HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT:
FOOTBALL
Certificate
This is to certify that Aryabhatta Borah of class XII
Science, Board Roll No.: has
satisfactorily performed the Physical Education
practical and has given a project report as per the
requirements of CBSE Examination for the year 2018-
2019.

Signature of Internal Examiner:

Signature of Principal:

Signature of External Examiner:

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Acknowledgement
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude
towards our Physical education teacher Mr. Humayun
Afroz Alam for his guidance, support and supervision
throughout the duration of the project.
I sincerely thank our Principal Mrs. Vipanjot Sehdeva
for her concerned support.
I would also like to express my heartiest gratitude to
my parents as they helped me put this project
forward.

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Index
S.no. Topic Page Number
1. History Of Football 4
2. Modern Football 8
3. General Rules Of Football 11
4. Fundamental Skills of 16
Football
5. Terminology 19
6. Important Tournaments & 22
Venues
7. Bibliography 26

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History
The history of the world's favorite game spans more
than 100 years. Modern football began in 1863 in
England, when rugby football and association football
branched off on their different courses and the
Football Association in England was formed - becoming
the sport's first governing body.

The very earliest form of the game for which there is

scientific evidence was an exercise from a military
manual dating back to the second and third centuries
BC in China. This Han Dynasty form of football was
called Tsu' Chu and it consisted of kicking a leather ball
filled with feathers and hair through an opening,
measuring only 30-40cm in width, into a small net
fixed onto long bamboo canes.
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According to one variation of this exercise, the player
was not permitted to aim at his target unimpeded, but
had to use his feet, chest, back and shoulders while
trying to withstand the attacks of his opponents. Use
of the hands was not permitted.

A depiction of Chinese aristocracy playing Tsu’ Chu

Another form of the game, also originating from the

Far East, was the Japanese Kemari, which began some
500-600 years later and is still played today. This is a
sport lacking the competitive element of Tsu' Chu with
no struggle for possession involved. Standing in a
circle, the players had to pass the ball to each other,
in a relatively small space, trying not to let it touch the
ground.

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 Commented [V1]:

A game of Kemari at Tanzan Shrine

The Greek 'Episkyros' was much livelier, as was the

Roman 'Harpastum'. It was played out with a smaller
ball by two teams on a rectangular field marked by
boundary lines and a center line. The objective was to
get the ball over the opposition's boundary lines and as
players passed it between themselves, trickery was
the order of the day. The game remained popular for
700-800 years.

Harpastum; the game that was rather a violent one with players often
ending up on the ground.
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The spread of football outside of Great Britain, mainly
due to the British influence abroad, started slowly, but
it soon gathered momentum and rapidly reached all
parts of the world. The next countries to form football
associations after the Netherlands and Denmark were
New Zealand, Argentina, Chile, Switzerland, Belgium,
Italy, Germany, Uruguay, Hungary and Finland
When FIFA was founded in Paris in May 1904 it had
seven founder members: France, Belgium, Denmark,
the Netherlands, Spain (represented by Madrid FC),
Sweden and Switzerland. The German Football
Federation expressed its intention to join on the same
day.
By the late 1930s there were 51 FIFA members; in 1950,
after the interval caused by the Second World War,
that number had reached 73. Over the next half-
century, football's popularity continued to attract new
devotees and at the end of the 2007 FIFA Congress,
FIFA had 208 members in every part of the world.

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Modern Football
Object of the Game
The aim of football is to score more goals then your
opponent in a 90 minute playing time frame. The match
is split up into two halves of 45 minutes. After the first
45 minutes players will take a 15 minute rest period
called half time. The second 45 minutes will resume
and any time deemed fit to be added on by the referee
(injury time) will be accordingly.
Players & Equipment
Each team consists of 11 players. These are made up of
one goalkeeper and ten outfield players. The pitch
dimensions vary from each ground but are roughly
120-90 m long and 45-90 m wide. Each half of the pitch
must be a mirror age of the other in terms of
dimensions.
At the least, the equipment that is needed for a soccer
match is a pitch and a football. Additionally players can
be found wearing studded football boots, shin pads and
matching strips. The goalkeepers will additionally wear
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padded gloves as they are the only players allowed to
handle the ball. Each team will have a designated
captain.

A football pitch according to FIFA standards

Scoring
To score the ball must go into your opponent’s goal.
The whole ball needs to be over the line for it to be a
legitimate goal. A goal can be scored with any part of
the body apart from the hand or arm up to the
shoulder.

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The goal itself consists of a frame measuring 2.44 m
high and 7.32 m wide.

Goalposts must be white, and made of wood, metal or other approved

material.

Winning the Game

The match begins at the center mark by the team that
loses the coin toss. To win you have to score more
goals than that of your opponents. If the scores are
level after 90 minutes then the game will end as a
draw apart from in cup games where the game can go
to extra time and even a penalty shootout to decide the
winner. Players must use their feet to kick the ball and
are prohibited to use their hands apart from
goalkeepers who can use any part of their body within
the goal area.
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General rules of Football
1. A match consists of two 45 minutes halves with a
15 minute rest period in between.
2. The ball must have a circumference of 58-61cm
and be of a circular shape.
3. Each team can name up to 7 substitute players.
Substitutions can be made at any time of the
match with each team being able to make a
maximum of 3 substitutions per side. In the event
of all three substitutes being made and a player
having to leave the field for injury the team will be
forced to play without a replacement for that
player.
4. Each game must include one referee and two
assistant referees (linesmen). It’s the job of the
referee to act as time keeper and make any
decisions which may need to be made such as
fouls, free kicks, throw in, penalties and added on
time at the end of each half. The referee may
consult the assistant referees at any time in the
match regarding a decision. It’s the assistant

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 referee’s job to spot offside’s in the match throw
in’s for either team or also assist the referee in
all decision making processes where appropriate.
5. If the game needs to head to extra time as a result
of both teams being level in a match then 30
minutes will be added in the form of two 15 minute
halves after the allotted 90 minutes.
6. If teams are still level after extra time then a
penalty shootout must take place.
7. The whole ball must cross the goal line for it to
constitute as a goal.
8. For fouls committed a player could receive either
a yellow or red card depending on the severity of
the foul; this comes down to the referee’s
discretion. The yellow is a warning and a red card
is a dismissal of that player. Two yellow cards will
equal one red. Once a player is sent off then they
cannot be replaced.
9. If a ball goes out of play off an opponent in either
of the side lines then it is given as a throw in. If it
goes out of play off an attacking player on the

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 base line then it is a goal kick. If it comes off a
defending player it is a corner kick.
10. Offside: It can be called when an attacking player
is in front of the last defender when the pass is
played through to them. To be onside they must be
placed behind the last defender when the ball is
played to them. If the player is in front of that last
defender then he is deemed to be offside and free
kick to the defending team will be called. A player
cannot be caught offside in their own half. The
goalkeeper does not count as a defender. If the
ball is played backwards and the player is in front
of the last defender then he is deemed to be not
offside.
11. A direct free kick is awarded when a player:
a. Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent
b. Trips or attempts to trip an opponent
c. Jumps at an opponent
d. Charges an opponent
e. Strikes or attempts to strike an opponent
f. Pushes an opponent
g. Tackles an opponent
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 h. Holds an opponent
i. Spits at an opponent
j. Handles the ball deliberately
12. If any of these are fouls are committed by a player
in their team’s penalty area, the opposing team is
awarded a penalty kick. Indirect free kicks are
awarded if a player:
a. Plays in a dangerous manner
b. Impedes the progress of an opponent
c. Prevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball
from his/her hands
13. Yellow cards are awarded as a caution or warning
to a player and can be issued for the following
offenses:
a. Delaying the restart of play
b. Failure to respect the required distance when
play is restarted with a corner kick, free kick,
or throw-in
c. Entering or re-entering the field of play
without the referee’s permission
14. Red cards are used to send a player off the field,
and can be issued for the following offenses:
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a. Serious foul play
b. Violent conduct
c. Spitting at an opponent or any other person
d. Denying the opposing team a goal or an
obvious goal-scoring opportunity by
deliberately handling the ball (the
goalkeeper being an exception)
e. Using offensive or abusive language and/or
gestures
f. Receiving a second caution (yellow card) in
the same match

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Fundamental Skills in Football
1. Dribbling: Dribbling is controlling the ball while
running. Dribbling is all about touching the ball
strong enough to carry it forward, but light
enough so that it stays at your feet. You can
dribble with the inside of your foot, above the
toe (with the foot pointed down toward the
ground), or even with the outside of your foot.
The easiest way to dribble for beginners is
mostly with the inside of your foot.

Dribbling often light quick strokes.

2. Passing: Passing is all about putting the ball
exactly where you want it. In order to pass a
soccer ball, kick the ball using the inside of your
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 foot. This will give you less power but more
accuracy. Pass with your toes pointed upward
and your heel pointed down. If your teammate is
running, always kick the ball ahead of them so
that they can run to the ball in stride.

3. Receiving: The ability to collect the ball in a

controlled manner when it has been passed to
you by a teammate.
4. Shooting: A football can be kicked in a number of
different ways. Striking with power or creating
a curl on the ball using different surfaces of
your feet to gain the desired outcome. The key
here is the part of the football that is struck
along with body position and follow through.
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 Timing is also vital when striking a moving ball
or one that is in the air like a volley.
5. Trapping: trapping a ball is not the same as
receiving it. When receiving a ball you will
generally be in movement and when trapping a
ball you will often stand still. Usually trapped
with the foot, thigh or chest.

6. Tackling: Tackling otherwise known as

challenging in soccer is one technique to gain
possession of the ball, to regain possession of
the ball, or at least interrupt or disrupt the flow
of the game of the opposition.

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Terminology
Advantage: a special rule that allows play to continue
after a foul if it would be disadvantageous to the team
that was fouled.
Challenge: Blocking or impeding an opposing player
who is in possession of the ball
Centre Mark: The circle at the middle of the field. It
should be 9.15 m in diameter.
Corner Kick: A direct free kick awarded if the
defending team was the last to touch the ball before it
passed over its own goal line.
Direct Free Kick: A free-kick resulting from a foul that
can be shot into the goal without having to be touched
by another player.
Free-kick: Awarded after a player has fouled an
opponent. May be direct or indirect.
Goal Area: A box surrounding the goal that stops and
starts yards to each side of the goal (from the inside
of the goal post) and extends into the field 6 yards.
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Goal Kick: A free-kick awarded the goalie if the offense
was the last to contact the ball before passing over
the goal line.
Hand-ball: When a player other than the goalkeeper
touches the ball with his arm or hand.
Indirect Free Kick: A free kick resulting from a foul that
cannot be shot directly into the goal. If the ball enters
the goal without touching another player, the goal is
void.
Injury Time: Additional time added to the end of each
half to compensate for the stoppage of play due to
injuries, wasted time, or the scoring of a goal.
Obstruction: A foul caused by preventing an opponent
from playing the ball by blocking their path to the ball.
Results in an indirect free kick.
Penalty Kick: A direct free kick awarded for a foul
occurring in the penalty area. The ball is placed 12
yards from in front of the goal. Only the goalie and
fouled player may be in the penalty area during the

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kick, but any player may play the ball once touched by
the goalie.
Slide Tackle: A technique of tackling (stealing) the ball
from a dribbler by making contact with the ball while
sliding on the turf. May be outlawed in youth leagues.
Striker: A forward whose primary responsibility is to
pursue goal-scoring opportunities.
Sweeper: A defender the roams the defensive zone
between the fullbacks and the goalie.
Throw-In: A technique returning the ball in play when it
leaves the field over the touchlines. The player must
have both hands on the ball, throw over his head while
keeping both feet on the ground.
Sidelines: Also called Touchlines; The two lines mark
the boundaries of the longest part of the field.
Volley: Kicking the ball in or out of mid-air.
Wall: A group of defenders standing near shoulder to
shoulder in attempt to defend a free kick near the goal.

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Some Important Tournaments & Venues
Tournaments
FIFA World Cup: The FIFA World Cup is an international
association football competition contested by the
senior men's national teams of the members of the
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA),
the sport's global governing body. The championship
has been awarded every four years since the
inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946
when it was not held because of the Second World War.
The current champion is France, which won its second
title at the 2018 tournament in Russia.
Durand Cup: It is the football competition in India which
was first held in 1888. It is hosted by the Durand
Football Tournament Society. All the matches are free-
of-cost for spectators, and the winner gets Rs. 50
lakh. The Tournament is named after its founder, Sir
Mortimer Durand, Foreign Secretary in charge of India
from 1884 to 1894.

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Federation Cup: Also known as Hero Federation Cup
was an annual knockout style club football tournament
in India that started in 1977. It was the most
prestigious national level club football tournament in
India until 2017. In April 2015, All India Football
Federation announced that Federation Cup will be put
"on hold" for "2–3 years" to avoid scheduling conflict
with Indian Super League and I-League.
Venues
Old Trafford — Manchester, England: Also known as
The Theatre of Dreams, Old Trafford was Opened in
1910 with a capacity of 75,731 and is one of the most
popular stadiums in England.

Olympiastadion — Berlin, Germany: Opened in the 1936

year it has been the historic venue home to the
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Olympics, two World Cups, and multiple rock concerts,
and is the second largest stadium in Germany.

Ambedkar Stadium: The Dr. Ambedkar Stadium is a

football stadium in New Delhi, India. The stadium is
named in honor of B. R. Ambedkar, the famous leader
of depressed class as well as voice of minorities and
social reformer and chairman of the Indian constituent
assembly. It opened in 2007 and has a listed capacity
of 35,000. It is currently used for football matches.

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Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium: It’s the national stadium of
India, located in DelhiI named after the first Prime
Minister of India. It is a 60,000 seat stadium, designed
and constructed to meet the international standards
for stadiums set by the Asian Football Confederation
(AFC), the International Federation of Association
Football (FIFA) and the International Association of
Athletics Federations (IAAF). In terms of seating
capacity, it is the fourth largest stadium in India, 27th
largest stadium in Asia and the 103rd largest stadium
in the world.

The stadium at night time

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Bibliography
 Saraswati Lab Manual Health & Physical Education
for Class 12 by V. K. Sharma
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 https://www.fifa.com

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