REINFORCED

CONCRETE.
STRUCTURES
- VOLUME II _

Dr. B.C. Punmia

�I
Er. Ashok K. Jain
Dr. Arun K. Jain
I
f
 REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(VOLUME II)

* 1992 *
[ CONTAINING 27 CHAPTERS]
 REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(VOLUME II)

By
Dr. B.C. PUNMIA
For1111rly,
Professor and Head, Deptt. of Civil Engineering, &
Dean, Faculty of Engineering
M.B.M. Engineering College,
Jodhpur

Er. ASHOK KUMAR JAIN

Director,
Arihant Consultants,
Jodhpur

Dr. ARUN KUMAR JAIN

Assistant Professor
M.B.M. Engineering College,
Jodhpur

(AS PER IS : 456-1978 AND IS : 1343 : 1980)

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WORKING STRESS AND LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHODS

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REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
C) 1980, 1992 : B.C. PUNMIA
C) 1992 : ASHOK KUMAR JAIN & ARUN KUMAR JAi ..
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 Preface
A �ncrete structure, either plain or reinforced, is unique among
the many systems of modem construction. It is the only type of
structure that is manufactured from its component materials (Le.
cement, aggregate and water) on the s_ite of the work. Proper reinf)rced
concrete construction depends upon men-men who understand the
action of structures, men who know the characteristics and the limita­
tions of the material that they are handling, and men who are con­
scientious and determined to conduct their work with honour to
themselves and with credit to their profession.
The present text book, in its two volumes, presents modem
methods of design both for ordinary as well as prestressed concrete
structures. Volume I has 1� Chapters and deals with more common
and elementary structures. The present volume, in its 12 Chapters,
deals with more advanced topics. Chapter 1 deals with beams curved·
in plan that are mostly used for water tanks disussed in Chapter
2. Elementary water tanks have already been dealt with in volume I.
Chapter 3 deals with reinforced concrete pipes, mostly used for water
supply. Chapter 4 covers the design of bunkers and silos while
Chapter 5 deals with tall chimneys of reinforced concrete. Chapters
6 and 7 deal with portal frames and building frames respectively.
Design of aqueducts and box culverts have been given in Chapter
8. More common types of concrete bridges-such as deck slab bridges,
T-beam bridges and balanced cantilever bridges have been given in
Chapter 9, Chapter 10 deals with the ultimate load design while
Chapter 11 deals with the principles and design methods for prestressed
concrete. Lastly, Chapter 12 deals with the stresses induced due to
shrinkage and creep of concrete.
Each chapter begins with clear statements of pertinent definions,
design principles and theories, and the design procedures. The basic
principles are supplemented with numerous design examples and il­
lustrations, along with detailed drawings.
Various designs are based on latest Indian Standards. The
tables or curves giving permissible stresses and/or design coefficients,
as well as the basic rules for design, taken from the various Indian
Standards are gratefully acknowledged. In spite of every care takea
to check the numerical work, some errors may remain, and I shall
be obliged for any intimation of these readers may discover.
Jodhpur B.C. PUNMIA
26th Jan. 1980
 (vt)

Preface to the Seton•. Edition

In the Second Edition, the subject rmtter has been thoroughly
updated and the revised Indian Standard Codes IS : 456-1978 and
·1s : 1343-1980 have been introduced. Bott these Codes differ from
their earlier versions in two aspect : (1) Some design procedures
have been basically changed and (2) the Codes use SI units. The
Second Edition incorporates both these aspects. However, since the
change over from the MKS to SI units has to be gradual, and since
the revised Codes have yet not been included n the teaching curriculum
of all the Institutions, the design procedures based on earlier versions
of the Codes have been retained. The design procedures laid down
in the Revised Codes have been given at the end of each chapter
and the illustrative examples, using these n�w procedures have been
solved in SI units. Limit State Design has bun introduced in chapter
10 as well as in Chapter 11 on prestressed concrete. lt is hoped
the readers will find the book useful in in:erpreting the provisions
of the new Codes. Further suggestions wiC be greatl� appreciated.
Jodhpur B.C. PUNMIA
1st January 1983.

Preface to the Third Edition

In the Third Edition of the book, the subject matter has been
thoroughly revised and rewritten in SI units. Revised Indian Standard
Codes IS : 456-1978 and IS 1343-1980 have been extensively used.
Majority of the diagrams have been redrawa. The chapter on Limit
State Design has been separated from the chapter on Ultimate Load
Design. A new chapter on the 'Yield Line Theory and Design of
Slabs' has been introduced at the end. W th these changes, it is
hoped, the book will be more useful to ile, students as well as
practicing Engineers.
Jodhpur B.C. PUNMIA
1st March 1987
 (vfl)

Preface to the Fourth Edition

. In the fourth ,. edition of the book, the subject matter has
been thoroughly revised and updated. Seven new chapter have been
added on the Limit State Design. With the addition of the new
chapters the reader will be better equipped with the latest design
methods. It is hoped, the book will be equally useful to the practicing
Engineers.
Jodhpur B.C. PUNMIA
25th April ASHOK KUMAR JAIN

Preface to the Fifth Edition

In the Fifth Edition, the book has been thoroughly revised,

enlarged and updated. The number of chapters have been increased
rrom 20 to 27. The book has been divided into six parts. Part l,
containing 5 chapters, is on Water Tanks . Part 2 is on Pipes, Silos
and Chimneys and contains 3 chapters. Part 3 on Concrete Frames
has 2 chapters. Part 4 is devoted to Concrete Bridges and has 2
chapters. Part 5 , containing 13 chapters, is on Limit State Design.
Lastly, Part 6, having 2 chapters is on Prestressed Concrete and
Miscellaneous Topics. A large portion of the book is now devoted
to the limit state design. Due to these additions and updation, the
number or the pages in the book have been increased from 1005
to 1144. It is hoped, with these changes, the New Edition will be
more useful to both the students as well as Field Engineers.
Jodhpur B.C. PUNMIA
15th Aug. 1992 ASHOK KUMAR JAIN
ARUN KUMAR JAIN
 Contents
PART I
WATER TANKS

CHAPTER 1, l}i:AMS CURVED IN PLAN Page

1.1. Introduction : Torsional moments in beams 1
1.2. Circular beam supported symmetrically 4
1.3. Semicircular beam simply supported on three
equally · spaced columns 11
1.4. Curved beam simply supported at ends and
continuous over two equally spaced intermediate
supports 17
15. Curved beam fixed at ends 20
1.6. Semi-circular beam with slab 26
1.7. Torsion factor 29
1.8. Stresses due to torsion in concrete beams 33
1.9. Indian standard Code for design for torsion
(IS : 456-1978) 42
Problems 56
CHAPTER 2. DOMES
2.1. Introduction 51
2.2. Nature of stresses in spheri�I domes 51
2.3. Analysis of spherical domes 59
t.4. Stresses due to wind load 65
25. Design of R.C. domes 65
2.6. Conical domes 72
Problems 76
CHAPTER 3. CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS
3.1. lntroduction 77
3.2. General design requirements according to Indian
Standard Code of Practice
(IS : 3370, Part II, 1965) 78
3.3. Joints in water tanks 83
3.4. Circular tank with rigid joint between
floor and wall 86
3.5. I.S. Gode method and other methods for
cylindrical tanks 95
3.6. Design of flat base slab for .:levated
circular tanks 126

(it)
 (x)

3.7.Circular tank with domed bouom and roof 139

3.8.lntze tank 160
3.9.Effects of continuity 166
3.10.
Design of tank supporting IOWers 166
3,11.
Design of foundations 180
Problems 230
CHAPTER 4. RECTANGULAR TANKS
4.1 Introduction 231
4.2 Approximate method 232
4.3. Exact method 241
Problems 260
CHAPTER S. UNDERGROUND TANKS
5.1. Introduction 261
5.2. Earth pressure on tank walls 261
5.3. Uplift pressure on the floor of the tank 264
5.4. Design of rectangular tank 264
Problems 278

PART II
PIPES, SILOS & CHIMNEYS
CHAPTER 6. REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPES
6.1. Loads on pipes 281
6.2 Stresses due to hydrostatic pr�ure 282
6.3. Stresses due to self weight 283
6.4. Stresses due to weight of water inside ... 286
6.5 Stresses due to earthfill over haunches 287
6.6. Stresses due to uniformly distributed load
on top 288
6.7. Stresses due to uniform pressure from sides 288
6.8. Stresses due to triangularly distributed load 289
6.9. Stresses due to point load on crown 290
6.10. Stresses due to over-burden and external
loads 291
Problems 300
CHAPTER 7. BUNKERS AND SILOS
7.1. Introduction 301
7.2. Janssen's theory 302
7.3. Airy's theory 306
7.4. Bunkers 311
7.5. Hopper bottom 313
7.6. Indian Standard on design of bins 316
Problems 340
 {xi)

CHAPTER 8. CHIMNEYS
8.1. Introduction 341
8.2 Wind pressure 341
8.3. Stresses in chimney shaft due to self- weight
and wind 342
8.4. Stresses in horizontal reinforcement due to wind
shear 347
8.5. Stresses due to temperature difference 348
8.6 Combined effect of self load, wind and
temperature 350
8.7. Temperature stresses in horizontal reinforcement ... 355
8.8. Design of R.C. chimney 356
Problems 366

PART III
CONCRETE FRAMES
CHAPTER 9. PORTAL FRAMES
9.1. Introduction 369
9.2 Analysis of portal frames 370
9.3. Design of rectangular porta( frame with vertical·
loads 370
9.4. Design of hinge at the base 385
Problem:. 386
CHAPTER 10. BUILDING FRAMES
10.1 Introduction 387
10.2 Substitute frames 388
10.3. Analysis for vertical loads 391
10.4. Methods of computing B.M. 394
10.5. Analysis of frames subjected to horizontal
forces 407
10.6. Portal method 408
10.7. Cantilever method 410
10.8. Factor method 419
Problems 433

PART IV
CONCRETE BRIDGES
CHAPTER 11. AQUEDUCTS AND BOX CULVERTS
11.1. Aqueducts and syphon aqueducts 437
11.2 Design of an aqueduct 438
 (xii)

11.3. Box culvert 444

11.4. Design of box culvert 444
Problems 4'-2
CHAPTER 12. CONCRETE BRIDGES
12.1. Introduction : Various types of· bridges 463
12.2. Selection of type of bridge and
economic span length 467
12.3. Types of loads, forces and stresses 468
12.4. Live load 468
12.5. Impact effect 476
12.6. Wind load 478
12.7. Longitudinal forces
I 479
12.8. Lateral loads 481
12.9. Centrifugal force ., 481
12.10. Width of roadway apd footway 482
1211. General design requirements 482
12.12. Solid slab bridges 487
12.13. Deck girder bridges 505
12.14. B.M. in slab supported on four edges 507
12.15. Distribution of live loads on longitudinal bea� 522
1216. Method of distribution coefficients 524
12.17. Courbon's method 547
12.18. Design of a T-beam bridge 549
12.19. Balanced cantilever bridge 613
Problems 657

PARTV
LIMIT STATE METHOD
CHAPTER 13. DESIGN CONCEPTS
13.1. Methods of design 661
13.2. Safety and serviceability requirements
(IS : 456-1978) 663
133. Characteristic and design values and
partial safety factors 664
Proble� 666
CHAPTER 14. SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS
14.1. Limit state of collatl5C in flexure 667
14.2. Stress strain relationship for concrete 669
143. Stress-strain relatiomhip for steel 669
14.4. Stress block parameters 672
14.5. Design stress block parameters (IS : 456-1978) 675
 (xiii)
14.6. Singly reinforced rectangular beams 677
14.7. Procedure for finding moment of resistance 679
14.8. Design of rectangular beam .section 682
Problems 692
CHAPTERS 15. DOUBLY Rl<:INFORCED SECTIONS
lS.1. Ncceuity 693
lS.2. St� block and N.A 693
lS.3. Determination of moment of resistance 695
lS.4. IJesigJl of a doubly reinforced section 697
Problems 704
CHAPTER 16. T AND L-BEAMS
16.1. Introduction 705
16.2. StrCM block and N.A 706
16.3. Moment of �tance when x. < D1 707
16.4. Moment of resistance when N.A falls in the
web 708
165. IS Code procedure for finding moment of
r�tance (IS : 456-1978) 714
16.6. Design of T-beam 717
16.7. Doubly reinforced T-beams 727
Problems 738
CHAPTER 17. "SHEAR, BOND AND TORSION
17.1. Limit state of collapse : Shear 739
17.2. Development length 746
17.3. Limit state of collapse : Torsion 74'
Problems 7�
CHAPTER 18. DESIGN OF BEAMS AND SLABS
18.1. Design of beams 753
18.2. Design of cantilever 760
18.3. Design of doubly reinforced beam 764
18.4. Design of one way slab 769
185. Design of one way continuous slab 775
18.6. Design of T-beam roof 785
Problems 785
CHAPTER 19. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
19.1. Limit state of collapse : Compres.wn 787
19.2 Short columm 789
19.3. Short axially loaded members in axial
comprCMion 789
19.4. Short axially loaded columm with minimum
eccentricity 790
195. Design cbans 791

..
 (xiv)

19.6. Compres&on members with helical reinforcement ... 794

19.7. Design specifications (IS : 456-19l8) 794
Problems 806
CHAPTER 20. COLUMNS WITH UNIAXIAL A"'ilD BIAXIAL BENDING
20.1. Introduction 807
. 20.2. Combined axial loa� and uniaxial bending 807
20.3. Construction of interaction curves for colpmn
design· 810
20.4. Short columns subjected to axial bad anp
biaxial bending 829
Problems 835
CHAPTF.R 21. DESIGN OF STAIR CASES
21.1. General notes on design of stairs 837
21.2 Design of stairs spanning horizonttlly 841
21.3. Design of dog-legged stair 843.
21.4. Design of stairs with quarter space landing 846
Problems
CHAPTER 22. 1WO-WAY SLABS
4.•••
sst
-,,

22.1. Introduction 851·

22.2. Simply supported slab with comers free to lift
(I.S. Code method). 852
22.3. Restrained slabs (I.S. Code method) 859
Problems 868
CHAPTER 23. CIRCULAR SLABS
23.1. Introduction 869
23.2 Stab freely supported at edges and -carrying
U.D.L 870
233. Slabs fixed at edges and carrying U.D.L 871
23.4. Slab simply supported at the edg� with load
w uniformly distributed along the circumference
of a concentric circle 872
23.5. Slab simply supported at edges, wilh U.D.L
inside a concentric circle 873
Problems 882
CHAPTER 24. YIELD LINE THEORY AND Dl!:SIGN OF SLABS
24.1. Introduction 883
24.2. Yield line patterns 884
24.3. Moment capacity along an yield Jin! 888
24.4. Ultimate load on slabs 889
24.5. Analysis by virtual work method 890
24.6. Analysis by.' equilibrium method 902
Problems 913
 (xv)
CHAPTER 25. FOUNDATIONS
25.1. Indian Standard Code Recommendations for
design of footings (IS:· ..456-1978) _ .915
25.2 Isolated footing of uniform depth ···�
25.3. Isolated sloped footing· 925
Problems 929

PART VI
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE &
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
CHAPTER 26. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
26.1. Introduction 933
26.2 Basic concepts 935
26.3. Classification and types of prestressing 952
26.4. prestressing systems : End anchorages 956
26.5. Losses of prestress 971
26.6. -"tAmputation of elongation of tendons 984
26.7. Properties of materials 995
26.8. Merits and demerits 1'f prestressed concrete 1002
26.9. Basic assumptions 1003
26.10. Analysis of beams for flexure 1003
26.11. Kern distances and efficiency of section 1009
26.12 Design of sections for flexure : Magnet's
method 1015
26.13. Rectangular section 1025
26.14. I-Section 1029
26.15. Alternative design procedure 1044
26.16. Shear and diagonal tension 1050
26.17. Stresses at anchorage 1055
26.18. Indian Standard Code recommendations
(IS : 1343-1980) 1060
26.19. Procedure for limit state design 1084
Problems 1101
CHAPTER 27. SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
27.1. lntrcxluction 1103
27.2. Shrinkage of concrete 1103
27.3. Shrinkage stresses in symmetrically reinforced
sections 1107
27.4. Shrinkage stresses in singly reinforced beams 1109
27.5. Instantaneous and repeated loading on C• .,. 1112
27.6. Sustaif"led loading : Creep 1114
 Reinforced Concrete Structures Vol II

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