50D. The results for plane strain analyses are shown
For plane strain analyses, the shape of the P-Y curve for loads
approaching P ^ u t
i s
sensitive to the mesh radius used. The R=50D
curve shows a much softer response than the R=10D curve. The i n i t i a l
shape of the P-Y curve are sensitive to the mesh radius. The curves
differ only slightly from each other despite the wide range of mesh
increasing mesh radius, but at a slow rate. The shape of the curves
for loads less than about 1/2 P was also insensitive to the mesh
ult
radius. Consequently, the curves can be considered as good
o
n 1 r i 1 \ 1 1—n r i r
H-20FT
R = 22D
o
CM
D = 4'
CD
' CM
2'
O H 0 0
i i i I I I I L J I I I L
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 I.O(XIC)- )
1
Y (ft)
FIGURE 9.11: EFFECT OF PILE DIAMETER ON PLANE STRESS P-Y CURVE PREDICTIONS FOR DENSE SAND
H-20FT
D = 2 FT
Q o R = 10D
CD CD R - 22D
+ + R = 50D
r e s u l t i n e r r o r s . However, s i n c e p l a n e s t r a i n c u r v e s a r e a p p l i c a b l e
10.1 INTRODUCTION
both costly and time consuming. For many problems concerning laterally
a l . (1975, 1974) for determining P-Y curves for soft clay, s t i f f clay,
loading tests. However, load tests were performed at only one site for
the curves.
1.6E.. Values of 6.1cD and 1.0E. were obtained for plane stress
1 • l v
Section 9.3.2, plots of P/D vs. Y/D were shown to be identical for a l l
P/cD vs. Y/D were drawn. The results are as expected. A unique curve
was obtained for each of the plane strain and plane stress condition
/
as shown in Figures 10.1 and 10.2. The normalized curves are compared
in Figure 10.3.
purposes. Using the curves shown i n Figure 10.3, P-Y curves can be
must be taken, however, to ensure that the curves are applied only to
0.0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Y/D
_P = Y/D 10.1
cD a + R b(Y/D)
a
a = 1/initial slope
The plot of (Y/D)/(P/cD) vs. (Y/D) in Figure 10.5 shows the expected
a i s 0.003125. This value agrees well with a = 0.003 obtained from the
transformed plot.
The plane stress curve i s somewhat more complex. Aside from the
P = Y/D 10.2
cD oca + R b(Y/D)
a
portion of the curve i s hyperbolic. For the plane stress case, the
the e q u a t i o n
where
a', b' = c o n s t a n t s
Y/D
FIGURE 10.5: HYPERBOLIC FIT FOR PLANE STRAIN P-Y CURVES FOR UNDRAINED CLAY
-2.2 -2 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8
LOG (Y/D)
FIGURE 10.6: POWER FUNCTION FIT FOR PLANE STRESS P-Y CURVES FOR UNDRAINED CLAY
0.028
0.026
0.024 -
0.022 -
0.02
Q
U 0.018 - 0.745 = R ba
\
0.016 -
\
Q 0.014
0.012 H
0.01
0.008
0.006 H
rhD n
.
0.004
0.0028 ~ oca
i 1 1 1— —T~
Y/D
FIGURE 10.7: HYPERBOLIC FIT FOR PLANE STRESS P-Y CURVES FOR UNDRAINED CLAY
ro
TABLE 10.1
12.1)
X
(P/cD = 12.1) 1
1.59) cD
oo
10.3 SIMPLIFIED P-Y CURVES FOR DENSE SAND
Plane strain and plane stress P-Y curves were predicted for a
dense sand using finite element analyses. The results are shown and
for other depths and for different soil properties and pile diameters,
The P-Y curves predicted for dense sand were shown to have
both plane strain and plane stress curves at any depth i s a good
approximation.
curves, P/D vs. Y/D plots at a given depth were shown to be identical,
9.10 are both functions of the pile diameter, D. In the plane strain
for s o i l near the surface, H i s small, and the four terms not
terms" account for roughly 2/3 of P ^ » and so on. Since the passive
u t
different depths, a single curve for each of the plane strain and
The normalized P-Y curves in Figure 10.10 are useful for design
P^
u t can be calculated using Equation 9.9 or 9.10 and the adjustment
the flow block and passive wedge models with P ^ u t obtained from the
graphed in Figure 10.14. P-Y curves can then be derived for sand at
any depth and for any pile diameter. A simplified method for
14
Y/D
FIGURE 10.8: NORMALIZED P-Y CURVES FOR DENSE SAND FROM PLANE STRAIN ANALYSES
y/D
FIGURE 10.9: NORMALIZED P-Y CURVES FOR DENSE SAND FROM PLANE STRESS ANALYSES -
CO
1.2
I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14
Y/D
FIGURE 10.10: NORMALIZED P-Y CURVES FOR DENSE SAND
FIGURE 1 0 . 1 1 : SIMPLIFIED NORMALIZED P-Y CURVES FOR DENSE SAND
resistance beyond P ]_ » The modelling of s o i l behaviour after
u t
analyses.
log(a'). The log-log plots for the plane strain and plane stress
equations for the curves obtained from these plots, along with the
method for determining the P-Y curves, are summarized in Table 10.2.
10.3.2, P-Y curves can be predicted for plane strain and plane stress
strain P-Y curves can be applied to the problem at large depths. Near
the surface (ie: H < 2 f t ) , plane stress curves can be used. In the
the value of P ^
u t with depth, from the plane stress value at the
(0.054, 1.0) (*>, 1.0) Horizontal Line: P/P , =1 (0.01, 1.0) (*>, 1.0) Horizontal Line: P/P , =1
ult ult
P , calculated from Equations 9.9 for plane stress and Equation 9.10 for plane s t r a i n . Values for the
adjustment factor A i n the equations are given i n Table 9.4 or can be estimated from Figure 10.14.
The i n i t i a l slopes of the curves derived from the above equations should be modified to the value of
1.08E.(D/P ). u l t
CO
139
approximation f o r r e a l s o i l b e h a v i o u r . E x t e n d i n g t h i s method t o a l l
h y p o t h e t i c a l depth o f 5 f t w i t h H c = 7.5 f t .
Equation 9.5:
H = 6D
c
fl* 'D/cH + J
pile diameter.
140
FIGURE 10.14: PLANE STRESS - PLANE STRAIN TRANSITION ZONE FOR DENSE SAND
PL.STRAIN
o.o
Y
FIGURE 10.15: P-Y CURVE FOR 3-DIMENSIONAL STRESS AND STRAIN CONDITION
CHAPTER 11
11.1 INTRODUCTION
slopes of the two curves. Using cavity expansion theory, the slope of
0.48E (Broms, 1964) and as high as 2.0E. (Pyke & Beikae, 1984)
± j
for pressuremeter expansion, and in Sections 3.2 and 9.2 for laterally
loaded piles.
analyses are given in Tables 8.1 and 9.1. Comparisons were made for
discussed in Section 8.3, the shape of the curves are similar, and the
11.2.3.1.
144
pressuremeter results. Both plane strain and plane stress P-Y curves
were employed i n the comparisons. The curves are shown i n Figures 9.2
resistances of the curves are 1.6E. and 12.1cD for the plane strain
I *
curves, and l.OE^ and 6.1cD for the plane stress curves.
pressuremeter curves and P-Y curves are compared i n Figures 11.1 and
11.2.
The plots in Figures 11.1 and 11.2 are valid for comparison
to
CO i 1 1 1 r i r i 1 1 r
r = 7 FT
0
o D = 2T 0
co
PILE D = 2FT
H = 10 FT
to
CM
Cl-CM
Q
CU
—-o—
0.0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
DEFLECTION Y or Ar (ft)
FIGURE 11.1: COMPARISON OF PRESSUREMETER AND P-Y CURVES FOR NORMALLY-CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED CLAY
cn
"i 1 1 1 1 r i 1 r
r = 7 FT
o
D= 2r
Q
PILE D = 2 FT
H = 20 FT
0.0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
DEFLECTION Y or Ar (ft)
FIGURE 11.2: COMPARISON OF PRESSUREMETER AND P-Y CURVES FOR NORMALLY-CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED CLAY
147
eliminate size effects. Similarly, size effects for P-Y curves were
eliminated i n Section 9.3.3 through the use of P/D vs. Y/D plots (D i s
vs. Y/D for the lateral pile problem, andAV/c vs. AT/D for
- +- -+ Pi S t r a i n P-Y Curve
~o PI Stress P-Y Curve
o [_ Q o Pressuremeter Curve
CL
<a
O CD
a
u
C L _ -
CM
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0(X10" )
1
Y/D or Ar/D
FIGURE 11.3: COMPARISON OF NORMALIZED PRESSUREMETER AND P-Y CURVES
FOR NORMALLY-CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED CLAY
00
= 200c (previous assumption)
G. = E./[2(l + u)]
u = 0.498
Conversion factors for the i n i t i a l slopes are therefore 1.20 for plane
strain P-Y curves, and 0.75 for plane stress P-Y curves.
plane strain P-Y curve load factor of 2.72 and a plane stress factor
using the s o i l properties summarized in Tables 8.2 and 9.2. The method
for determining K , tf , and 0" ' for the analyses are described in
o ^ mo 3
to P-Y curves.
TABLE 11.1
NORMALLY-CONSOLIDATED CLAYS
P-Y curves. These curves are shown in Figures 11.4 and 11.5.
give P/P ^ u t
v s
« Y/D as shown in Figures 10.8 and 10.9. For the
12
11 - r =iFT
n
D 2r
10 - 'o
PILE D = 2 FT
9 H - 10 FT
\
JO .---0 r
<J -<5
o
T T T —I—
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
FIGURE 11.4: COMPARISON OF PRESSUREMETER AND P-Y CURVES FOR DENSE SAND
ro
(X10 )
J
20
r -iFT
0
D - 2rc
P/L/r D = 2 FT
H = 20 FT
0.
<
O
fs
9?
D
T
• P I . Strain P-Y Curve
+ PI. Stress P-Y Curve
O 0 Pressuremeter Curve
.dP/P^Q vs. /Ir/D. The normalized curves are shown i n Figures 11.6 and
11.7.
1 1 . 3 . 3 . 2 Conversion Factors
were determined using the normalized plots. The recommended values for
T7i u
772r u
R
o
For the values of P ]_ and P^Q obtained from the analyses, the
U T
D = 2r Q
PILE D = 2 FT
H = 10 FT
T
0 0.02 0.04
Y/D orAr/D
FIGURE 11.6: COMPARISON OF NORMALIZED PRESSUREMETER AND P-Y CURVES FOR DENSE SAND
1.2
1.1 -
-+-
o
. <yxy'
Q.
X
Q.
<
O
3 r
= 7 FT
0
fi.
N D = 2r D
o.
P/L£ D = 2 FT
H = 20 FT
T
0.02 0.04
Y/D o r A r / D
FIGURE 11.7: COMPARISON OF NORMALIZED PRESSUREMETER AND P-Y CURVES FOR DENSE SAND
CJl
Ol
TABLE 11.2
sand.
laterally loaded pile situation, plane strain and plane stress P-Y
curves were predicted for both undrained clay and sand. The i n i t i a l
slopes of the plane strain and plane stress curves were confirmed to
1.1E. for sand. P values of 12.1cD and 6.1cD were also obtained
1 ult
for plane strain and plane stress loading in undrained clay. The value
unique curves for each of the plane strain and plane stress
conditions.
were obtained for plane strain curves, and 1.12 to 1.66 for plane
stress curves for undrained clay. For dense sand, conversion factors
of 0.89 to 1.00 were determined for plane strain P-Y curves, and 1.02
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baguelin, F., Frank, R., and Said, Y.H., "Theoretical Study of Lateral
Reaction Mechanism of Piles", Geotechnique, Vol. 27, No. 3,
Sept., 1977, pp. 405-434
Barton, Y.O., Finn, W.D.L., Parry, R.G.H., and Towhata, I., "Lateral
Pile Response and P-Y Curves from Centrifuge Tests",
Proceedings, 15th O.T.C., Houston, Texas, 1983, Vol. 1, pp.
503-508
Briaud, J.-L., Smith, T.D., and Meyer, B.J., "Using the Pressuremeter
Curve to Design Laterally Loaded Piles", Proceedings, 15th
O.T.C., Houston, Texas, 1983, Vol. 1, pp. 495-502
Byrne, P.M., and Cheung, H., "Soil Parameters for Deformation Analysis
of Sand Masses", Soil Mechanics Series No. 81, Dept. of C i v i l
Eng., U.B.C., June, 1984
Byrne, P.M., and Eldridge, T.L., "A Three Parameter Dilatant Elastic
Stress-Strain Model for Sand", Proceedings, International
Symposium on Numerical Models in Geomechanics, Rotterdam,
Sept., 1982, pp. 73-80
Craig, R.F., Soil Mechanics, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.,
New York, 1978
161
Duncan, J.M., Byrne, P.M., Wong, K.S., and Mabry, P., "Strength,
Stress-Strain and Bulk Modulus Parameters for Finite Element
Analysis of Stresses and Movements in Soil Masses", Report No.
UCB/GT/80-01, Dept. of C i v i l Eng., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,
Aug. 1980
Goodman, R.E., Taylor, R.L., and Brekke, T.L., "A Model for the
Mechanics of Jointed Rock", JSMFD, ASCE, Vol. 94, SM3, May,
1968, pp. 637-659
Pyke, R., and Beikae, M., "A New Solution for the Resistance of Single
Piles to Lateral Loading", ASTM, STP 835, 1984, pp. 3-20
Reese, L.C, Cox, W.R., and Koop, F.D., "Analysis of Laterally Loaded
Piles in Sand", Proceedings, 6th OTC, Houston, Texas, 1974,
Vol. 2, pp. 459-472
Reese, L.C, Cox, W.R., and Koop, F.D., "Field Testing and Analysis of
Laterally Loaded Piles in Stiff Clay", Proceedings, 7th OTC,
Houston, Texas, 1975, Vol. 2, pp. 671-690
Robertson, P.K., Hughes, J.M.O., Campanella, R.C, and Sy, A., "Design
of Laterally Loaded Displacement Piles Using a Driven
Pressuremeter", Soil Mechanics Series No. 67, Dept. of C i v i l
Eng., U.B.C, May, 1983
equations
where
u = Poisson's ratio
E = secant e l a s t i c modulus
<r = }i«r
z x + (T ) y A.2
(T = u(T A.3
z y
and £ = r - u(utr) = <T(1 - ;i ) 2
A.4
y y________y_
E y_ E ^^
165
ju = 3B - E A.5
6B
Substituting E G for E ,
1 -n = 2
(9B - E )(3B + E ) A.6
s s
36B 2
Finally,
E = E . [ I - R(<r /<r )]
S f d df A.8
where
E. = i n i t i a l elastic modulus
l
= failure ratio
""df =
deviator stress at failure
166
E. = k P (<r /P )
E a 3 a
n
A.9
where
reduce to
E.=k P E a A.9a
°df V = 20
'
sin|zf A,10b
1 - sin*'
y -y iy.
ES E.[i - R (ir /«r )]
f y d f
parameters, ^ ^ t d Y , given by
u
a n
£
Figure B.l. The equation for the curved portion of the P-Y
FIGURE B . l : MATLOCK'S EMPIRICAL P-Y CURVE FOR STATIC LOADING OF PILES IN UNDRAINED CLAY
relationship i s
P/P l t = 0.5(Y/Y )
c
0,333
B.3
The empirical P-Y curves shown i n Figures 9.8 and 9.9 were
P = P = A P B.4
u ult c
Point m i s given by
P = B P B.5
m c
Y = D/60
m
Figure B.2b.
Note: x = depth
b - p i l e diameter
P = CY 1 / n
B.6
n = P /mY
m m
C = P /Y 1 / n
m m
m = slope of l i n e between points m and u
= (P - P )/(Y - Y )
x
u rrr u nr v
recommended for k are 20, 60, and 125 l b / i n for loose, medium,
s
and dense sand, respectively.
diameter of 2 feet are also tabulated above. The P-Y curves determined
from the above equations are shown i n Figures 9.8 and 9.9.