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Document heading doi: 襂2012 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved.
Article history: This paper presents a review of plants identified from various ethno botanical surveys and folklore
Received 29 July 2012 medicinal survey with Wound healing activity. Wound is defined as the disruption of the cellular and
Received in revised form 17 August 2012 anatomic continuity of a tissue. Wound may be produced by physical, chemical, thermal, microbial
Accepted 10 December 2012
or immunological insult to the tissues. The process of wound healing consists of integrated cellular
Available online 28 December 2012
and biochemical events leading to re-establishment of structural and functional integrity with
regain of strength in injured tissues.This review discuss about Wound healing potential of plants, its
Keywords: botanicalname, Common name, family, part used and references, which are helpful for researcher to
Wound healing development new Wound healing formulations for human use.
Wounds, Burns
Indian medicinal plants
Ayurveda
Plant extract
through the normal stages of healing and therefore enter antiviral, antitremorine, local anaesthetic, antibacterial,
a state of pathologic inflammation chronic wounds either antifungal, anti-inflammatory and larvicidal activities.
require a prolonged time to heal or recur frequently. It mainly contains tannin (50-70%) and small amounts of
L ocal infection, hypoxia, trauma, foreign bodies and gallicacid ellagic acid.[13-15]
systemic problems such as diabetes mellitus, malnutrition,
immunodeficiency or medications are the most frequent 4.2.Aloe Vera
causes of chronic wounds[9,10]
I t is one of the oldest healing plants known to
mankindAlsoacemannan (毬-(1,4)-acetylated polymannose)
3. Mechanism of wound healing - the majorpolysaccharide of A . vera- stimulates
expressionof VEGF and other wound healing-related factors
The response to injury, either surgically or traumatically (e.g.,keratinocyte growth factor-1 and type I collagen) in
induced, is immediate and the damaged tissue or wound gingivalfibroblasts. This can be especially beneficial in the
then passes through three phases in order to affect a final case of oral woundhealing. Thus, crude Aloe veraextract
repair: or isolated proangiogeniccomponents may have potential
• The inflammatory phase pharmaceuticalapplications for the management of wounds.
• The proliferative phase [16]
• The remodelling phase
The inflammatory phase prepares the area for healing 4.3.Hippophaerhamnoides L.
and immobilizes the wound by causing it to swell and
become painful, so that movement becomes restricted. H ippophaerhamnoides L . ( family E laeagnaceae )
The fibroplastic phase rebuilds the structure, and then the commonlyknown as seabuckthorn ( SBT ) . L eaves, ripe
remodelling phase provides the final form. fruits and seeds from seabuckthorn have been found to be
a rich source of a large number of bioactive substances
3.1. The Inflammatory phase including flavonoids (isorhamnetin, quercetin, myricetin,
kaempferol and their glycoside derivatives), carotenoids (
The inflammatory phase starts immediately after the injury 毩, 毬, 毮-carotene, lycopene), vitamins (A, C, E and K),
that usually last between 24 and 48 hrs and may persist tannins, triterpenes, glycerides of palmitic, stearic and
for up to 2 weeks in some cases The inflammatory phase oleic acids and some essential amino acids[17].The high
launches the haemostatic mechanisms to immediately stop content of bioactive substances has been reflected in its
blood loss from the wound site. Clinically recognizable extensiveexploitation by traditional medicine. Seabuckthorn
cardinal sign of inflammation, rubor, calor, tumor, dolor and has antioxidant [18] and anti-inflammatory activity [19] and
function-laesa appear as the consequence. This phase is has been reported to be useful in treating skin wounds [20]
characterized by vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation to
induce blood clotting and subsequently vasodilatation and 4.4.Catharanthus roseus
phagocytosis to produce inflammation at the wound site[11].
Catharanthus roseus plant is a key source of
3.2. Proliferation phase monoterpenoidindol alkaloid, vincristine and vinblastine
which found useful in treatment of cancer[21]. In a study of
The proliferative phase essentially involves the generation ethanolic extract of flower of this plant in a dose of 100mg/
of the repair materials and majority of the skeletal muscle kg/day demonstrated to possess wound healing property.[22]
injuries.[12]
4.5.Lycopodium serratum
3.3. Remodelling phase
Lycopodium serratum is commonly known as club moss.
The remodelling phase is an essential component of tissue Wound activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extract of
repair and is often overlooked. The final outcome of these Lycoponium was studied by exicision, incision and dead
combine events is that the damaged tissue will be repaired space wound model on rats.as compaired to the aqueous
with the scar.[12] extract and controls the ethanolic extract showed significant
decrease in the period of epithelialization and an increace in
wound contractionrate,tissue breaking strength and hydroxyl
4. Medicinal plants having wound healing activity proline content at the wound site.[23]
Quercusinfectoriais a small tree (Fagaceae). It is mainly Sesamum indicum is a member of family Pedaliaceae.
used for thetreatment of anti-inflammatory disorders and sesame oil obtained from the seeds of the plant is highly
also used as dental powder, toothache treatment, gingivitis. nutritive as it is rich source of natural oxidant such as
Pharmacologically it acts as a astringent, antidiabetic, sesamin and sesamol.[24]The methanolic extract of root of
S1912 ShivaniRawat et al ./Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S1910-S1917
sesamumindicum was obtained and was incorporated in gel 5.1. Physical attributes
and ointment bases.These preparations were evaluated for in
vivo wound healing on rat using exicision wound model.[25] Physical attributes like wound contraction, epithelization
and scar remodeling can be monitored by measuring
4.7. Radixpaeoniae the total wound area, open wound area, and noting the
physical changes in scar e.g. size, shape and colour etc.
Aqueous extract of roots of radix paeoniae was screened Excision wound is ideal to study these attributes. The area
for wound healing by exicion, incision and dead space measurement not only gives the rate of healing, but can
wound models on wistar rats. Parameters studied were tissue distinguish between contraction and epithelization.The
breaking strength, epithelialization, wound contraction and extent of epithelization is determined by measuring the raw
granulation tissue dry weight. The test group demonstrated wound, bound by hairless belt intervening between wound
significant wound healing activity as compaired to margin and then by deducting the raw wound area from total
nitrofurazone ointment treated control group.[26] wound area. Different methods for measuring the areas are
available. These may be traced on a paper, weighed and
4.8. Morinda citrifolia Linn. compared with that of a reference piece of same thickness
and unit area or the same can be retraced on a graph paper
Morinda citrifoliais also known as Indian mulberry, belongs to directly measure the area. The completion of epithelization
to family; Rubiaceae. It mainly contains saponins, tannins, can be assessed by noting the time for complete covering of
triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids. It is mainly used for the the raw surface of the wound. “Thorotrast” a sophisticated
bowel disorders, including arthritis, atherosclerosis, bladder technique with the electron opaque marker is reported for
infections, boils, burns, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, the identification of migrating epithelial cellsGranuloma
circulatory weakness, cold, congestion, constipation, study is another physical attribute of wound healing study
diabetes, eye inflammations, fever, fractures, gastric ulcers, which can be assessed by quantifying the granuloma itselfby
gingivitis, headaches, heart diseases, hypertension, immune noting its overnight dried weight[30].
weakness, indigestion, intestinal parasites, kidney disease,
malaria, menstrual cramps, mouth sores, respiratory 5.2. Mechanical attributes
disorders, ringworms, sinusitis, sprains, stroke, skin
inflammation and wounds [27]. Mechanical attributes like breaking strength or tensile
strength, can be monitored by measuring the force required
4.9.Termina liabelliricaRoxb. to break a wound or tissue without regard to the dimensions.
Tensile strength measurement are made in terms of load
T ermina liabellirica R oxb.belonging to the family applied per unit of cross sectional area and expresses as lbs/
C ombretaceae, commonly known as belliricmyrobalan. sq.inch or kg/sq.cm or14 kg/sq.mmTensiometer or constant
Fruit is astringent, antiseptic, rejuvenative, brain tonic, water flow techniquemay be applied for uniform application
expectorant and laxative. It is used in coughs, sore throat, of force.[31]
dysentery, diarrhoea and liver disorders. It is also useful
in leprosy, fever and hair care. In folk medicine it hasbeen 5.3. Biochemical attributes
used for the treatment of skin diseases as antiseptic
and on all types of fresh wound. A n ethanol extract V arious chemical agents including collagen that are
ofTerminaliabellirica elaborated in the wound may be estimated. C ollagen
Fruit has properties that render it capable of promoting estimation in wound, is most reliable, since it contributes
accelerated wound healing activity compared with placebo for wound strength. Hydroxyproline, an important amino
control.[28] acid in collagen, is estimated to determine the total collagen
content, on index of progress in healing. Calorimetric and
4.10.Moringaoleifera Linn. spectrometric or chromatographic methods are also available
for its estimation[32].
Moringaoleifera Linn. (Moringaceae) has been an ingredient
of Indian diet since centuries. The leaves of the plant 5.4. Histological attributes
have also been reported for its anti-tumor, hypotensive,
antioxidant, radio-protective, anti-inflammatory and Monitoring the histological attribute, quantifying various
diuretic properties. The aqueous extract was studied and cellular elements and collagen content makes this an equally
it was found that there was significant increase in wound useful parameter in wound healing studies. It is monitored
closure rate, skin-breaking strength, granuloma breaking by microscopic examination of the granulation tissue have
strength, hydroxyproline content, granuloma dry weight and shown that the depth of collagen invasion at the periphery
decrease in scar area was observed.[29] of the disc is proportional to the total collagen content and
fibroblast accumulation in experimental animals.[32]
5. Parameters used in assessing wound healing activity 5.5. Etiological factors causing wound[33]
ShivaniRawat et al ./Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S1910-S1917
S1913
Most of the natural plants in this review are those with The demand of herbal drugs is increasing day by day in
wound healing potentials. Plants are more potent healers developed as well as developing countries because they
because they promote the repair mechanism in the natural are safer and well tolerated as compared to those allopathic
way. The healing process can be physically monitored by drugs.The information is recored in plant’s scientific name,
assessing the rate of contraction of the wound, period of common name of plant, family, partused for the wound
epithelization, tensile strength, histopathology, and weight healing activity & References. Scientists from divergent
of granuloma in different wound models. The healing tissue fields are investigating new plants with an eye to their wound
synthesizes more collagen to provide tensile strength. healing usefulness. These plants should be subjected to
S1916 ShivaniRawat et al ./Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S1910-S1917
animal and human studies to derermine their effectiveness. Pharmacologyonline 2009;3: 505-512.
[15] D ayang F redalina B asri, L iy S i T an, Z aleha S hafiei, and
NoraziahMohamadZin.In Vitro antibacterial Activity of Galls of
Conflict of interest statement Quercus infectoria Olivier against Oral Pathogens. Evidence-
Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Volume 2012,
We declare that we have no conflict of interest. Article ID 632796, 6 pages doi:10.1155/2012/632796
[16] Jettanacheawchankit S, Sasithanasate S, Sangvanich P, Banlunara
W , T hunyakitpisal P ( 2009 ) A cemannan stimulates gingival
Acknowledgements fibroblastproliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth
factor-1, vascularendothelial growth factor, and type I collagen;
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