Access full Solution Manual only here

http://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-introductory-transport-phenomena-bird-stewart/
1A.1 Estimation of dense-gas viscosity
Table D.1 gives Tc  126.2 K , pc  33.5 atm , and
c  180  10 6 g cm  s for N 2 . The reduced conditions for the
viscosity estimate are then

p
pr  

1000  14.7 lb f in.2 
 2.06 (A)

pc  33.5 atm  14.7 lb f in.2  atm 
T 273 K   68  32F   1.8 K F 
Tr    2.32 (B)
Tc 126.2 K

At this reduced state, Fig. 1.5-1 gives r  1.15 . Hence the

 
predicted viscosity is   r c  180  10 6 g cm  s  1.15 
 2.07  10 4 g cm  s . This result is then converted into the requested
units by use of Table E.3-4:

 6.7197  102 lbm ft  s 

 4
  2.07  10 g cm  s   g cm  s
5
  1.4  10 lbm ft  s
 
(C)

Access full Solution Manual only here

http://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-introductory-transport-phenomena-bird-stewart/

1
1A.2 Estimation of the viscosity of methyl fluoride
CH 3 F has molecular weight M  16.04  1.008  19.00
 34.03 g g-mol , Tc  4.55  273.15  277.70 K , pc  58.0 atm , and
 
V   34.03 g g-mol  0.300 g cm 3  113.4 cm 3 g-mol . The critical
c

viscosity is then estimated as

c  61.6  34.03  277.70  113.4 2 3  255.6 micropoise

12
(A)

using Eq. 1.5-1(a), and

c  7.70  34.03   58.0 2 3  277.70 1 6  263.5 micropoise

12
(B)

using Eq. 1.5-1(b). The reduced conditions for the viscosity estimate
are Tr   370  273.15 K   277.70 K   2.32 , pr   120 atm   58.0 atm 
 2.07 , and the predicted valued of r from Fig. 1.5-1 is 1.1. The
resulting predicted value of the viscosity is

  r c   1.1  255.6  10 6 poise   2.8  10 4 g cm  s (C)

using Eq. 1.5-1(a), and

  r c   1.1  263.5  10 6 poise   2.9  10 4 g cm  s (D)

using Eq. 1.5-1(b).

2
1A.3 Computation of the viscosities of gases at low density
Equation 1.6-14, with molecular parameters from Table D.1 and
collision integrals from Table D.2, gives the following results:
For O2: M  32.00 g g-mol ,   3.433 Å , and  K  113 K . Then
at 20ºC, KT    293.15 K   113 K   2.594 and    1.086 . Equation
1.6-14 then gives

 32.00  293.15 
  2.6693  10 5
 3.433 2 1.086 
4
 2.02  10 g cm  s
10 1

Pa  s 10 3 mPa  s 
g cm  s   Pa  s 
 2.02  102 mPa  s (A)

The reported value in Table 1.4-2 is 2.04  102 mPa  s .

For N2: M  28.01 g g-mol ,   3.667 Å , and  K  99.8 K . Then
at 20ºC, KT    293.15 K   99.8 K   2.594 and    1.0447 . Equation
1.6-14 then gives

 28.01 293.15 
  2.6693  10 5
 3.667 2 1.0447 
4
 1.72  10 g cm  s
10 1

Pa  s 10 3 mPa  s 
g cm  s   Pa  s 
 1.72  102 mPa  s (B)

The reported value in Table 1.4-2 is 1.75  10 2 mPa  s .

For CH4: M  16.04 g g-mol ,   3.780 Å , and  K  154 K .
Then at 20ºC, KT    293.15 K   154 K   1.904 and    1.197 .
Equation 1.6-14 then gives

16.04  293.15 
  2.6693  10 5
 3.780 2 1.197 

3
 Access full Solution Manual only here
http://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-introductory-transport-phenomena-bird-stewart/

4
 1.07  10 g cm  s
10 1

Pa  s 10 3 mPa  s 
g cm  s   Pa  s 
 1.07  102 mPa  s (B)

The reported value in Table 1.4-2 is 1.09  10 2 mPa  s .

4
1A.4 Estimation of liquid viscosity
For Eq. 1.7-1, we need the following quantities at 0C and 100C :

T (K) 273.15 373.15

 V  g cm  s 
Nh 2.22  104 2.12  10 4
exp  3.8Tb T  179.7 44.70

The predicted liquid viscosity is then

  g cm  s  0.0398 0.0095

The corresponding experimental values from Table 1.4-1 are

  g cm  s  0.01787 0.002821

The values predicted by Eq. 1.7-1 are in poor agreement with the
experimental values. This is not surprising, since the empirical
formula in Eq. 1.7-1 is inaccurate for water and other associated
liquids.

5
1A.5 Molecular velocity and mean free path
From Eq. 1.7-1, the mean molecular velocity in O 2 is

u
8 RT

 
8 8.31451  107 g  cm 2 s 2  g-mol  K  273.2 K 
M   32.00 g g-mol 
 4.25  10 4 cm s (A)

From Eq. 1.7-3, the mean free path in O 2 at 1 atm and 273.2 K is


RT

 
82.0578 cm 3atm g-mol  K  273.2 K 
2 d 2 pN    
2
2 3  10 8 cm  1 atm  6.02214  1023 g-mol -1
= 9.3  106 cm (B)

Hence the ratio of the mean free path to the molecular diameter is

9.3  104 cm
8
 3.1  10 4 (C)
3  10 cm

at these conditions. In the liquid state, on the other hand, the

corresponding ratio would be of the order of unity or even less.

6
 1B.1 Velocity profiles and stress components
(a)  xy   yx    b , and all other  ij are zero.
 vx vx   b 2 y 2 , and all other  vi v j are zero.
(b)  xy   yx  2  b , and all other  ij are zero.
 vx vx   b 2 y 2 ,  vx vy   vy vx   b 2 xy ,  vy vy   b 2 x 2 , and all
other  vi v j are zero.
(c) All  ij are zero.
 vx vx   b2 y 2 ,  vx vy   vy vx    b 2 xy ,  v y v y   b2 x 2 and all
other  vi v j are zero.
(d)  xx   yy   b ,  zz  2  b , and all others are zero. The
components of  vv may be given in the matrix:
  vx vx  14  b 2 x 2  vx vy  14  b 2 xy  vx vz   21  b 2 xz 
 
 vv    vy vx  14  b 2 xy  vy vy  14  b 2 y 2  vy vz   21  b 2 yz 
 2 2 
  v z v x   1
2  b 2
xz  v z v y   1
2  b 2
yz  v z v z   b z 

Access full Solution Manual only here

http://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-introductory-transport-phenomena-bird-stewart/

7
1B.2 A fluid in a state of rigid rotation
(a) A particle within a rigid body rotating with an angular velocity
vector w has a velocity given by v   w  r  . If the angular velocity
vector is in the +z direction, then there are two nonzero velocity
components given by vx  wz y and vy   wz x . Hence the
magnitude of the angular velocity vector is b in Problem 1B.1(c).
(b) For the velocity components of Problem 1B.1(c),

v y vx vy vx

 0 and   2b (A)
x y x y

(c) In Eqs. 1.2-7 through 12, we employ only the linear symmetric
combinations of derivatives of the velocity, so that in pure rotation
there would be no viscous forces present. In (b) we see that the
antisymmetric combination is nonzero in a purely rotational motion.

8
2A.1 Thickness of a falling film
(a) The volume flow rate w  per unit wall width W is obtained from
Eq. 2.2-26 thus

 

w  Re 1.0037  10 cm s  10 
2 2

 2.509  10 2 cm s 2 (A)
W 4 4

Here the kinematic viscosity  for liquid water at 20 C was obtained

fom Table 1.4-1. Since 1 ft = 2.54 cm, 1 hr = 3600 s, and 1 gal = (231.00
in 3 )   2.54 cm in   3785.4 cm 3 (see Appendix E), the result in the
3

requested units is

w  cm 2   1 gal   cm   s
  0.02509 30.48 3600
W  s   3785.3 cm 3   ft   hr 
gal
 0.727 (B)
hr  ft

(b) The film thickness is calculated from Eq. 2.2-27 and Eq. A as

13 13
 3 w   3  Re 
    
 g cos  W   g cos  4 
 
13
 3 0.010037 cm 2 s 
 2 . 
509 cm 2
s  
  
 980.665 cm s 2  1.0  

 0.009167 cm  0.00361 in (C)

9
2A.2 Determination of capillary radius by flow measurement
Assuming the flow to be laminar, we solve Eq. 2.3-23 for the
capillary radius to get

14 14
 8  Lw   8 Lw 
R   
  c 0  c L     c 0  c L  
   
14
 8 4.03  10 5 m 2 s  0.5002 m  2.997  103 kg s 
 

  
3.1416  4.829  10 5 kg m  s 2 
 
 
14
 3.186  10 13  7.51  10 4 m  7.51  10 2 cm (A)

We must next get the Reynolds number in order to establish the fact
that the flow is laminar.

D vz  4w 2w
Re   
  D  R


2  2.997  10 3
kg s 
  7.51  10 4 m  4.03  10 5 m 2 s  0.9552  10 3 kg m 3 
 66.0 (B)

Thus our assumption of laminar flow has been validated. Since the
entrance length Le  0.035DRe  0.35 cm is less than L, the entrance-
14
effect correction to R is at most of the order of 1   Le L    1 , or
0.2 percent of R in the present example.
Difficulties in this method of determination of the capillary
radius include: (1) inability to account for departures from a straight,
circular cylindrical wall geometry, and (2) inability to account for
inadvertent spatial and temporal variations of temperature, hence of
the fluid density and viscosity.
A simpler method of measuring the capillary radius is to
measure the length and mass m of a small slug of liquid mercury (or
another liquid of known density) injected into the tube, and to

10
 Access full Solution Manual only here
http://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-introductory-transport-phenomena-bird-stewart/

m  L  , on the
12
calculate the mean radius R of the slug from
assumption that the slug is a right circular cylinder. This method
allows for comparisons of the mean R values for various intervals of
the tube length.

11
2A.3 Volume rate of flow through an annulus
Assuming the flow to be laminar, we use Eq. 2.4-18 to
calculate the volume flow rate Q  w  for the following data

  0.495 1.1  0.45

R  1.1 in   1.1 in 12 in ft    1.1 12  ft
   136.8 lbm ft  hr  1 hr 3600 s   3.80  10 2 lbm ft  s
L = 27 ft
 
c 0  c L   5.39 psi  4.330  10 3 poundals ft 2  psi 
 2.497  10 4 lbm ft  s 2

Here Appendix E has been used for the conversion of units. With the
above information, Eq. 2.4-18 gives

 2

w   2.497  10 4   1.1 12   1   0.45 2 

Q  1   0.45  4    
 
8 3.80  10  27 
2



  ln  1 0.45  

  1  0.2025  
2
  0.6748   1  0.04101  
 ln  1 0.495  
  0.6748   0.1625   0.110 ft 3 s (A)

To verify that the flow is indeed laminar, we next calculate

the Reynolds number and get

2 R  1    vz  2w
Re  
  R  1   


 
2 0.110 ft 3 s 80.3 lbm ft 3   1110 (B)
  1.1 12 ft   3 , 80  10 2 lbm ft  s   1.4 

Since this value is well within the laminar range, our assumption of
laminar flow is confirmed.

12
2A.4 Loss of catalyst particles in stack gas
(a) Rearrangement of Eq. 2.7-17 gives the terminal velocity as

D2  s    g
vt  (A)
18 

in which D is the sphere diameter. Particles settling at vt greater than

the centerline gas velocity will not go up the stack. Hence, the value
of D that corresponds to vt  1.0 ft s will be the maximum diameter
of particles that can be lost in the stack gas of the system under
consideration.
Conversion of the data to cgs units gives

vt   1 ft s  12  2.54 cm ft   30.48 cm s


   0.045 lbm ft 3   453.59 g lbm   12  2.54 cm ft 
3

 7.2  10 4 g cm 3

Hence, the maximum allowable diameter is

18  vt 18  0.000026 g cm  s  30.48 cm s 
Dmax  
 s    g 1.2  7.2  10 4

g cm 3 980.7 cm s 2 
 0.011 cm = 110 microns (A)

(b) Equation 2.7-17 was derived for Re <<1, but holds approximately
up to Re = 1. For the problem discussed here

Dvt   0.011 30.48   7.2  10 4 

Re    0.93 (B)
 0.00026

Therefore, the result in (a) is approximately correct. Methods are

given in Chapter 6 for solving problems of this type outside the
creeping-flow region.

13
2B.1 Simple shear flow between parallel plates
(a) For plates of length L and width W, a momentum balance is

LW  yx  LW  yx 0 (A)
y y y

Division by y and then letting y approach zero gives

d yx
0 (B)
dy

Integration with respect to y gives

 yx  C1 (C)

Insertion of Newton's law of viscosity then leads to

dvx
  C1 (D)
dy

Integration of this equation gives

C1
vx   y  C2 (E)


Application of the boundary condition at y = 0, that vx  0 , tells us

that C2  0 . Then the boundary condition at y = b, that vx  v0 , tells
us that C1    v0 b . Therefore the velocity and shear stress
distributions are

v0 v0
vx  y and  yx    (F)
b b

(b) The volume rate flow through the slit is obtained by integrating
the velocity over the cross section

14
 v0
0 vx  y dydz  W 0 vx  y  dy W
W b b b
Q  0 0 ydy  21 Wbv0 (G)
b

This seems like a reasonable result, inasmuch as it is the cross

sectional area Wb multiplied by the average velocity through the
cross section 21 v0 .
(c) Equations A through E still apply, but now the boundary
conditions are different: the boundary condition at y = 0, that vx  v0 ,
tells us that C2  v0 ; and the boundary condition at y = b, that vx  0 ,
tells us that C1   v0 b . Therefore the velocity and shear stress
distributions are:

 y v0
vx  v0  1   and  yx    (H)
 b b

The volumetric flow rate is the same as that given by Eq. G.

15
2B.2 Different choice of coordinates for the falling film problem
Set up a momentum balance as before, and obtain the
differential equation

d xz
  gcos (A)
dx

Integration gives

 xz  x    gx cos   C1 (B)

Since no momentum is transferred at x   , at that plane  xz  0 . This

boundary condition enables us to find that C1    g cos , and the
momentum flux distribution is

 x
 xz  x     g cos  1   (C)
 

Note that the momentum flux is in the negative x -direction.

Insertion of Newton's law of viscosity  xz     dvz dx  into
the foregoing equation gives the differential equation for the velocity
distribution:

dvz   g cos  x
 1    (D)
dx    

This first-order differential equation can be integrated to give

  g cos   1 x2    g 2 cos   x 1 x 2 
vz  x      x   2   C2     2 
 C2 (E)
        2  

The constant C2 is zero, because vz  0 at x  0 . Therefore

16
   g 2 cos   x 1  x 2 
vz  x         (F)
     2    

We note that x and x are related by x   1   x   . When this is

substituted into the velocity distribution above, we get

  g 2cos   x 1 x  x  
2
vz  x       1    1  2      (G)
       2       

which can be rearranged to give Eq. 2.2-22.

17
 2B.3 Alternate procedure for solving flow problems
Substituting Eq. 2.2-18 into Eq. 2.2-14 gives

d  dvz  d 2 vz  gcos
     gcos or   (A)
dx  dx  dx 2 

Integrate twice with respect to x (see Eq. C.1-10) and get

 gcos 2
vz   x  C1x  C2 (B)
2

Then use the no-slip boundary condition that vz  0 at x   , and the

zero momentum flux boundary condition that dvz dx  0 at x  0 .
The second gives C1  0 , and the first gives C2    gcos 2    2 .
Substitution of these constants into Eq. B gives

 gcos 2  gcos 2
vz   x   (C)
2 2

This may be rearranged to give Eq. 2.2-22.

Access full Solution Manual only here

http://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-introductory-transport-phenomena-bird-stewart/

18
2B.4 Laminar flow in a narrow slit
(a) The momentum balance in §2.2 leads to

d c  c L 
 xz  0 (A)
dx L

Integration gives

 xz  x  
c0  c L  x  C (B)
1
L

Substitution of Newton's law , xz     dvz dx  , into the above gives

dvz c  c L  x  C1
 0 (C)
dx L 

Integration then gives

vz  x  
c 0  c L  x 2 C1
 xC (D)
2
2L 

Use of the no-slip boundary conditions at x  B gives C1 = 0 and

C2  c 0  c L  B2 2  L . Substitution of these constants into Eqs. B and
D gives the stress and velocity distributions as

 xz  x  
c0  c L  x (E)
L

vz  x  
c 0  c L  B2   x  
1
2
(F)
   
2 L   B  

(b) The maximum velocity is at the middle of the slit and is

19
vz,max 
c 0  c L  B2
(G)
2L

and hence

vz  x 
2
x
 1  (H)
vz,max B

The ratio of the average to the maximum velocity is then

0 B 1   x B  0 1    d  1  1  2
W B
 dxdy
2 1 2
vz 
vz,max
 W B
 1  3 3 (I)
0 B dxdy 0 d

(c) The mass rate of flow is

w    2BW  vz    2BW  
c0  c L  B2 2 c 0  c L   B W
3
2
3  2 L

3 L
(J)

The volume rate of flow is

2 c0  c L  B W
3
w
Q  (K)
 3 L

(e) This problem is equivalent to that described in §2.5 if we set both

viscosities equal to  , and set b equal to B. Then the maximum
velocity is given by the prefactor (e.g., the term outside of the square
brackets) in either Eq. 2.5-18 or Eq. 2.5-19, which is equivalent to that
given by Eq. G above. The average velocity is then given by Eq. 2.5-20
or Eq. 2.5-21, and the resulting ratio of the average and maximum
velocity is equivalent to Eq. I above.

20
2B.5 Laminar slit flow with a moving wall ("plane Couette flow")
(a) Start with the velocity distribution from part (a) of Problem 2B.4
(in terms of the integration constants).

vz  x  
c 0  c L  x 2 C1
 xC (A)
2
2L 

Determine C1 and C2 from the boundary conditions that vz  0 at

x  B , and vz  v0 at x  B . This leads to

0
c 0  c L  B2 C1
 BC (for x  B ) (B)
2
2L 
c  c L  B  C1 B  C
v0   0
2
(for x  B ) (C)
2
2 L 

We now have two simultaneous equations that have to be solved for

the integration constants, C1 and C2 . Addition of Eqs. B and C and
rearranging gives

v0 c 0  c L  B
2
C2   (D)
2 2L

Then subtracting Eq. B from Eq. C and rearranging gives

v0 
C1  (E)
2 B

Putting these values for C1 and C2 into Eq. A gives finally

vz  x  
c 0  c  B2   x   v0 
1
2
 1
x
(F)
     
2L   B   2 B

Notice that the velocity distribution is no longer symmetric about the

midplane, so that C1  0 .
21
Eq. F can be differentiated with respect to x, and then Newton's law
of viscosity,  xz     dvz dx  , can be used to get

 c 0  c L  B2   2 x  v0   c0  c L   v0
 xz  x         2     x  (G)
 2 L   B  2B   L  2B

for the shear stress distribution.

(b) The velocity distribution is given by Eq. F above.

22
2B.6 Interrelation of slit and annulus formulas
From the annular flow result in Eq. 2.4-18 we get, by
replacing  by 1  

  c 0  c L  R 4      
2
1   1    2
w  
 8  L  

  1   1    4  ln  1    

(A)

Now we are mainly concerned with the expansion of the expression

in the bracket on the right side of Eq. A, which we abbreviate as [ ].

   1  1  4  6 2  4 3   4  
1  1  2    2 2

  21  2  31  3  41  4 
 4
 2
 4 3   4

 4  6  4  
2
         
3 4
1 2 1 3 1 4
2 3 4

  4  6  4      4  6      
2 3 4 2 8
3
3 1
3
4

  4              1    for small 
3 4 8
3
3 1
3
4 4
3
3 1
2 (B)

Hence for small  , Eq. A becomes

  c 0  c L  R 4   4 3  c 0  c L  R 4 3 
w      1  2   
1
 1  21   (C)
 8L 3 6L

This gives, finally, a result in agreement with Eq. 2B.6-1, which was
obtained by modifying the slit formula.

23
2B.7 Flow of a film on the outside of a circular tube
(a) The momentum balance is the same as that in §2.3, leading to Eq.
2.3-12. When the pressure-difference term is omitted, because the film
is moving solely to the force of gravity, we get

d
  r rz    gr  0 (A)
dr

When Newton's law of viscosity is inserted, the equation becomes

d  dvr 
 r    gr  0 (B)
dr  dr 

Integration then gives

 gr 2
vz  r     C1ln r  C2 (C)
4

The constants of integration are determined from the boundary

conditions that at r = R, vz  0 (zero slip at the solid surface) and that
at r = aR, dvz dr  0 (no radial momentum transport at the free
surface). The constants of integration are C1   g  aR  2  and
2

   
C2   gR 2 4    g  aR  2  . When these constants are put into
2

Eq. C, we get finally

 gR 2   r   r 
2
vz  r   1 
    2 a 2
ln   (D)
4    R   R  

(b) The mass rate of flow is  vz  r  integrated over the cross-section

of the flow

2 aR aR
w  0 R  vz  r  rdrd  2 R vz  r rdr (E)

24
In the second expression, we have taken the density outside of the
integral, assuming that the fluid is incompressible. We have also
performed the integration over the angular variable. It is a little easier
to continue if we use the dimensionless variable   r R . Then Eq. E
becomes

a
2 R 2 1 vz    d (F)

We next insert the expression for the velocity from Eq. D, but written
in terms of the dimensionless variable of integration.

 gR 2
w  2 R2 1

a

4
 1   2  2 a 2ln   d (G)

When the integration is performed, we get

 2 gR 2  1 2 1 4
 4 2  1
a
w     2 a 2
 
1 2
 
1 2
ln  
2  2 4

 2 gR 2

8
 1  4 a 2  3 a 4  4 a 4ln a  (H)

(c) If we set a  1   (where  is small), and expand in powers of ,

we get

 2 gR 4  1  4  1  2     3  1  4  6  4   
 2 2 3 4 
w  (I)
8   4  1  4  6 2  4 3   4    1  2  1  3  1  4   
 2 3 4 

Here we have use the Taylor series expansion for ln  1    in Eq. C.2-
3. We find that the terms without  sum to zero, as do the terms in 
and  2 . Thus we get

 2 gR 4  16 3 2 2 gR 4 3
w   O   
4 
(J)
8  3 3

25
 Access full Solution Manual only here
http://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-introductory-transport-phenomena-bird-stewart/

Now, does this simplify to the result in Eq. 2.2-26? If we make the
identification W  2 R for the width of the film, and    R for the
film thickness, then Eq. J is indeed equivalent to Eq. 2.2-26 (provided
that cos   1, that is, the film is on a vertical surface).

26
2B.8 Annular flow with inner cylinder moving axially
(a) The momentum balance is the same as that in Eq. 2.4-2, but with
the pressure-difference term omitted. We can substitute Newton's
law of viscosity into this equation to get

dvz C1
  (A)
dr r

whence

C1 vz  r  r
vz  r    ln r  C2 or  D1ln  D2 (B)
 v0 R

That is, we rewrite Eq. B in such a way that only dimensionless

quantities appear, including the new integration constants D1 and
D2 . These integration constants are determined from the no-slip
conditions at the cylindrical surfaces: vz  R   v0 and vz  R   0 . The
constants of integration are D2  0 and D1   1 ln and the velocity
distribution

vz ln  r R 
 (C)
v0 ln 

(b) The mass rate of flow w is obtained by integrating the mass flux
 vz over the cross section of flow

v0 R 2 1 v0 R 2
  ln   2
2 1
 R  vzrdrd  2 ln    ln   d  2 ln 
R 2
w  0 1
2
1
4


v R2  1    2 
ln  
  
 2 0   21  2 ln   41 1   2    R 2  v0   
 2 ln  1  
2


(D)
 

(c) The force on a length L of the rod is

27
 L 2 L 2  dvz 
Fz  0 0   rz  r  R Rd dz  0 0  


dr  r  R
 Rd dz

 2 RL v0
1  R    2 L v0 (E)
ln  ln  1  

which is a force in the direction opposite to the direction of flow.

(d) When we replace  by 1   and expand ln 1  in a Taylor  
series, we get

2 L v0
Fz  
ln1  ln  1   
1
 2 L v0

   21  2  31  3  41  4   
2 L v0 1

 1  1
2   31  2  41  3 
2 L v0


1  1
2   121  2   (F)

To get this last result, one can expand the fraction 1  1    , where
  21   31  2  14  3   , in a Taylor series about   0 using Eq. C.2-1.

28
2B.9 Analysis of a capillary flowmeter
Designate the water by fluid "I" and the carbon tetrachloride
by "II". Label the distance from B to C as "J". The mass rate of flow in
the tube section "AB" is given by

 c A  c B  R 4 I   pA  pB   I gh  R I
4
w  (A)
8 L 8 L

Since the fluid in the manometer is not moving, the pressures at D

and E must be equal; hence

pA  I gh  I g  J  H   pB  I gJ  II gH (B)

from which we get

pA  pB  I gh   II  I  gH (C)

Insertion of this into the first equation above gives the expression for
the mass rate of flow in terms of the difference in the densities of the
two fluids, the acceleration of gravity, and the height H

  II  I  gH  R 4 I
w (D)
8L

This verifies that  need not be measured.

Using the values of   1.0019  10 3 Pa  s and I  0.998 g cm 3
from Table 1.4-1, along with the other parameter values in the
problem statement, the mass flow rate is

  1.594  0.998 g cm 3  9.8 m s 2   1 in.   0.01 in.  0.998 g cm 3 

4

w
 
8 1.0019  10 3 Pa  s  120 in.
4 6 2
 0.0254 m   100 cm   1 kg   1 Pa  m  1 N  s 
2 2
        
 in.   m   1000 g   1 N  1 kg  m 

29
 Access full Solution Manual only here
http://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-introductory-transport-phenomena-bird-stewart/

 2.2046 lbm   3600 s 

 7.925  10 8 kg s   
 kg   hr 
 6.29  10 4 lbm hr (E)

Access full Solution Manual only here

http://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-introductory-transport-phenomena-bird-stewart/

30