ago to

redox-controlled rip'nf,c,h"",
characteristic

Contents

Abstract :\orthcrr; &1

In troductioll 85
86
87
Reduction of uranium substances 87
and Ontario 87
substances 88
Comments 89
space Classical vein UC;L"""'''' 89
uraniUBl distribution 89
and distribution 91
r 93
01 resen/cs
93
9,3
94

63
64 GRA\CER

yG

98

100

10:1
104
10,')

10:5
106

References

Intn:x:1uction

uranium

L
 GEOLOGY GF\,TSIS OF CRA'\lU\/ DEPOSITS 65

ments,

of Lranium

'2 The tenn uraninite is

\-'anetles are
species. ,lnd Lang et a1., 19hZ).
66

Because
::J
u
(1)
:> IF 2ppm
0
m
4~ 10 ppm
0
IOOppm
C
ill Ippm
0
~

ill
il
ill
0
Z
own.
H

1978)

o
Schoepite

~
(5 nium.
:>

-0

o 2 10 12 14

pH units

FIG. 2. of the V-O,-H,O system

at 2;5°C and dissolved are

10- 5 in unbroken lines. and

(from Hostetler and Garrels,
 GEOLOCY ..\\1) CE.\'ESIS OF CRA_YIL DEPOSITS 67

2 4 6

-t +
.1 (as
2:U =

\-\lays_
68

cal
:2.t:(!\1 = 10- 3 Jf, P ctn ":::; Itr<:,5
2:U 10 ppm, ~SO. = 100 ppm, 2:PO. = 0,1 ppm,
= JO ppm (fTOm Lan~nmir, 1878, as modified
Wig,),
CEOtOer LTLt\IU.\! DEPOSITS 69
70 SASH. AD.UfS

stnlctures, not
 GEOLOCY"',\f) CL\t~SIS OF CR\.\IU\f DEPOSITS 7

nranium

4
-~-----'
:3 :1

pH

FIC" 7< Sorptlon of uranium on various materials from

sodium carbonate-buffered solutions (concentration::.
lignite; :.::, frorn humic acid~ humic acid: -1.. coke coal
(modified from Rozhkova aI.,

solution.

substances
72

GEF 10,000
,/

o
--;

Reduction

Cnmium

I
 GfOUlCl A\D OF 'RA.\IL,\! IJEPOSI 73

C!trallldfic

--.)

2
o

uranium.

somewhat
continental crust is
80

E un/utiun crust and uranium

thermotectonic evolution
fomls appear to

Cranium time and space

74
 GEOLOGY A\D OF URA.,\'iU.H DEPOSITS 75

TABLE·J Characteristics of IInportant 1I raniurn Deposit Types

Rernarks

Detrit3.1 uTdninitc, Limited to \\iitVJatersrand area,

uranothorite, -:2.8-:2.:2 Blind
brannerite Lake
Proterozoic meta- Pitchblende. Prorninent Rabbit Lake,
coffinite. chloritization Sa.;.;katchev,,;an~
:\,j·Co-As·S; Au Kev Ll.ke.
Saskatchev,;an:
sandstone Ranger, :\' orthern

Uraninite, :Disseminated, Rossing, 'iamibla;

ur;J.notborite Bancroft
()ntario~
Charlebois
Saskatchewan
vein Pitchblende. Ven1 Brittle host
coffinite, nernatite
+-

Alkalic and urano- DisseU1inated,

tlimitc. vein Greenland;
Th·Ce-'clo. :\'b. Ta. de Caldas.
Ti, Zf Brazil; \1 tn.

Pitchblende, Disseminated,

\Tolcanogenic Pitchblende, - Disseminated, Rich Be. Li.

voicanic, and base inetal sulfides vein fig, \10,
volcaniclastic

\iaUfeen,

sandstone Pitchblende, Organics

and drko~e coffinite. variable FeSz COfIHTIon
V,

Colo. & Utah;

Calcrete Tabub.r Rich vanadinrn leelirrie, \\.

Langer

'clarine C"libonaC',-,ous I)isseiTlinated. Ranstad

shale bedded Sv:eden;
Chattanoog:l.

Bedded
carbonate-apatite FloriJa~

States~ \lorocco
 GRASGER. .1.SD AD;UfS

TABLE:3. DIstribution of \ \' orlJ RCSQUrL'"es

Size
ReasDnably
1
rf"')i)11TCeS Products

short tons 2
\],0, Prirnary

1S4 Canada Th
South Africa Au U
~O

lO-2S0 130
30~ /\ustraJia U
Other countries
Hi

i-1S0 [7:3 ()

Classical () ,')0 1"-

. " ., Co, LT
Ag, Bi

Igneous assfJClatL:.d toO 73 6

Sandstone 0, 0,')-10 ->.'500 USA V Se,

2iO
c-onntries
-i,,)

01-03 51 Australh U V
~amibja

Koim Shale
Grand

at forNard up to $.'50 per taxes. interest

1979; ()rganization for Econornic and 1978: South

<H...'CDunt for
l\:olm Shale the total resources because of the low likelihood
 GEOLOCY ASD GE.\ESIS OF B....5;.\lc·.H LJFPOSnS 77

COilHtry of total \bj,)f \lmor

cs:\. U
17.0 Sandstone
H1 Sandstone
Canada lO.:: Cia.:;sical

Sandstone

Brazil
France
1 ,.
(~abon L.n
C:lassical vein
C:lassical Sandstone
Sandstone

Spain Contact vein

Japan HI 03 Sandstone
10
Others Sandstone
S\veden J Kolm
Total

incurred

of likelihood
78 \A5H~ CIUSCER. ADA~\IS

POSSible nontHHn iu'!uf of

EilKJ! Laxe Groue

FIG

Theis, 1979),
 GFotocr A\D DEPOSITS

----------------

l~GiNJ

Lithostructurdi dornains of the Carladian Shield. Saskatchev/an, location

and districts ,modified from Hocve and SibbalcL La.ke and two other
behvecn Rabbit Lake a.'1d \Iidwest Lake~

ordinate ~~UL-J"'La
, 1977; Hoeve and
80

z
;(

2"

the evolution of
lithostructuraI

meters
400

1200

350

Diamond
hole

000
o lao 200 f"", 300
I
25 50 meters

CLoc

lor i

P Cross of Rabbit Lake alteration zones ""AHue," from Hoeve and Sib-
1978).
 CFOU)C} OF DFPOSITS 81

\ \' ollaston

OUTCROP

of basen1ent rocks, We area

correction is not known. 4

should be
considered 3. minlrTIUIH estirnate, The (I97,~) that
the temp~ratHre of halite l.S to the te:rnperaturc of
fomlatiofl, nef"ds no corrc-ction for pressure the s0-
lutions trapping. is not
wise, it is not a reliable estirnate of
halite rnineral dissolves at
indicate that a
..

EX-PLANA TION
~ nole
rh
m 002 !D U3C S

i
10 10 50% U305
> 50' '--308
i
i
__ 0 __

FIG. 15. Cross section of the \!idwest Lake (modified

fnJITI
 GEOLOCY J,.\LJ OF DEPOSITS 83

o SO KiLOMETE~S

5X
EXPLANATiON
Mt Partfijgg, 3atc;,elor, Namoona,
and Kakadu Groups
Uf"iknown sed;ment estunated ft.schean
from metamorpnlc data
Fir;nlss River Graue MetamorphIc

South AU!gator Group Fauit

u UranIum protorB

FIG, section of the Pine (~reek geosyncline about (modified fTOm

Stuart-Smith et Following erOSIon to present land the
nreno,tHm \-vas Hp'""",,tPrl hpnJJPpn 1,680 and L370
84 CFK .U)A\IS

EXPLANATiON

FormatlOn

Chlorite Roc'-\.

GrBlsses

Outline ApproxImate

FIG. 18. Cross section of Ranger no. (modIfied from Europe. 'iost ore broken
brecciated zones that cannot be shov.,,-n at this
GEOLOGY A.\D [:RA.\1l DEPOSITS 85
86 GR\.\GFR.

Gcnesis
 cunner ,\sf) 87

I ntroductioll
 alii ih ia

EXPLANATION

K"lcmas Formatlon

and

Suoergroup

'J1 EtU$lS

area (morlified trom

calcareous rocks of
:2 km from rnantled
vages.
 89

emillllCIl!S

Classical Vein
90 SASH, CRASCER, A.\[) ADA.HS

SE NW

VERNA Orebodies
(HANG!NGWALL)

oric water.

FA Y Ore bodies
(FOOTWALL)

Vertlcal PrOjection of Inclined Sections

o 100 200 300 400 METERS

FEET
EXPLANATION
Marlin Formailon

Upper Tazin Red Gneisses and Mylon,les

Taz,n Metasediments

Tazll1 GrarHtes and GnEHsses

,. Orecody

<. Major Faull

FIe. 20. Composite cross section of thc Vema and oreho-

Eldorado rnine (rnodined fro In Little et at., 1972). Vema
about 2,4 ken nord'wast of the Fay section.

19781.
 DEPOSITS 9

mo,;e
uranium into accessory urd-ninite
:::.8.'5 \Ioreau and

or muscovite merits attention as it

92

/ / / /
/ ////

A ;\' ",' ',':,"

, ,~ ",' ~ " >

o 100 METERS

EXPLANATlON

R.S C .. &;'coous doiom,le

RAT

---Fau!!

EXPLANATION

Ore ~ Foliat!on, gnel$sosity

Gunnar Granite Waste dump

Paragneiss Shalt

FIG. 21 Gcologic Inap and cross secti,)fl of the Gunnar

&':"Ck, 19681. that ore is essentially
Gunnar Crdnite.
 CIOfDCY AS!) OF Dr:?OSITS 93

metamict zircon a zone

economic
with
association
and trans-

environments,

contact ;:;ones

rocks

hveen
nisIns,
supergene
section of the '\iidnite Ore
 G1':OU)CY .lSD G1':.'1':515 OF L DEPOSITS 95

• Or~bocy 00I"C~CP
Cobbl$ (Cp·",;tOffl~j"Of*,
(01'"l~icmq,..c?",

to

FIG. ore localization

the v--.icinity of
96

Sandstone
statement

EXPLANATlON

F!G. features in Colorado Plateau region,

Blocks districts: 1, :\\onument Canyon; ~<
Cf()L()Cr OF IJ[P()SlTS 97
98

Sandstone-Type Dcpo~its

l.

Examples
(Bigotte and Obellianne~
Permian sandstont''-;, Europe \Herbosch. 1974~ !97·i; PluskaL Barthel, 1974; Petrascheck
i974)
Karoo sandstones, South Africa (von Backstrom. Hri'~t Tc¥cns and Ie Rouxo 1979)
,4) Sandstone of (Hawlev , 19&'5; and 1956; Young~ 1904)
US) Colorado (Chenoweth~ 1980; Shapiro and Heimich, WoO
Basal deposits, J"pan et aL 1969; KatayaHld Katayama and li:imvarna, Do; e! aI" 1975)
., organic matter

(J. Geffmy, C.E.A,~ France; ora! commun., 1974)

and 1958)
:LT!d Sch!ee~ 1900;

H.
reactlon)
L deposit, roll-front

et aL 1968; 1976; Granger and Warren, 1969; Gold-

et 1S0..1: Shav!E:' and Granger, 19fJS; Saucier, 19";'9)

Shawe~ 19.'i6~ 1976; et and Larsen~ 19"59)

B. solution

2.

Japan (Ishihara Katayama aI" 1974; Katayama and Kimayama. i977; Doi et 21,,1975)
 U;OLocr OF URA\IC\! DFPOSITS 99

LEGEND

of containing a basal
of carbonaceous matter are
and Kamiyama, 1977),

Permo- sedn;".'ents

L~ Flu\'iat:le and sa:;dstones

:'.iarlrle srafes and

~ \!inar

in Lom-
bard Basin. 1974)
00 GiH\GFR
GEOLOGY AXD GEXES[S OF L'RL\IL'Jt DEPOSITS

,. ." 'L.
POlson Canyon

"

Formation, Ambrosia Lake area, ;'Iexi=. Deposits

few redistributed roll type from Santos, 196.3).
:02 CHA\CER A\J) ADA.itS

(from Galloway,
 103

ranes,

section.
04

tabular and lenticular ore

Uranium
 GEOLOGY ASP OF J)}POSlTS lOS

Other

and calcrete
106

--
-
lines

Vanadiufi1(
 GEOLOGY OF CR\.\Il·.\f J)U()SITS 107

in press,
Eco'i. GFOL
Amok lY74. The circular smlcrure and the Cluff Lake
uranium ore bodies. in Parslow. G. R.. Fuels.
Regina, S~;katchewa:n GeoL Soc .. Spec. Pub.
47 -61.
Anderson, D. Soc.

occur-

Reduction of
Interna-

13-1.5.
Prof. Paper 15 L
Arribas. Antonio, HJ70. Las pizarras uranucras de la Provincia de
Salarn<LTlca: Studia GefJlogica v. i, p. -: -4S.
,\yres. D. E .. and P. Vranium mineralization
t<'1e South Deposita. 10,
p 27-41
\Ioore, D., 196D,

L:s.:3-175<
vironments. Rain, J C. mifW·fOlii.,.:lnonassociated with late
Proterozoic Australia
BUL \Hneral Resources" v< --, p.
137 -147
Baldwin. B. 1970. of
the Gulf of S1. Lavnence:
Barbier. Jean. 1974. origin of
vein-t:vpe uraniunl vcp""", p.271-
288.
P. r., 1961, l;rdnium miner;:Jiza-
\tidn;te mine. Spokane. Eco'i. GEOL.
2·41-258.
H ..
Europe. reference to
izations in Permiai'l sandstones, in Formation of
posits: Vienna internaL Energy 277 -288.
Barton. P. B.. 19.56. Fixation of ur.illium in oxidized base
metal ores the Good Clark County.
Eco~. GEOL. '51. p.
L. S .. 1969. l;ranium of Atllabasea region: Sas-
REFERE'\CES
katchewan \lineral Resources Rept. 1:26. 139 Cana-
Adamek. P \1 and of the Kopparosen dian Inst. \lining Trans .. v. li2. po
 OR .\Sll. GR\.\G£R . . \.\0 AfJ:UfS

and
South\ve~t
v 71
Bigotle. G . and Obellianne. \1..
·c
uranLieres au \hnerahurn Deposita,

d'Oklo,
·U7 -'>41. Energy
Bohse. H. . S'brensen. H., Steenielt. A.
Colorado UraniUJD
Energy \tinerals

near
Comm. R\lE·:::070.

Agency. p. :::8.')-300. ed, Age relation:; in

- - lH79, The Knode of (x"'Currencc and of C::L'"1ada Spec.
posits: Roval L,ondon Philos.
300.
the

ut"H)"'" \/ienna, Intemat

Atornic [1.",gency, 99-
Breger. Deu!, 19.39. Association of uranium with car·
bonaceous rnaterials. with reference to
region: C. S. CL"'"OL Survey Paper

1973. i\n outlint? Prccarnbrian

H.. Runcom. S. K. eds.,
~ew York.
of lead-

JOUL
1702.-1;15.
environn1ent. and
inclus10ns of the Bois "\"oirs-LiInouzat uraniu!n vein, Forez;
France: GEOL .. v. 73. p.

dis-

"1'''''''''''''' in
of
;\. v.
Inagn1at:isrn and tectonics: ~e\\.· York. flalner, Distrihution of in rocks as a
 GEOLOCY "Sf) GFSESIS OF DfP()SlTS 09

bon "I' evaluation

,-\gency, TC-

Spencf'. R. dnd
sea ~J.ture,

19;31), Cranium-bearing lignite

eastern \iontana dnJ ~orth Dakota:
C S, Cuol. Sune: Prof Paper :YJO, p, ~i:3-418
, and \'aes, r
f, 1\),')[), The

"I ineral resources

source,; Board,
--i'J60, of "
IDe Rifle Creek
area, 5 Gt>oL Survey Bull.
!lO

Australasian

Fovv-ler,

K. A.. and Davis. B. (). 1975, South

Petro!eurn Geologists
Rum
p" C G, Stickney, 0 \\., and
Crustal i:,vo!ution dnd
Soc, Ameri~a Bull, \tOD ..3. p_ :271-276.
Ortiz, ,\, V , Sunacia, , ~oeL Systernatic mineraiog:v of uraniUITI and
origin of Survey Bull, 1064, 400 p,
Survey \\ 5 flow and magmatic activity in the Protem-
Open-File Rep!. zoic: Soc London Philo" Trans" A, 280, p, 6.'5.'5-
Eupene, G, S 19"SO, 660.
trol of mineraliz...ation --19. . . 9, cycle of uranium, in Theoretical and
,\orthem Territor;:, ,'H'>CH'Ud, London, The Royal So-
of the Fifth (First in Royal Soc. London.
, ser. ;\, v< p, 4.1;1-445,)
\letaHotectonic control uranium distri-
bution, in l exploration Vienna, Internal.
Atomic Energv p, -204.
Cabclman, \\ and KrusicwskL S. ,,1964, Zonal distribution
Ceo!. Cong"

Bea-
 10 \:lS11, GRASGER ASD

Gandhi, CODcentra.tion of uraniurn carbon Corfi-

ninrn Eco~. CSOL .. v.
L.
Ferguson,
the Internat;onal C ranlun1 Symposium on the
IntenlaL Agency_ p"

P D. 1978. The
,"orthem Rhodesian ''''n<-rpre urdl11Ufn
Gr:OL p. 416-·42"7. ,"amib Desert. South West Africa
\1, ~ and and 1407 - 1408.
of t~c Cluff Lake uraniurn

upper

r...a.":e
73-79.

73, p.
K. and
Forma-
Grand A. v, :273, p. 42B--M2 .
CjBX 22-7,), <:l. 38 p. .Heinrich. E, \\' , and BeveL J. E .. 19.57, Radioactive nlineral oc-
P. and '\!e!ancon, E., area. Park and counties. Colo-
Am- ,:S2. no, 4, p, 2.3-3.5,
ura- Herooseh. A.. distribution des ele-
nium repon: P1ents dans shales urd..'1iferes au bassin Perrnien de uxleve,
66-7L Herault, France, in of UTa..'"1iUITI ore W;LJij"D;
Localization control of uranium Atomic Energy Agen~i, 5:\1-183/3, p,
San Juan Basin mineral belt. :\lexic<.)-an V., 1871. and paragene,is of the Schwartz-
hypothesis: L S Geo!. Prof. 600-B, p. BoO-B70. ""Ute""-'" '. Colorado: S.
Fluid no\\;' their roles in the
Survey and

p.
resources of northvvestern
~le)(ico:
li S. Prof. Paper G03. 100 p.
hy- Hoeve. Jan, Sibbald. T L 1.. 1978. On the genesis of Rabbit
Lake and other un,co·nl.on:n in northern
14.':;0-1473.

gram,
Granger, H. C Santos. E. 5 .. Dean. B. G., and \toore. F. G .. pre-
1961. <")n.,·_!·)~~· uraniUln at Ambrosia Lake~ ~ew wiL~
repert: Eco~. GEOL .
. 1878. Precambri:h"1 and
posits in
York
Green. D. H. Energy
c'onstraints
3, D. L.. 1970, Uranium ore at
table of the Australia: Australian Atomic
p. 127 -1184.
 crOlDGY A\D (;1:.\E5lS OF CIH.\iC.\1 DEPOSITS II

v C. re-
gion:
in crude 171i.
Paper :300. p.

uraniurn species.. Hi
niunl-thonurn ,,·mr)<".11
p.

78-17D.
Sulfur isotopes and the origin of
Eeo". .5J. p.)9S-i)!6

. ell .. The
and Sans. p.
,177-40;3 .
. Griffith. r
<, and St~acy, H. 19ti:2, Canadian
condi- of uranlum and thorium: Canada GeoL Econ.
\!ining Geolog·y RepL p.
LlngITIuh, Donald. iY78, U raniUln >'-"".tL'Ul'-

urarllum
nium ore depc)sits: of
437 -452. FauL .Henr:"', ed., :\u-
D. . dnd Kerr. P F . Urano-organic orc and 7.5-89.
America Bull p. 701-7.5.3. J
J.
Kelley. V C rnum ages of "iedimentation, uranluxH mineralization,
region: nance. \lorrison Fonnation (Upper Gr;L'lts mineral
Kerr. P. belt. :\ew BulL.
p. 1673-lfi8.1
L4..'e. \\' H. K. and t:veda. 196.'5.
Short in Lee. H.

of the States; an S, 1964. Origin of Precambrian

:nap of the United Eco'i. GEOL. .)9. p. 104{)-1O60
902. 8.3 p. 1~18. The \1argnac arId Fanny uranium deposits of
Kirchner. . and Strnad. 1 G .. 1980. \lassif CentraL Ceo-
and fluid inclusion studies: fCU:-i. GEOL. p. 16il-
1634.
Leventhal, J Organic
(~rants rnineral belL Hantman.
of the Grants urdnium region,
Bur. \lines \!ineral Resources \tern. 38, p.
Lewry. J. F.. and Sibbald, T L L, 1977. Variation in and
Prec-anlorian basement of
Earth Sci., v. 14, p.
 Soc.

for the evo!u-

London Philos.

, v ...9, p, 6,52-
6.'58.
Guidebook to Field
Locardi, E« 1977. Recent volcanoes and uraniurn rnincrdlizations,

et de la

of the "Iidnite '.line, Eeo?'. GEOL" v. 76, p,

llO.
"lacDonald, G. 1%3, structure of continents: Rev.
p, 587-6&'5.
Jr., 1963, and ore of
southeastern Alaska: U
Survey
1978, Genesis
calcrete drainages
1724-1 \1exico:
V., 1968, of or-
g;lnic substances: York, Pergamon ;347 p.
, Drosdov~ T. V, and Emilianova, ,,1. P.,
Binding of UTa'1iUIl1 hUlnine melanoidines: GeO- Open-File Repr.
no. 4. r-A""""rr;m,:m of uranium in
\iatheso!!, R. ,and Searl. R. A., 19:36< :\lary Kathleen solution as a carbonate: ,""":MllWUk" no. 1, p. ;)- 20; in Ceochern-
Isa-Cloncurry district, Australia: the Ge<xheml~A1 SOCiety.
v. '51, p. S28-.')40. R. S., and Stuart-Smith, P G. 1976, The
"Liwdslev. J B, 1952, Charlebois bDn-host the
Lake area, northeastern Saskatche\van: 45, p. 366- field, :\1incral Resources,
375, 321~::>~303.
V E., Everhart, D. L.. and Garrels, R "1 , 195,'5, On- II, and Stuart-Smith, P G., 1980, Re-
Eco?'. GEOL. SOTH A?,?,IVERSAHY
-i64-S,,1.3.
R. H,

I)escription and origin of uraniurn G{'0<:)Slit5 in ~gongo,

Basin, Eeo". GEOL., v. 59, &'),)-849. uraniferes Shlnkolobva?}
R., 1968. \'Iigmatites and the origin granitic rocks: Kdrnoto) an Zaire: Sec.
~ew York Elsevier, 39:3 449-462.
\'!endelsohn, of the :\orthern OECD, 1878, ,Vorld ural'1ium Paris. Organization for Ec-
gr-,:in,niri and Co" 52,3 anomie Cooperation <Ll1d 170
ori- --1979, CranltHn: Resources, and demand: Paris,
 GfOtOCr A\[) OF f)EPOSrrS 13

()rgani7~ltion Cooperation COlnpany"

H'ip.

Obn". J
R{.He-t~arth
Bern3.rdino
2hL 75 and
tU.lhHh"'~Aba5ins andtheir bearing on ura-
Par~low, G, R., ,Uranium
GeoL Soc, Spec.

in Fergus{}[1, John E.
International U raniUIn SYlnposium
Vienna Internat. \iem, 1.3. p_ 12::- L3.:S.
Hay,

dium Hill uramum mine, South , Holland,

thermal uraniurn deposits: \'evi York~
2fA p.
,G. H.

ore in the .\ustrian control

for prospecting, in Fonnation uranium Ofe deposits; i 97,), Composition and of,tro!{)vv of the earth's
Vienna. InternaL Atomic Energ:v' Agency, p. 291-2f)7. mantle: 'Jew York "!cGra";"-HilL 6I8 p.
GottfrieD, David. H.,164. The Colorado Front Robertson, D. 1962, Thorium and
A, Blind River GEOL.,
--197(), to ex-

257 -Z82~
InternaL E., aI1d Hogg~ C. ~L U}78< The hme-
uranium deposits: Eco:-;, GEOL., 73, p,
Poty, BCDlara, Leroy, Jacques~ and \-1icheL 1974. Les in-
clusions Huides dans les mInerai:; des gisclnents intra- Robertson, J.
du (\L=tssif Central Fran<;ais)" in and their settin~:
Vienna. InternaL Atornic Robinson, B, W" and Ohmo{o, Hiroshi,
inclusioos, and stable isotopes of the Echo Bay
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