International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management (IJMREM)

||Volume|| 1||Issue|| 10 ||Pages|| 08-13 || November 2018|| ISSN: 2581-4540

The Geotechnical Properties of Jamshoro Soil (Shale) With Cement

1,
Gul Zaman, 2, Dr. Zaheer Ahmed Almani, 3, Dr. Aneel Kumar Hindu
1,
Student M.E. (Geotech & Highway engineering) Civil Engg., Mehran UET Jamshoro
2,
Professor, Civil Engg. Mehran UET, Jamshoro
3
Professor, Civil Engg., Mehran UET, Jamshoro

--------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------
The geology of Jamshoro soil is nearly consist of multilayers in alternative form. The alternative layer of
Jamshoro soil occur in the form of lime stone and shale or vice versa. The basic aim of this research is to improve
the geotechnical properties of Jamshoro soil (shale) by using the cement as the stabilized material. This paper
reports the effect of cement on the geotechnical characteristic of the cohesive soil and swelling potential of the
Jamshoro soil. The soil sample used for testing purpose are thoroughly mixed to obtain the homogeneity. After
that thoroughly mixed was dried in the oven. Oven dried sample was mixed with cement at different proportion
that was 5% ,10%, 15% and 20% by the soil weight. Water content used in the mixture to form the specimens at
optimum moisture contents of the soil. The compacted this prepared soil specimen was done by followed the
procedure of standard proctor test. Compacted specimens were cured for the period of 1, 7, 14 and 28 days. After
the completion of curing duration of specimen direct shear test was done. On the base of experimental result, it
was concluded that the cement showed an appreciable improvement of the cohesion with the curing period.

INDEX TERMS: : Shale, Jamshoro, Optimum moisture content, cohesion, Direct shear
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Date of Submission: Date, 09 November 2018 Date of Accepted: 13 November 2018
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I. INTRODUCTION
Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the word. And Pakistan is the second most populous country in the
Muslims countries. Pakistan is in the continent of Asia. Located on the longitude of 73.04 and latitude of 33.72.
Pakistan has four province which are Baluchistan, Khyber Pashtun Khan, Punjab and Sindh. The capital of Sindh
is Karachi which is most populated city of the Pakistan. The city of Jamshoro is approximately 150 km in the
north-east of Karachi. Large deposit of expansive soil present in the Jamshoro city. If the multistory building is
constructed by directly using expansive soil the chance of failure is high and if the expansive soil is replaced by
the other soil it cost may be significantly high. Thus, to make it economic to improve the geotechnical properties
of the expansive soil. The geotechnical properties of the expansive soil are improved by applying the soil stabilized
techniques. [1] The different types of material were used for the improvement of geotechnical properties of the
expansive soil such as lime, cement, fly ash, plastic and bagasse fibers. In any case the impact of the chemical on
the geotechnical properties of the Jamshoro soil is not well examined. The aim of this research is that to examine
the effect of cement content on swelling potential, internal frictional angle and cohesion of the Jamshoro soil [2-
8]. Shale is fine grained soil sedimentary rock and very sensitive, when it meets water it became swell. Swelling
and shrinkage behavior of the shale take place near the ground surface. [9]

A) study the Geology of Jamshoro soil: First, Geographical consider that Jamshoro city lies on the sediments.
Jamshoro city lies between the latitude of 25.4244 N and longitude of 68.2811 E on the geological map. The
sediments of this arrangement are basically shale, limestone and very less common sandstone. Shale and limestone
are arranged in alternative series. Within the field shale appear in beds. Which are regularly separated by the bed
of other sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone. [10]

Experimental Investigation: The soil sample used for the study were obtained from the Mehran University of
engineering and technology Jamshoro by digging a pit at the depth of about 1.5 feet from the ground surface and
extended right down to approximately 6 feet. The soil collected from the pit transported to the soil mechanics
laboratory of Mehran University of engineering and technology Jamshoro where it was air dried. The direct shear
tests for the Jamshoro soil were determined by following ASTM D 6528. The direct shear tests of the treated and
untreated soil were performed at optimum moisture content.

Laboratory Tests: The sample collected from the site was sieved from # 40 sieve. Plastic, liquid and shrinkage
limit test was determined by followed the ASTM D 4138-00 (ASTM 2000), BS 1377 (Das, 2005) and ASTMD

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427-04 (ASTM 2004) respectively. The procedure of ASTM D 854-02 (ASTM 2002 a) was followed for the
determination of specific gravity test in this research paper.

II. RESULT DISCUSSION

The geotechnical index properties of expansive soil before the addition of admixture such as cement, is
summarized in Table I. The particle size distribution of the untreated soil sample is as shown in Figure I. The
procedure for the particle size distribution was performed by following the ASTM D 422-63. For the design and
analysis of any structure built on the soil it is necessary to know the geotechnical of the soil sample. For the
geotechnical construction works index properties of the soil are necessary.

Table I. Properties of soil

S.No. PROPERTY value
1 Percentage Passing BS Sieve No 200% 94
2 Liquid Limit, % 58
3 Plastic Limit, % 34
4 Plasticity Index, % 24
5 Linear Shrinkage, % 23
6 AASHTO Classification A–7–5
7 Optimum Moisture Content, % 16
8 Free Swell, % 40
9 Specific gravity 2.44
10 Color dark yellow brown
11 Maximum dry density 1.49

Particle Size Distribution Curve

101

100
Percentage passing %

99

98

97

96

95

94

93
100 10 1 0.1 0.01

Particle Size (mm)

Figure I. Particle size distribution

Take the 200 gm of sample of soil for liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit test separately. The soil sample
used for the liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit test was passed through the # 40sieve. Liquid limit test
is done by penetration.

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Liquid limit test by Fall cone method

80.00
70.00
wL=58%
60.00
WATER CONTENTS %

50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PENETRATION

Figure II. Liquid limit test

In this research maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) were determined by standard
proctor test. The direct shear test specimens were prepared on this optimum moisture content (OMC) which was
obtained standard proctor test. Figures and Tables The effect of cement on maximum shear stress of the expansive
soil for different curing period is shown in figs below. Different specimen for the direct shear test was performed
with various proportion of the cement such as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. With the increase of the proportion
of the cement and the curing period of the specimen the shear strength of the specimen was increased. If the shear
strength of the expansive soil is increase it indicate that the cohesion of the particles with each other is increase.
In this research it was noted that with the cement and the curing period the cohesion of the soil particles is increase,
this is due to the bonding property of the cement. Cement bind the soil particles into a large aggregate such that
the soil particle behaved as a coarse-grained.

DIRECT SHEAR TEST

250

200
1 days curring
Shear stress (kpa)

150
0%
5%
10%
100
15%
20%
50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Normal stress (kpa)

Figure III. Direct Shear test After 1 day

.

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 The Geotechnical Properties of Jamshoro Soil…

DIRECT SHEAR TEST

400

350

300
Shear stress (kpa)

250 7 days curring 0%

5%
200
10%
150 15%
20%
100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Normal stress (kpa)

Figure IV. Direct Shear test After 7 day

DIRECT SHEAR TEST

350

300

250
14 days curring
0%
Shear stress (kpa)

200
5%
10%
150
15%
20%
100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Normal stress (kpa)

Figure V. Direct Shear Test After 14 day

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 The Geotechnical Properties of Jamshoro Soil…

DIRECT SHEAR TEST

350

300

250 0%
Shear stress (kpa)

5%
200
10%
150
15%
100 20%

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Normal stress (kpa)

Figure VI. Direct Shear Test After 28 day

VI. CONCLUSION
From the above results of this paper, the following conclusion can be drawn:
The results which was obtained from this paper have shown that the addition of cement to the shale improve the
geotechnical properties; such as the swelling and direct shear stress. On the bases of the results it was conclude
that with the increase of cement, shear strength of the soil increase and it was also concluded that with the increase
of curing period shear strength increase.it is due to the formation of bond between the soil particles in the presence
of cement into larger particle. There is impressive increment in the cohesion of the sample which containing the
cement with the increase of curing period. Finally, it was concluded that with the increase of cement and curing
period, geotechnical properties of expansive soil improved.

VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS
Authors are thankful to Mehran University of Engineering & Technology Jamshoro for providing necessary
resources for carrying this research work.

REFERENCES
[1]. The MUET, Report on Sub Soil Investigation of New Academic Zone, Mehran university of Engineering
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[2]. Al-Rawas, Amer Ali, and Mattheus FA Goosen, eds. Expansive soils: recent advances in characterization
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[3] Amu, O. O., A. B. Fajobi, and S. O. Afekhuai. "Stabilizing potential of cement and fly ash mixture on
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[12]. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2002 a). Standard Test Methods for Specific
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[13]. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2002 b). Standard Test Methods for Particle Size
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[14]. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2004). Standard Test Methods for Shrinkage
Factors of Soil by the Mercury Method, ASTM D 427-04, Philadelphia.

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