Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Amelie Hananel
Professor Beadle
English 115
30 September 2018
Out of how many of your friends could you say are genuinely happy? Are you genuinely
happy? With many people, this emotion is almost a life challenge to be able to receive it. People
are always searching and grasping for the feeling of positivity and energy, and it’s so close yet
feels so far. In three different articles by Hill, Lyubomirsky, and Brooks, the authors share their
influence on happiness through external or internal space hoping for those who want to be happy
can learn and eventually experience the great feeling from it. External space is physical space
such as an environment, the outside world and an internal space is psychological space, what
goes on in one’s head. Happiness can be shown and brought in many different ways, such as Hill
who argues his values of happiness through external space and downsizing his living space. In
contrast Lyubomirsky argues her values of happiness through internal space with scientific
research and Brooks argues his values of suffering to happiness through internal space by
Graham Hill is a man who, before his thirties, became wealthy from an Internet startup
sale. As his wealth grew, he began buying more and more items that he didn’t need, but he soon
discovered that after he bought two homes and decided to change his external space to lighten
the weight off of his shoulders. After realizing how exhausting and how much busier he was
because of the upkeep of the houses, Hill took a step back to look at where he was in life,
“‘Somehow this stuff ended up running my life, or a lot of it; the things I consumed ended up
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consuming me”’ (Hill, 308). Just like the saying “money can’t buy happiness”, Hill uses his
personal story to argue that materialistic items cannot give people happiness and rather fewer
items will make people happier. Hill had much to do aside from work and that was because he
had to do unnecessary upkeep which was taking over his time during the day. Once Hill moved
into a 420-square-foot studio and minimized his materialistic items, he was finally able to say
that he felt free and that his life was full of love and adventure. Some people may not take a
personal story as a credible source, so Hill showed the research and found that researchers have
proven that the more materialistic items, the more stress one will have. In a study from
researchers at U.C.L.A titled “Life at Home in the Twenty-First Century” researchers observed
32 middle-class Los Angeles families, and found that, “all of the mothers’ stress hormones
spiked during the time they spent dealing with their belongings. Seventy five-percent of the
families involved in the study couldn’t park their cars in their garages because they were too
jammed with things” (Hill, 310). With more and more items piling up, stress levels as well
increased. Professional researchers have proven scientific research stating the more clutter one
had, the more stress one obtained because of having to organize it, clean it up every so often, and
have to dig through piles of items just to get one task done. Hill has proven and strongly believes
from his own experience and research that with the change of external space, one’s life is much
On the other hand, Sonja Lyubomirsky argues that happiness is made from genetics and
can be changed with internal space. Lyubomirsky, a professor in psychology who earned a Ph.D.
in social psychology from Stanford University, researched and discovered the scientific way of
how to become happy. Lyubomirsky discovered that genetics play a big role in someone’s
happiness and found that there is a “set point” of happiness or sadness, “It appears that each of us
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is born with a happiness set point, a characteristic potential for happiness throughout our lives”
(Lyubomirsky, 190). This set point is the baseline of one’s happiness. Lyubomirsky uses an
example of somebody getting married and during this event, one’s happiness may increase,
however later on the happiness will then decrease and return to the happiness level made from
genes. Lyubomirsky states that, “one’s happiness is fifty-percent made from genes, there’s still
forty-percent that can be changed from intentional activity and ten-percent from circumstances”
(184). She then continues, that although humans have a set point for happiness, that doesn’t
mean humans are fixed with that level of happiness, “We can rise above our happiness set points,
just as we can rise above our set points for weight or cholesterol… Our genes do not determine
our life experiences and behavior” (190). Just like altering the insides of our bodies with
medication or with assistance, one can adjust, change, and adapt their happiness level. One can
rise above their set point if they want to, the set point does not define their happiness for their
whole life. One can change their experience of happiness with a fitting environment, meaning an
environment that can bring the best out of one psychologically. Lyubomirsky has finalized her
research for now, finding that one’s happiness can be altered with setting specific goals that
compared to Hill and Lyubomirsky. Brooks argues that people expect happiness to come fairly
easy, but in reality many attempt to aim for happiness but have to go through suffering to obtain
it. Suffering causes people to come out differently and to see the different layers inside of one’s
self. Brooks states, “Often, physical or social suffering can give people an outsider’s
perspective… suffering vies people a more accurate sense of their own limitations, what they can
control and cannot control” (284 and 286). Suffering gives people the view they’ve never had
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before, the view that lets them look inside of their own skin and realize who they are and what
they’re truly feeling. To make happiness out of suffering, people realize what they mourn over
and some emotions cannot be controlled, but people can learn how to bring good out from the
bad. Brooks then leads the audience into a solution for how to make good from the bad, “The
right response to this sort of pain is not pleasure. It’s holiness… it means seeing life as a moral
drama, placing the hard experiences in a moral context and trying to redeem something bad by
turning it into something sacred” (286). Brooks wants the audience to make lessons out of
suffering experiences and then grow from those lessons to become happy. Just like
Lyubomirsky, Brooks wants those who are suffering to find their motivation to get out of
suffering and hopefully become happier. Brooks has shown the audience that happiness is not
easy since it comes from the rough roots of suffering, but happiness can be obtained if one is
Whether it was internal or external space, all the authors focused on how to obtain
happiness while each one had their own values and approach to make someone’s life better.
Graham Hill shared his own experience of dealing with happiness through external space and
changing his surroundings. As for Lyubomirsky, she shared the scientific research of happiness
through internal space and teaching the audience about how genetics have impact on one’s
happiness. Lastly, Brooks argues that happiness is made from those who suffer and turn that
suffering into a learning lesson through internal space and changing one’s mindset. Although the
authors had a different approach or different information on happiness, each author wanted their
audience to know that they are able to be happier if they wanted to be. An individual is not stuck
with one emotion or one level of happiness forever. Happiness is an emotion that can be obtained
in many different ways depending on the person, the person’s situation, and the person’s needs.
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Happiness has no certain definition or way and every individual has the right to their own
happiness.
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Works Cited
Brooks, David. “What Suffering Does.” Pursuing Happiness, edited by Matthew Parfitt and
Hill, Graham. “Living with Less. A Lot Less.” Pursuing Happiness, edited by Matthew Parfitt
Lyubomirsky, Sonja. “How Happy Are You and Why?” Pursuing Happiness, edited by Matthew