FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

TITLE : TO DETERMINE THE DEFLECTION OF BEAM BY USING

MACAULAY’S METHOD

CODE COURSE BFC20903

COURSE NAME MECHANIC OF METARIAL

FAKULTY FKAAS

AHMAD FATHANAH B. MOHD ZAHARI DF170157 970904135459

AIZAT AQIL B. MISRO DF170144 970523145151

AMMAR ADNAN DF160089 961008016019

AZRIL HAFIZI BIN MAT AZIM DF170132 970305105071

DANIAL FIKRI BIN HISHAMUDDIN DF170129 970228875039

GROUP MEMBERS FARAH ARISHA BT SHAHROM DF170134 970404015856

SECTION 10

LECTURER’S NAME PROFESSOR IR. DR. ABDUL AZIZ BIN ABDUL SAMAD

DUE DATE 24th MAY 2018

ABSTRACT I
 TABLE OF CONTENT II
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Goal 1
1.3 Objective 1
1.4 Scope of Study 2
1.5 Significance of Study 2
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Deflection 4
2.3 Definition of Macaulay’s Method 5
2.4 Theory 5
2.5 Properties of Bamboo Stick 6
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 8
3.1 Overview of Project Process 8
3.2 Flowchart of Project Process 9
3.3 Material and Apparatus 10
3.4 Cost 11
3.5 Procedure of Making Process 12
3.6 Procedure of Manual Deflection 12
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 14
4.1 Result 14
4.2 Calculation 15
4.2.1 Macaulay’s Method 19
CONCLUSION 23
REFERENCES 24

ABSTRACT

Macaulay’s method (the double integration method) is a technique used in structural analysis
to determine the deflection of Euler-Bernoulli beams. Use of Macaulay’s technique is very
convenient for cases of discontinuous and/or discrete loading.In engineering field, the
deformation of a beam is usually expressed in terms of its deflection from its original
unloaded position. The deflection is measured from the original neutral surface of the beam to
the neutral surface of the deformed beam. The objective of this experiment is to develop the
general equation for the elastic curve of a deflected beam by using Macaulay’s Method and to
establish the relationship between deflection and applied load and determine the elastic
modulus of the beam specimen from the deflection data. The scope of study is we used a
rectangular hollow section with a dimension of b=4cm, d=4cm and
L=70cm.We had to prepare the satay stick and adhesive item as our
materials. In this project, our specimen was placed horizontally on the
deflection frame apparatus and the load was added slowly until it break.
The data logger was used to record the deflection of beam occur. For the
result and discussion, we got The maximum bending stress of the beam
was 3.44 kPa. After we have obtain the maximum bending stress, the
Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of the beam has been calculated and it was
63.69 kPa. Lastly we conclude that the result we get from the manual
deflection test is not same as the theoretical result, we are still able to
learn the concept of 3-point bending test like stress, strain, strain energy
and load bearing capacity and how to determine the deflection of beam.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

The project of BFC 20903 Mechanics of Materials requires each group to prepare a sample
based on specific cross section and length by using satay sticks and adhesive (super glue).
The member will be tested under 3-point bending test or manual deflection test which loaded
until failure. We Group 5 consists of six members, have prepared one specimens with
rectangular hollow section based on the specific dimension given by using stay satay sticks
and super glue which is the dimension are b=4cm, d=4cm and L=7 0cm. We need to complete
this project by using McCauley Method. The Course Learning Outcome (CLO) of BFC
20903 Mechanics of Materials is to enable us to understand more and apply the knowledge
that we have learned in the class during the progression of this project. The project aims to
expose the strength of the materials used, the influence of each parameter of the member to
its strength and theory and formula derivation of the method chosen. Moreover, this project
trains us to think critically in preparing the flexural member.

1.2 Goal

Students get exposed in applying theoretical knowledge to real life practice by preparing a
flexural member following specification given and doing the calculations related.

1.3 Objective

 To establish the relationship between deflection and applied load and determine the
elastic modulus of the beam specimen from the deflection data.

 Develop the general equation for the elastic curve of a deflected beam by using
McCauley Method.
1.4 Scope of Study

 The design of the sample (cross section and orientation of the sticks)
- Square hollow section with a dimension of 4cm x 4cm x 70cm
 No. of specimens.
- One flexural members.
 Type of testing
- Three Point Bending Test
 Type of analyses
- McCauley Method
 Others which are relevance to your scope of work
- Cross section of the flexural member or beam in unit of meter.

1.5 Significance of Study

Mechanics of Materials is a basic engineering subject that must be understood by anyone

concerned with the strength and physical performance of structures, whether those structures
are man-made or natural. It is a subject which deals with the behaviour of solid objects
subject to stresses and strains. The complete theory began with the consideration of the
behaviour of one and two-dimensional members of structures, whose states of stress can be
approximated as two dimensional, and was then generalized to three dimensions to develop a
more complete theory of the elastic and plastic behaviour of materials.

The project is to prepare a flexural member based on specific cross section and length by
using satay sticks and adhesive (super glue). This member will be tested under 3-point
bending test which loaded until failure. Through this project, students can flourish their
creativity skill and learn to think critically to solve the problem given. Moreover, this project
exposes students to real-life engineering, which means they apply the knowledge from books
and class into practical case. These skills are vital when students involve in working
environment in future.

Furthermore, students learn to solve problems they face while doing this project. They
need to brainstorm and critical thinking when doing the sample. This can be considered as an
experience for future because as a civil engineer, we will face unpredictable problems
throughout the construction. Besides, this project requires cooperation from every member in
the group. Students learn to communicate and cooperate with each other in order to
accomplish the project given. All soft skills which student acquired via this project are all
essential for future working life.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction.

Analysis of deflection in structural and machine members is of great importance in

machine and structural design .Excessive deflection of structural member results in geometric
distortion of the whole structure whereas in a machine excessive deflection may result in
interference between moving parts increasing the rate of wear or total failure due to broken or
jammed parts.

Deflection should therefore be designed not to exceed allowable space between the
moving parts and the stationary ones for example casing or between the moving parts
themselves .Under these conditions the part may be subjected to load whose magnitude is
much less to cause failure by yielding however the geometric distortion and jamming of
structural and machine parts respectively renders the structure or machine not to perform its
desired function and may therefore be considered to half failed.

Knowledge on theory of deflection in beams is used in analyzing for magnitudes of

deflection resulting from a given loads. In subject of solid and structural mechanics taught at
second and third level of study in the degree course in mechanical engineering, students are
introduced to the theory of deflection in beams. Deflections resulting from different loading
situation on a given beam are analyzed for using different techniques. In all the techniques an
equation governing deflection at any point in the beam span is developed and expressed as a
function loads, crosssectional and material properties of the beam.

2.2 Deflection

In deformed position; the axis of the beam which was initially in a straight
longitudinal line assumes some particular shape which is called deflection curve. The vertical
distance between a point in neutral axis and corresponding a point in the deflection curve is
called deflection at that point. In developing the theory determining deflection of a beam, it is
assumed that shear strain do not significantly influence the deformation The deflection at any
point a long the beam span is function of bending moments and property of beam material
and cross section

2.3 Definition of Macaulay’s Method

Macaulay’s method (the double integration method) is a technique used in structural

analysis to determine the deflection of Euler-Bernoulli beams. Use of Macaulay’s technique
is very convenient for cases of discontinuous and/or discrete loading. Typically partial
uniformly distributed loads (u.d.l.) and uniformly varying loads (u.v.l.) over the span and a
number of concentrated loads are conveniently handled using this technique.

The first English language description of the method was by Macaulay. The actual
approach appears to have been developed by Clebsch in 1862. Macaulay's method has been
generalized for Euler-Bernoulli beams with axial compression, to Timoshenko beams, to
elastic foundations, and to problems in which the bending and shear stiffness changes
discontinuously in a beam.

2.4 Theory

The word deflection generally refers to the deformed shape and position of a member
subjected to bending loads. More specifically, however, deflection is used in reference to the
deformed shape and position of the longitudinal axis of a beam. In deformed condition the
neutral axis which is initially a straight longitudinal line assumes some particular shape
which is called deflection curve. The deviation of this curve from its initial position at any
point is called deflection at that point.

The deflection at any given point in the beam depends on the type of beam which is
governed by the manner in which the beam is supported, the nature of loads applied to the
beam any particular point within its span which can either be point or concentrated load,
distributed load on the portion or the whole span. The beam may also carry couple loads any
point within its span. Since deflection is a result of the internal reaction of beam, the
deflection experienced by the beam depends on the ability of the beam material to resist
deformation.
 The material property which is a measure of this ability (stiffness) is Young’s
Modulus, E. The stiffness of beam is also governed by the shape of the cross-section. The
property of the cross section attributed to the final stiffness of the beam is the second moment
of area I. the combined stiffness is called flexural rigidity EI.

Therefore an expression of deflection yx for a given type of beam as a function the
load, and flexural stiffness EI is developed in order to determine the deflection any point x
along the beam. The internal reaction of beam to externally applied loads is represented by
bending moment, M, hence the combined bending effect of all the externally applied loads is
to cause this moment at any given section of the beam

2.5 Properties of Bamboo Stick

Bamboo is a fast growing monocotyledon belonging to the

Gramineae (family Bambusoideae). It has many uses and occupies an
important place in the daily life of people in rural areas where it grows
naturally. It is one of the oldest building materials used by mankind.

In Malaysia, bamboo is found locally abundant, but widely scattered,

and in approximately 5% of the total forest reserve area (Abd. Latif, 1987).
Bamboo has received comparatively little attention until recently. The
dwindling of supply of other major raw materials such as timber and
rattan gave rise to the sudden interest in bamboo. The selection of
bamboo for industrial uses, construction and housing is closely related to
its physical and mechanical properties. Proper selection of the age and
species of bamboo affects the final use and durability (Abd. Latif, 1987).

Information on the basic properties of Malaysian bamboos

particularly in relation to their industrial applications is very limited. Since
many bamboo species remain unutilized, research had been done to
determine the properties of such species and develop their appropriate
utilization technology. This is particularly true as many of the problems
faced by the processors are closely related to the natural characteristics
of the bamboo itself.

For example, Malaysian bamboo grows in clumps resulting in bent

stems and are therefore under constant stress. The straighter and older
culms are commonly found at the centre of the clumps where they are
less accessible during felling/harvesting (Abd. Latif & Abd. Razak 1991).
We manage to see a lot of production by Malaysian bamboo species such
as the toothpicks, 'satay' sticks, skewers and chopsticks.

The bamboo species have low shear strength values (Janssen 1981,
Abd. Latif et al. 1990) and the evenly distributed vascular bundles per
square area (Taihui & Wenwei 1987). Finished bamboo products produced
from young bamboo culms, however, are observed to be of low quality,
fibrous, easily bent and with high shrinkage.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Overview of Project Process

Idea collection and discuss to select the specific cross section

and lenght of the beam

Beam making process

Laboratory Testing ( Manual Deflection method)

Distribute task to everyone in the group to complete the report

Video presentation to lecturer

3.2 Flowchart of Project Process

DATE : 28.4.2018(SATURDAY)
TIME : 03:30 PM
PLACE : Tun Fatimah Residential college
WORK : Discussion about how to make the beam to fulfil the requirement of
dimension (length, width)

DATE : 29.4.2018 (SUNDAY)

TIME : 03:00 PM
PLACE : Tun Fatimah Residential College
WORK : Start of beam making process (measure length of satay stick, glue,
scissor and cutter)

DATE : 1.5.2018 (TUESDAY)

TIME : 08:30 PM
PLACE : Tun Fatimah Resident College
WORK : start of our report (Introduction, Goal, Objective etc)

DATE : 20.5.2018 (MONDAY)

TIME : 10:30 AM
PLACE : Lab struktur dan ringan FKAAS, UTHM
WORK : Laboratory testing (Manual Deflection Method)

DATE : 4.6.2018 (SUNDAY)

TIME : 02:00 PM
PLACE : FKAAS, UTHM
WORK : Presentation at Lecturer’s office.
3.3 Materials and Apparatus Used

Satay stick

Glue 502

Cutter
 Measuring Tape

Scissor

3.4 Costing

Materials & Apparatus Quantity Price (RM perone) Price(RM)

Satay Sticks 1 package 8.50 8.50

Glue 4 bottle 6.00 6.00

Cutter 1 unit 8.00

Total 22.50

3.5 Procedure of Making Process

 1. First, we chose the satay sticks which were straight and proper.

2. All the sharp end of chosen satay sticks were cut off by using scissors or small knife.

3. The satay sticks were joined together in a raft-like shape with bundle in dimension of
4 cm and (width) and 70 cm (length) by super glue and white glue.
4. A layer of glue was placed onto the joined satay stick.
5. These satay sticks were put aside to dry.
6. Step 3 and 4 were repeated to obtain 4 pieces of raft-like shape satay sticks.
7. We joined four raft-like shape satay sticks into two set of L shape.

8. The two set of L shape satay stick were joined together into a hollow beam

3.6 Procedure of Manual Deflection Method

1. Dimension of beam was measured.

2. The position of two lower anvils was adjusted to fulfill the requirement.
3. Beam was put on the anvils.
4. Load hanger was hung on the beam.
5. The reading of dial gauge was set to zero.

6. Load was added on the mass hanger and the reading on dial gauge appeared on the
data logger.

7. The reading was recorded

8. Step 6 and 7 were repeated by adding the load respectively until failure of beam.
 CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Result

Table below showing the results taking from 3 point bending test

Load (N) Deflection (mm)

50 0.55
100 1.10
120 1.35
140 1.55
160 1.80
180 2.00
200 2.20
220 2.40
230 2.50
240 2.60
250 2.70
260 2.85
270 2.95
280 3.10
290 3.20
295 3.25
300 3.35
\305 3.40
310 3.45

Table4.1: Table for load(N) and deflection(mm)

 Load,P (N) vs Deflection,δ (mm)
350

310
305
300 295300
290
280
270
260
250 250
240
230
220
200 200
Load,P (N)

180
160
150
140
120
100 100

50 50

0
- 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Deflection, δ (mm)

Figure4.1: Graph Load (N) versus Deflection (mm).

The yield point, fy are at 100 N of load which brought the values of deflection is 1.10 mm.
The Pult cannot be found because of the beam are not fail or rupture.

4.2 Calculation

To calculate the reaction of the beam, value of yield point which also consider as the same as
value of elastic limit been taken as point load. The actual total length of the beam is 70cm.

Diagram 4.1: Free Body Diagram of the beam in unit m.

 Σ Fy=0 Σ MA=0

RA−100+ RB=0 −100 (0.35)−RB(0.7)=0

RA+ RB=100 RB ¿ 50 N

¿ 50 N

Maximum deflection of beam (laboratory)

fy L
δmax =- 48 EI

100 (0.7)
¿
48 EI

0.715
¿
EI

Consider a section X-X at a distance “x” from left hand support, A. After the support
reactions are calculated, Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD)
can be drawn.

50 N

+
Z

50N
17.5Nm

+
 Figure 4.3 Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram

From the calculation, we can determine that maximum shear force = 50N and maximum
bending moment = 17.5 Nm

Stress Distribution Diagram.

My
Stress, σ = - ( )
I

Maximum moment value obtained from bending moment diagram, 17.5 N.m.

= 0.0175 kN.m

b h3
I=
12

0.034
(0.04)(0.04 )3 (¿)(0.034)3
¿ −
12 12

2.13× 10
1.114 × 10
(¿¿−7)
(¿¿−7)−¿
¿¿

¿ 1.016 ×10−7

Point Stress σ (kpa)

¿ σA

(0.0175)(0.02)
A ¿ -
1.016 × 10−7
 ¿−3.44 kPa

¿ σB

(0.0175)(0.017)
B ¿ -
1.016 × 10−7

¿−2.93 kPa

¿ σC

(0.0175)(0.017)
C ¿ - 1.016 × 10−7

¿−2.93 kPa

¿ σD

(0.0175)(0.02)
D ¿ - 1.016 × 10−7

¿−3.44 kPa

4.2 1 Macaulay’s Method.

M1

N1

X1 V1

50 N

0< x 1 < 0.35

 Σ Fy=0 Σ M 1=0

50 - V 1 = 0 M 1−60(x 1)=0

V 1=50 N M 1=50 x1

M2

N2

X2 V2
50 N

0 .35 < x 2 < 0.7

Σ Fy=0 Σ M 2=0

50 – 100 – V 2 =0 M 2−50 ( x 2) + 100(x 2−0.35)=0

V 2=−50 N M 2−50 x2 +100 x 2 – 35 = 0

M 2 = 35 N

d2 v
∫ EI dx
2
= 50 x1

dv
∫ dx = 25 x 12 + C1 1

25 3
V = x + C1 x1 + C2 2
3

2
d v
∫ EI d x2
= 35 - 50 x2

dv
∫ dx = 35x2 - 25 x 22 + C3 3

35 2 25 3
V = x2 - x2 + C3 x2 + C4 4
2 3
Boundary condition:

X1 = 0, V1 = 0 5 X2 = 0.7, V2 = 0 7

X1 = 0.35, V1 = 0 6

Continuity condition:

dv 1 dv 2
( X1 = 0.35 ) = ( X1 = 0.35 ) 8
dx 1 dx 2

Substitute 5 into 2

0 = 25 (0)3 + C1(0) + C2

C2 = 0

Substitute 6 into 2

25
0 = (0.35)3 + C1(0.35)
3

= 0.36 + C1(0.35)

0.36
C1 = - = -1.03
0.35

25 x 3 – 1.03 = 35x2 - 25 x 22 + C3

25 (0.35)3 – 1.03 = 35(0.35) - 25 (0.35)2 + C3

1.07 – 1.03 = 12.25 – 3.06 + C3

0.04 = 9.19 + C3

C3 = 0.04 – 9.19

= -9.15

Substitute 7 into 4

35 2 25 3
0= 0.7 -= 0.7 - 9.15(0.7) + C4
2 3
0 = 8.575 – 2.858 – 6.405 + C4

0 = - 0.688 + C4

C4 = 0.688

dv dv
EI = 25 x 12 – 1.03 ______1 EI = 35x2 - 25 x 22 – 9.15______3
dx dx

25 3 35 25
EI v = x – 1.03x1 ______ 2 EI v = = x 22 - x 23 - 9.15 x2 +
3 2 3
0.688______4

dv
To find the maximum deflection of beam (theory), value of has been assume as 0.
dx
This is because the maximum of deflection will give 0 value for the slope deflection.

dv
Substitute =0 into equation 3
dx

0 = 35X2 – 25X22 – 9.15

X2 = 0.35, 1.05

substitute X2 = 0.35 into equation 4

35 25
EI V = 0.352 - 0.353 - 9.15 (0.35) + 0.688
2 3

EI V = 2.14 – 0.36 – 3.20 + 0.688

EI V = - 0.732

0.732
V=
EI

The laboratory value and theorical value of maximum deflection are showing the close values
which is:

Laboratory value. Theorical value.

 0.715 0.732
¿ ¿
EI EI

The maximum of deflection has been proved

Modulus of elasticity:

σ
E= .
δ

100
=
1.57 × 10−3

= 63.69 kPa
 CONCLUSION

The rectangular specimen beam that we constructed is 4cm width,

4cm height and 70cm in length and we placed horizontally when the
specimen is being tested. Based on the result of deflection that we have
carry out, 31kg is the maximum load that our specimen can resist.

The maximum bending stress is -3.44 kPa and the Modulus of

Elasticity (MOE) that we calculate is 63.69. From the calculation, we can
prove that δmax =-fyL348 EI by using Macaulay’s Method. The maximum of
deflection that we obtain from the bending test is -0.715mm however the
result that we use formula to find out is -0.732mm. The difference
between this two values is 0.017mm. This situation will happen due to
some errors happened. Thus, the strength of the beam is affected.

This Mechanic of Materials project have taught us a lot of lessons

including theoretical stuff and also the significant value of teamwork.
These are valuables skills and etiquette in working field for any student in
the future. Although the result we get from the manual deflection test is
not same as the theoretical result, we are still able to learn the concept of
3-point bending test like stress, strain, strain energy and load bearing
capacity and how to determine the deflection of beam.

This project took us about 3 weeks to complete it, starting from

doing the sample and method of calculation to report and video making.
We go from doing research about the bamboo stick, making beam model,
testing of beam, analysis of deflection until video and report making.
During the process, we learned and experienced the importance of good
cooperation between each other and time management. Besides, the
delegation of task to the right person also makes our project goes with
ease.

Lastly, we also improved our creativity and problem-solving skills

during making the report and video because the report and video needs to
be clear in explaining every detail of the project so that the readers and
audiences can understand them easily. Without the guidance from the
lecturer, the project would face more obstacles and takes longer time to
finish.

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