BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

College of Engineering and Architecture

Data Communications Instructor: Engr. Dominic P. Bolima

II. NETWORKING MODELS

THE OSI MODEL

 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
 introduced in the late 1970s by International
Standards Organization (ISO)
 a layered framework for the design of network
systems that allows communication between all
types of computer systems
 open system – a set of protocols that allows any
two different systems to communicate regardless
of their underlying architecture
Exchange using the OSI Model
 the purpose is to show how to facilitate
communication between different systems without
requiring changes to the logic of the underlying Layers in the OSI Model
hardware and software
 composed of seven layers 1. Physical Layer

 responsible for the movements of individual bits

from one node to the next
 deals with the mechanical and electrical
specifications of the interface and transmission
medium
 defines the characteristics of interfaces and
medium or type of transmission medium
 defines the type of encoding, i.e from bits into
electrical or optical signals
 defines the transmission rate or data rate
 defines the synchronization of bits
 physical, data link, and network are the  defines the line configuration – point-to-point or
network support layers – they deal with the multipoint
physical aspects of moving data from one device to
another, such as electrical specifications, physical  defines the physical topology
connections, physical addressing, and transport  defines the transmission mode – simplex or duplex
timing and reliability
 session, presentation, and application are the
2. Data Link Layer
user support layers – they allow interoperability
among unrelated software systems
 transport layer links the two subgroups and
ensures that what the lower layers have
transmitted is in a form that the upper layers can
use

Encapsulation – addition of header and/or trailer to the

data unit

 responsible for moving frames from one hop to

the next

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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Data Communications
 physical addressing – adds a header to the frame
to define the sender and/or receiver of the frame
 flow control – imposes a flow control mechanism to
avoid overwhelming the receiver
 error control – adds trailer to the frame to detect
and retransmit damaged or lost frames, and also
adds mechanisms to recognize duplicate frames
 access control – determines the controlling device
over the link at a given time
3. Network Layer
 responsible for the delivery of individual packets
from the source host to the destination host
 logical addressing – adds a header to the packet to
define the sender and/or receiver of packets
beyond the local network.
 routing – route the packets across internet to their
final destination
4. Transport Layer
 responsible for process-to-process delivery of the
entire message
 ensures that the whole message arrives intact and
in order
 service-point addressing (port address) – gets the
entire message to the correct process on that
computer
 segmentation and reassembly – message is divided
into segments with each containing a sequence
number used in reassembling the message
correctly upon arriving at the destination
 connection control: either connectionless or
connection-oriented;
o connectionless transport layer – delivers only
the segment to the destination
o connection-oriented transport layer – ensures a
connection with the transport layer at the
College of Engineering and Architecture
Instructor: Engr. Dominic P. Bolima
destination machine first before delivering the
packets
 responsible for end-to-end flow control (across a
single link only for data link)
 responsible for process-to-process error control,
usually achieved through retransmission (across a
single link only for data link)
5. Session Layer
 establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the
interaction among communicating systems
 dialog control – allows two systems to enter into a
dialog
 synchronization – allows a process to add
checkpoints or synchronization points to stream of
data
6. Presentation Layer
 responsible for translation, compression, and
encapsulation
 responsible for the interoperability between these
different encoding systems
 translation – encoding the information from sender-
dependent format into common format, and from
the common format into receiver-dependent
format
 encryption (decryption for reverse) – transforms
the original information to another form to ensure
privacy
 compression – reduces the number of bits
contained in the information
7. Application Layer
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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Data Communications
 enables the user (human/software) to access the
network
 provides user interfaces and support for services
such as e-mail, remote file access and transfer,
shared database management, and other types of
distributed information services
 responsible for providing services to the user:
o network virtual terminal – software version of a
physical terminal and it allows a user to log on
to a remote host
o file transfer, access, and management – this
application allows a user to access, manage,
and control files in a remote host locally
o mail services – provides bases for e-mail
forwarding and storage
o directory services – provides distributed
database sources and access for global
information
Summary of Layers
The TCP/IP Model
 a hierarchical and relatively independent protocol
made up of interactive modules
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internetworking
Protocol
College of Engineering and Architecture
Instructor: Engr. Dominic P. Bolima
 defined as having four layers:
o host-to-network (physical & data link)
o internet (network)
o transport (transport and session)
o application (session, presentation & application)
OSI & TCP/IP Models
1. Physical & Data Link Layers
 does not define any specific protocol
 supports all the standard and proprietary protocols
2. Network Layer
 supports Internetworking Protocol (IP)
 IP is the transmission mechanism used by TCP/IP; it
is unreliable, connectionless protocol, and best-
effort delivery (no error checking or tracking)
service
 transports data in packets called datagrams
 allows maximum efficiency
 uses supporting protocols:
o Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) – used to
associate a logical address with a physical
address or used to find the physical address of
the node when its Internet address is known
o Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
(RARP) – allows a host to discover its Internet
address when physical address is known
o Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) –
is a mechanism used by host and gateways to
send notification of datagram problems back to
the sender. It sends query and error reporting
messages
o Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP) –
used to facilitate simultaneous transmission of a
message to a group of recipients.
3. Transport Layer
 responsible for delivery of a message from a
process (running program) to another process
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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering and Architecture
Data Communications Instructor: Engr. Dominic P. Bolima

o User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – process-to- LocalTalk (Apple) uses 1-byte dynamic address
process protocol that adds only port addresses, that changes each time the station comes up
checksum error control, and length information to
the data form the upper layer
o Logical Address – a universal addressing
system in which each host can be identified
o Transmission Control Protocol – provides full
uniquely, regardless of the underlying physical
transport-layer services to applications and
network
connection-oriented. Divides a stream of data
into smaller units called segments (carried by IP
datagrams) which includes sequence numbers o Port Address – addressing for process-to-
and acknowledgement numbers process delivery usually 16bits in length

o Stream Control Transmission Protocol o Specific Addresses – user-friendly addresses

(SCTP) – provides support for newer applications such as e-mail address, universal resource
such as voice over the internet. combines the locator (URL).
best features of UDP and TCP

Reference:
4. Application Layer
B.A. Forouzan (2007), Data Communications & Networking, 4 th
 combined session, presentation, and application Edition, McGraw Hill
layers in the OSI model

Addresses in TCP/IP
 four levels of addresses are used in TCP/IP
protocols:

Addressing in TCP/IP Layers

o Physical Address (link address) – address of

node as defined by LAN or WAN
Example: Ethernet uses a 6-byte physical
address that is imprinted on the network
interface card (NIC)
07: 01: 02 : 01 : 2C : 4B

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