4.

Terapi Psikologi Individu

/Theory of Individual Psychology
(Adlerian)
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist

“It is easier to fight for one's principles than

to live up to them.”
• Had shared Freud’s perspectives on human
development.
• Disagreed when too much emphasis on biological
& physiological determinants on psychological
development.
 Social contexts; Family dynamics; Child rearing
MAIN CONCEPTS

Feelings of inferiority
Family constellation & birth order
Lifestyle
Pandangan terhadap kejadian sifat
manusia /human nature
First 5 years influence one’s direction
Biological and physiological factors provided
probabilities for future growth – but ‘the self’ is
more important.
Behaviors are purposeful and goal directed.
Masalah timbul
/ problems develop
Feelings of inferiority
1. Pampered children
2. Neglected children
… their efforts toward empowerment are
thwarted, thus less likely to experience positive
growth and development
Matlamat kaunseling
/ counselling goals
To be a healthy, well-functioning adult
[independent, emotionally & physically reliant,
useful & productive, able to cooperate with others
for both personal and social benefits.]
Help people realize that feelings of pain and
inadequacy are caused not by others, but by
their own faulty logic and behaviors and
attitudes that stem from that logic.
HOW? By:
1. Become aware of the faulty logic
2. Then change both their thinking and
conditioned responses.
This to help overcome feelings of inferiority … and
develop the self confidence and social interest
Hubungan klien-kaunselor & peranan
/Client-counsellor relationship & role
Hubungan kerjasama /Cooperative relationship
*shared goals; *mutual trust and respect
Counsellors are supportive & encouraging
Counsellors are educators (teaching ways to
modify lifestyles)
Counsellors are analysts (identify faulty logic)
Counsellors are role models
Techniques & strategies

A lot
*children
*couples
*parenting
5. Terapi Gestalt
/Gestalt therapy
Frederick Perls (1893-1970)

CONCEPTS:
Wholeness [gestalt]
here and now
unfinished business
awareness
Pandangan terhadap kejadian sifat
manusia /human nature
People are basically good
Have the capacity to cope with life successfully
But sometimes may need help

“Every individual, every plant, every animal has

only one inborn goal – to actualize itself as it is”
Masalah timbul
/ problems develop
individu itu masih belum berjaya melengkapkan
persepsinya atau gagal mempunyai kesedaran
untuk membolehkannya mengalami atau
merasai sesuatu pengalaman i.e. kurang
kesedaran
/ lacks awareness
Matlamat kaunseling
/ counselling goals
Helping people live in the here and now
Enabling people to bring closure to their
unfinished business
Increasing people’s appreciation of an access
to their own considerable resources
Helping them to depend less on outside support
Promoting self-esteem, self-acceptance, & self-
actualization
Counsellors do no aim to change the clients

Helping clients find their “own way through the

pauses and blocks”
Hubungan klien-kaunselor
/Client-counsellor relationship

I-thou relationship
- Both fully present in the here and now
“We do not analyze, we intergrate”
- Makes observation without interpretation or
judgement just provide information.
- Focus on listening
The Gestalt Prayer

I do my thing You are you and I am I.

and you do your thing. And if by chance
I am not in this world we find each other, it's
to live up to your beautiful,
expectations If not, it can't be helped.
And you are not in this
world to live up to mine.
Techniques & strategies

“What” and “How” questions

I statement
Present tense
Role play
Hot seat
6. Teori tingkah laku
/ Behaviorism
Skinner
Pavlov
Watson
Bandura
Cognitive Behavior Therapy -
CBT
Pandangan terhadap kejadian sifat
manusia /human nature
 Manusia merespon kepada apa yang dilihat/dengar dari
persekitaran. Manusia dibentuk oleh persekitaran`
/ man is shaped by environment
 Semua perlakuan sama ada baik atau buruk adalah
dipelajari atau ditiru.
/ all behaviors are learnt
 Tingkah laku yang menyeronokkan atau tidak dihalang akan
berulang (prinsip pelaziman operan)
/ pleasurable behaviors will be repeated
Masalah timbul
/ problems develop
1. Peniruan perlakuan negatif /imitating –ve behavior
2. Perlakuan negatif tidak dihalang atau dihentikan /-
ve behaviors are not stopped
3. Perlakuan negatif digalakan (tersilap diberi
ganjaran atau tidak dihalang) / -ve behaviors are
rewarded
Matlamat kaunseling
/ counselling goals
Reduction in use or abstinence from drugs or
alcohol
Reduction of undesirable habits
Improvement in social skills
Weight loss management
Get hold of fears and phobias
Hubungan klien-kaunselor
/Client-counsellor relationship

1. Kaunselor bertindak sebagai guru, pakar

runding
2. Advisor

3. Pakar motivasi, beri pengukuhan

4. Supporter

Focus on Changing Behaviors

Techniques & strategies

Behaviors and Cognitive strategies

Homework
Imagery
Role playing flooding
Writing letters
Systematic desensitization
Assertiveness training
End…