SUBMITTED TO:-

AR. RAJSHREE G.
SUBMITTED BY:-
CHANIA BHATIA
YR-IV/B B.ARCH
MBS SPA (DWARKA)
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 GARDEN CITY

 GARDEN CITY WAS THE MOST POTENT PLANNING MODEL

IN WESTERN URBAN PLANNING.
 IT WAS CREATED BY EBENEZER HOWARD IN 1898 TO SOLVE
URBAN AND RURAL PROBLEMS.
 GARDEN CITIES WERE INTENDED TO BE PLANNED,
SELF-CONTAINED COMMUNITIES SURROUNDED BY
"GREENBELTS", CONTAINING PROPORTIONATE AREAS OF
RESIDENCES, INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE.
IT WAS ALSO A SOURCE OF MANY KEY PLANNING IDEAS
DURING THE 20TH CENTURY.

AN ATTEMPT FOR A GARDEN CITY: SIR EBENZER HOWARD

ZLIN IN CZECH REPUBLIC
THE CONCEPT:

• EBENEZER HOWARD WANTED TO SOLVE THE INCREASING PROBLEMS OF TOWNS AND

HENCE HE PROPOSED A SOLUTION IN THE FORM OF THE ‘GARDEN CITY’. HE ATTEMPTED
TO EXPLAIN HIS IDEA THROUGH THE DIAGRAM OF ‘THE THREE MAGNETS’
THE THREE MAGNETS
• HE MENTIONED THE ADVANTAGES AND THE DISADVANTAGES OF BOTH TOWN LIFE AND
COUNTRY LIFE ON THE RESPECTIVE TWO MAGNETS- NAMELY TOWN MAGNET AND
COUNTRY MAGNET
ADVANTAGES OF TOWN MAGNET BEING
• OPPORTUNITIES OF WORK, HIGH WAGES , SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES AND AMUSEMENTS ,
PROPER STREETS AND SANITATION
DISADVANTAGES OF A TOWN
• DISTANCE FROM WORK, ISOLATION OF CROWDS , DIRTY AIR AND THE SLUMS.
• WHEREAS ADVANTAGES OF COUNTRY ARE NATURAL BEAUTY, FRESH AIR.
• ON THE THIRD MAGNET HE LISTED DOWN ATTRACTIVE FEATURES OF BOTH TOWN AND
COUNTRY LIFE AND POSED THE PROBLEM OF WHERE WOULD PEOPLE GO.
• HENCE THE CONCEPTION OF GARDEN CITY WHICH AIMED TO COMBINE THE
ADVANTAGES OF BOTH COUNTRY AND TOWN LIFE EXAMPLES LETCHWORTH. THREE MAGNET DIAGRAM 2
 CORE GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLES:
• STRONG COMMUNITY
• ORDERED DEVELOPMENT
• ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

 THESE WERE TO BE ACHIEVED BY :

• UNIFIED OWNERSHIP OF LAND TO PREVENT
INDIVIDUAL LAND.
• SPECULATION AND MAXIMIZE COMMUNTIY
BENEFITS.
• CAREFUL PLANNING TO PROVIDE GENEROUS
LIVING AND WORKING SPACE WHILE MAINTAINING
NATURAL QUALITIES.
• SOCIAL MIX AND GOOD COMMUNITY FACILITIES.
• LIMIT TO GROWTH OF EACH GARDEN CITY. THE ORIGINAL GARDEN
• LOCAL PARTICIPATION IN DECISION ABOUT CITY CONCEPT
DEVELOPMENT. BY EBENEZER HOWARD,
1902

 AFFORDABILITY:
HOWARD WANTED GARDEN CITY FOR ALL INCOMES.
MOST ORIGINALLY FOR THOSE OF MODEST INCOMES.
THERE ATTRACTIVNESS AS LIVING ENVIRONMENTS HAS OFTEN
MADE THEM BECAME MORE POPULAR WITH BETTER OFF PEOPLE.
IT IS AN IDEAL CITY INDUSTRY IS BALANCED WITH AGRICULTURE,
HOUSING CAREFULLY DISTRIBUTED, AND TRANSPORT
RATIONALISED.
HOWEVER, THE 32,000 INHABITANTS OF THIS GARDEN CITY ARE
MORE MIXED, BY AGE, OCCUPATION AND ABILITIES.

DETAIL SECTION OF GARDEN CITY

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APPLICATIONS:
(I). WELWYN, U.K.
WELWYN – 24 MILES FROM LONDON.
LAND OF 2378 ACRES.
DESIGNED FOR A MAXIMUM OF 40000 POPULATION.
IN 15 YEARS – DEVELOPED WITH 10000 POPULATION
AND 50 SHOPS, INDUSTRIES.
WELWYN CITY IS A TOWN WITHIN THE WELWYN
HATFIELD BOROUGH OF HERTFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND.
PLANNED BY LOUIS DE SOISSONS 1921.
WELWYN GARDEN CITY WAS THE SECOND GARDEN
CITY IN ENGLAND (FOUNDED 1920) AND ONE OF THE
FIRST NEW TOWNS (DESIGNATED 1948).
IT IS UNIQUE IN BEING BOTH A GARDEN CITY AND A
NEW TOWN AND EXEMPLIFIES THE PHYSICAL, SOCIAL
AND CULTURAL PLANNING IDEALS OF

AERIAL VIEW OF WELWYN

PLAN OF WELWYN

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(II). LETCHWORTH, ENGLAND, U.K.
LETCHWORTH – 35MILES FROM LONDON.
LAND OF 3822 ACRES.
RESERVED GREEN BELT – 1300 ACRES.
DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM OF 35OOO POPULATION.
IN 30 YEARS – DEVELOPED WITH 15000 POPULATION
AND 150 SHOPS, INDUSTRIES.
THE LAND USED WAS PURCHASED BY QUAKERS WHO
HAD INTENDED TO FARM THE AREA AND BUILD A
QUAKER COMMUNITY.
THE TOWN WAS LAID OUT BY RAYMOND UNWIN AS A
DEMONSTRATION OF THE PRINCIPLES ESTABLISHED BY
EBENEZER HOWARD WHO SOUGHT TO CREATE AN
ALTERNATIVE TO THE INDUSTRIAL CITY BY
COMBINING BE BEST OF TOWN AND COUNTRY
LIVING.
IT IS ALSO HOME TO THE UNITED KINGDOM'S FIRST
ROUNDABOUT, WHICH WAS BUILT IN 1909.

PLAN OF LETCHWORTH

AERIAL VIEW OF LETCHWORTH

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 PATRICK GEDDES
• SIR PATRICK GEDDES (2 OCTOBER 1854 – 17 APRIL 1932) WAS A SCOTTISH BIOLOGIST,
SOCIOLOGIST, GEOGRAPHER, PHILANTHROPIST AND PIONEERING TOWN PLANNER .
• HE IS KNOWN FOR HIS INNOVATIVE THINKING IN THE FIELDS OF URBAN
PLANNING AND SOCIOLOGY.
• HE WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF "REGION“
TO ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING AND IS ALSO KNOWN TO HAVE COINED THE TERM
"CONURBATION“.
• HE’S THE FATHER OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING AND REGIONAL PLANNING.
• HE EARNED HIM A REVERED PLACE AMONGST THE FOUNDING FATHERS OF THE
BRITISH TOWN PLANNING MOVEMENT.

 A CONURBATION IS A REGION COMPRISING A NUMBER OF CITIES, LARGE TOWNS, AND OTHER URBAN AREAS THAT, THROUGH
POPULATION GROWTH AND PHYSICAL EXPANSION, HAVE MERGED TO FORM ONE CONTINUOUS URBAN AND INDUSTRIALLY
DEVELOPED AREA. A CONURBATION CAN BE CONFUSED WITH A METROPOLITAN AREA. A METROPOLITAN AREA CONSIST OF
A CENTRAL CITY AND ITS SUBURBS, WHILE A CONURBATION CONSISTS OF ADJACENT METROPOLITAN AREAS THAT ARE CONNECTED
WITH ONE ANOTHER BY URBANIZATION.

PLANNING CONCEPTS:

• HE ADVOCATED THE SEQUENCE OF PLANNING TO

BE:
REGIONAL SURVEY.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT.
TOWN PLANNING AND
CITY DESIGN.

• THESE STEPS WERE REQUIRED TO BE KEPT

CONSTANTLY UP TO DATE.

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 PLANNING PHILOSOPHY: GEDDES ADAPTED THESE
I. THE CONCEPT OF PLACE ,WORK AND FOLK : “GEDDESIAN TRIAD” THEORIES, CHANGING THE
HE WAS THE FIRST TO LINK SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS TO TOWN PLANNING LAST LE PLAY'S SOCIAL UNITS
FROM "FAMILY" TO "FOLK”.
• FRENCH THEORIST FREDERIC LE PLAY, THEORIZE FROM GEDDES PERSPECTIVE,
THAT SOCIETY COULD BE EXPLAINED BY THE
Place
THE PURPOSE OF HIS THEORY
INTERACTIONS AMONG THREE UNITS OF SOCIETY (environment
WAS TO UNDERSTANDING
INCLUDING:- RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE
 PLACE( ENVIRONMENT) Work Family UNITS OF SOCIETY AND TO
 WORK (FUNCTION) AND (function) (organism) FIND EQUILIBRIUM AMONG
 FAMILY. PEOPLE AND THE
• HIS CENTRAL ARGUMENT WAS THAT PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, MARKET ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT TO IMPROVE
ANTHROPOLOGY WERE RELATED TO YIELD A “SINGLE CHORD OF SOCIAL LIFE OF ALL THREE CONDITIONS. IN THE CONTEXT
COMBINE”. OF THIS THEORY, FAMILY WAS
VIEWED AS THE CENTRAL
Place “BIOLOGICAL UNIT OF HUMAN
(environment) SOCIETY.”

Work Folk
(Function) (organism)
Physical
geography

Market
economics anthropology
IN GEDDES ON WORDS
“TOWN PLANNING IS NOT
MERE PLACE PLANNING,
NOR EVEN WORK
PLANNING. IF IT IS TO BE
SUCCESSFUL IT MUST BE
“SINGLE CHORD OF SOCIAL LIFE OF
FOLK PLANNING” ALL THREE COMBINE”.
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II. THE OUTLOOK TOWER – “THE OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE”:

• IN 1892, TO ALLOW THE GENERAL PUBLIC AN OPPORTUNITY TO

OBSERVE THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PLACE, WORK AND FOLK,
GEDDES OPENED A “SOCIOLOGICAL LABORATORY” CALLED
THE OUTLOOK TOWER .
• THE TOPMOST STOREY WAS ALLOTTED FOR VISITORS TO HAVE A
BROAD OUTLOOK OF THE CITY.
• THE STOREY BELOW WAS ALLOTTED FOR SCIENCES STARTING
FROM GEOGRAPHY , ASTRONOMY,HISTORY ETC.
• CONTINUED TO DOWN FLOORS HAVING CITY MAPS, SURVEY DATA
OF SCOTLAND, GREAT-BRITAIN , EUROPE AND FINALLY THE
GROUND FLOOR ENDED IN EXHIBITING THE ORIENTAL
CIVILIZATION AND GENERAL STUDY OF MAN.

• TOOK OVER “SHORT’S

OBSERVATORY” IN 1892.
• SPECTACULAR VIEWS THE
SURROUNDING CITY REGION.
• POSITIONED AT THE TOP IS THE
“CAMERA OBSCURA”, WHICH
REFRACTS AN IMAGE ONTO A
WHITE TABLE WITHIN, FOR STUDY
AND SURVEY.

• A TOOL FOR REGIONAL ANALYSIS, INDEX-MUSEUM, AND THE WORL’S FIRST

SOCIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.
• IT REPRESENTS THE ESSENCE OF GEDDE’S THOUGHT.
• NOW THE TOWER IS HOME TO THE PATRICK GEDDES CENTRE FOR PLANNING
STUDIES, WHERE AN ARCHIVE AND EXHIBITION ARE HOUSED.
• THE OUTLOOK TOWER WAS A POWERFUL TOOL IN COMMUNICATING IDEAS ABOUT
THE WIDER CONTEXT IN WHICH CITIES EXIST AND DEVELOP.
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 III. VALLEY SECTION PRINCIPLES:

• GEDDES DREW ON LE PLAY'S CIRCULAR THEORY OF

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS PRESENTING
ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS AND
OPPORTUNITIES THAT IN TURN DETERMINE THE
NATURE OF WORK.
• GEDDES POINTS OUT HOW THE GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES , THE CONTOUR AND RELIEF ARE
ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMITIVE OCCUPATIONS OF
MAN.

• IN 1909, GEDDES PLANNED THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS IN EDINBURGH, WHICH LED TO HIS DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL PLANNING
MODEL CALLED THE VALLEY SECTION. THIS MODEL ILLUSTRATED THE COMPLEX INTERACTION AMONG BIO-GEOMORPHOLOGY,
NATURAL OCCUPATIONS SUCH AS A HUNTER, MINER, OR FISHER THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHIES THAT IN TURN
DETERMINE PATTERNS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT . THE POINT OF THIS MODEL WAS TO UNDERSTAND PROCESSES BY WHICH
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANS AND THEN ENVIRONMENT COULD BE IMPROVED THROUGH REGIONAL PLANNING.

IV. SATELLITE TOWNS: HE SAW THE CITY AS A SERIES OF COMMON

• SATELLITE CITIES ARE SMALL OR MEDIUM TYPE PREDATE INTERLOCKING PATTERNS, ‘AN INSEPARABLY
THAT METROPOLIS- “SURBURBAN REACTION). INTERWOVEN STRUCTURE’, LIKE TO A
• ARE AT LEAST PARTIALLY INDEPENDENT FROM THAT FLOWER. HE CRITICIZED THE TENDENCY OF
METROPOLIS MODERN SCIENTIFIC THINKING TO
SPECIALIZATION. IN HIS ‘REPORT TO THE H.H.
V. WORK IN INDIA: THE MAHARAJA OF KAPURTHALA’ IN 1917 HE
• PRESERVING HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND BUILDINGS OF WROTE:
RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE. “EACH OF THE VARIOUS SPECIALISTS
• DEVELOPING A CITY WORTHY OF CIVIC PRIDE, NOT AN REMAINS TOO CLOSELY CONCENTRATED
IMITATION OF EUROPEAN CITIES. UPON HIS SINGLE SPECIALISM, TOO LITTLE
• PROMOTING THE HAPPINESS, HEALTH AND COMFORT OF AWAKE TO THOSE OF THE OTHERS. EACH
ALL RESIDENTS, RATHER THAN FOCUSING ON ROADS AND SEES CLEARLY AND SEIZES FIRMLY UPON
PARKS AVAILABLE ONLY TO THE RICH. ONE PETAL OF THE SIX-LOBED FLOWER OF
• CONTROL OVER FUTURE GROWTH WITH ADEQUATE LIFE AND TEARS IT APART FROM THE
PROVISION FOR FUTURE REQUIREMENTS WHOLE.”
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 EKISTICS
• EKISTICS IS THE STUDY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT, WHICH EXAMINES NOT ONLY BUIILT FORMS, BUT ALSO THE INTERFACE OF TIME,
MOVEMENTS AND SYSTEMS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
• KONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS (1942) SAW EKISTICS AS AN INTELLECTUAL APPROACH TO BALANCE THE CONVERGENCE OF
THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE IN HUMAN SETTLEMENTS.
• IT IS A SYSTEM FOR CREATIVELY COPING WITH THE GROWTH OF POPULATION, RAPID CHANGE AND THE PRESSURES OF LARGE-
SCALE, HIGH-DENSITY HOUSING.
• ONE OF THE PRIMARY TENETS OF EKISTICS IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS BASED ON HEXAGONAL
INFRASTRUCTURES. RECTILINEAR URBAN PLANNING IS SHOWN TO FAIL MISERABLY IN THE ABILITY TO EFFICIENTLY HANDLE THE
VARIOUS ZONES (RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL) IN WAYS THAT SUPPORT PEOPLE THAT ARE COLLECTIVELY AND
DEMONSTRABLY WELL AND FIT (INTEGRATED AND BALANCED SPIRIT, MIND, AND BODY).
• NAMES OF UNITS AND POPULATION SCALE (FINAL VERSION, FROM C.A.DOXIADIS' LAST BOOK, ACTION FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS,
P. 186, ATHENS CENTER OF EKISTICS, 1976):
NOTE: THE POPULATION FIGURES BELOW ARE FOR DOXIADIS' IDEAL FUTURE EKISTIC UNITS FOR THE YEAR 2100 AT WHICH TIME HE
ESTIMATED (IN 1968) THAT EARTH WOULD ACHIEVE ZERO POPULATION GROWTH AT A POPULATION OF 50,000,000,000 WITH
HUMAN CIVILIZATION BEING POWERED BY FUSION ENERGY

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 LE CORBUSIER

• LE CORBUSIER WAS BORN IN LA CHAUX-DE-FONDS, SWITZERLAND, 1887.

• TRAINED AS AN ARTISAN, HE TRAVELLED EXTENSIVELY THROUGH GERMANY AND THE
EAST.
• FROM 1907 TO 1911, LE CORBUSIER UNDERTOOK A 10 SERIES OF TRIPS THAT PLAYED
A
DECISIVE ROLE IN THE EDUCATION OF THIS SELF-TAUGHT ARCHITECT.
• HE AFFIRMED THAT TOWN PLANNING IS THE ORGANIZATIONS OF FUNCTIONS OF
COLLECTIVE LIFE – THIS APPLIES TO BOTH RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS.
• FOUR FUNCTIONS OF ANY SETTLEMENT
• DWELLING
• WORK
• RECREATION
• TRANSPORTATION, WHICH CONNECTS THE FIRST THREE WITH ONE ANOTHER.

CIAM 1928:

•LE CORBUSIER ORGANIZED IN CIAM, ASSEMBLY OF CONSTRUCTORS FOR AN ARCHITECTURAL RENEWAL (ASCORAL) WHICH
SYSTEMATICALLY STUDIED THE PROBLEMS OF CONSTRUCTION, ARCHITECTURE AND CITY PLANNING.
• IT RESULTED IN THE PUBLICATION OF ‘THE THREE HUMAN ESTABLISHMENTS’.

• THE EXAMINATION OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN A MECHANISTIC SOCIETY LED TO THE RECOGNITION OF THE UTILITY AND
NECESSITY OF THREE UNIT ESTABLISHMENTS INDISPENSABLE FOR HUMAN ACTIVITY :
• THE FARMING UNIT – THE COOPERATIVE VILLAGE : A UNIT FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
• THE LINEAR INDUSTRIAL CITY
• THE RADIO CONCENTRIC CITY - SAME AS RADIANT CITY (VILLE RADIUSES') FOR THE EXCHANGE OF GOODS AND SERVICES.

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 CITY OF THREE MILLION

•PHILOSOPHY OF LE CORBUSIER, NO MATTER HOW OPEN AND GREEN,

CITIES SHOULD BE FRANKLY URBAN. URBAN SURROUNDINGS ARE TO
BE DEFINITELY CONTRASTING WITH RURAL SURROUNDINGS.
• DENSITIES ARE IN THEMSELVES NOT A PROBLEM. CONGESTION AND
SLUM CONDITIONS IN THE CITIES ARE DUE TO EXCESSIVE COVERAGE,
PERSISTENCE OF OLD STREET PATTERNS AND UNRESTRICTED LAND
SPECULATION.
• SLUMS EXIST BECAUSE OF THE FAILURE TO PROVIDE THE PROPER
SURROUNDING FOR HIGH DENSITY LIVING.
• HE PROTESTS AGAINST STRICT FUNCTIONALISM : “HUMAN
CREATIONS THAT SURVIVE ARE THOSE WHICH PRODUCE EMOTIONS,
AND NOT THOSE WHICH ARE ONLY USEFUL”

• LA VILLE CONTEMPORAINE (CONCENTRIC CITY) 1922 CITY FOR 3 PERSPECTIVE OF THE CITY OF THREE MILLIONS
MILLION PEOPLE WAS PROPOSED BY LE CORBUSIER IN 1922, WHICH
WAS BASED ON FOUR PRINCIPLES :
• DECONGESTION OF THE CENTRE OF THE CITIES
• AUGMENTATION OF THE DENSITY
• ENLARGEMENT OF THE MEANS OF CIRCULATION
• INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF PARKS AND OPEN SPACES

THREE ZONES:

• CENTRAL CITY
• PROTECTED GREEN BELT
• FACTORIES & SATELLITE TOWNS

MODEL OF THE HYPOTHETICAL CITY

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CENTRAL CITY:
• RECTANGLE CONTAINING TWO CROSS AXIAL HIGHWAYS
• AT ITS HEART WAS A SIX-LEVEL TRANSPORT INTERCHANGE
– CENTRE FOR MOTOR, RAIL LINES (UNDERGROUND AND
MAIN-LINE RAILWAYS) AND ROOF OF WHICH IS AIR-FIELD.
• 24 CRUCIFORM SKYSCRAPERS – 60 STORIED OFFICE
BUILDING WITH DENSITY 1200 PPA AND COVERS 5%OF THE
GROUND.
• SURROUNDING SKYSCRAPERS WAS APARTMENT DISTRICT –
8 STOREY BUILDINGS ARRANGED IN ZIGZAG ROWS WITH
BROAD OPEN SPACES WITH DENSITY OF 120 PPA.
• THE BUILDINGS IN THE CENTRAL AREA WERE RAISED
ON STILTS (PILOTIS) SO AS TO LEAVE PANORAMAS OF
UNBROKEN GREENERY AT GROUND LEVEL.
• THE GENERAL IMPRESSION WAS MORE OF A CITY IN
A PARK THAN OF A PARKLAND IN THE CITY.
• THE CITY ESPOUSED SPACE, SPEED, MASS
PRODUCTION AND EFFICIENT ORGANISATION, BUT
ALSO OFFERED COMBINATION OF NATURAL AND
URBAN ENVIRONMENTS.

CRITICISM:
• CLASS BASED CONCEPTION OF LIFE
DIFFERENT CLASSES BEING SEPARATELY
HOUSED.
• DOUBTS WERE EXPRESSED ABOUT THE
SCALE AND DEGREE OF CENTRALISATION.

PLAN VOISIN 1925:

• LE CORBUSIER REWORKED CERTAIN
ELEMENTS OF THE VILLE
CONTEMPORAINE & APPLIED TO A
SECTION OF PARIS.
• 18 DOUBLE CRUCIFORM 60 – STOREY
SKYSCRAPERS, PLACED IN AN
ORTHOGONAL STREET GRID AND PARK
LIKE GREEN SPACE.
• THREE CLUSTERS OF LUXURY
APARTMENTS

PLAN OF THE CITY OF THREE MILLIONS

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 HE UNDERTOOK TOWN PLANNING PROPOSAL FOR ALGIERS. AND
THE RESULTING OBUS PLAN WAS A VARIATION OF THE RADIANT
CITY.
 IT COMPRISED OF FOUR MAIN ELEMENTS :

1. AN ADMINISTRATION AREA BY THE WATER IN TWO SLAB BLOCKS.

2. CONVEX AND CONCAVE APARTMENT BLOCKS FOR THE MIDDLE
CLASSES UP ON THE SLOPES ABOVE THE CITY.
3. AN ELEVATED ROAD ON NORTH SOUTH AXIS.
4. AND A MEANDERING VIADUCT WHICH WAS LATER REPLACED BY
HIGHWAYS.

ANALOGY OF THE CITY WITH THE ABSTRACT IMAGE OF A MAN:

• THE SKYSCRAPERS (BUSINESS AREA) OF THE VILLE
CONTEMPORAINE WERE REARRANGED AWAY FROM THE CITY
CENTRE AT THE ‘HEAD’…[THE] ‘BODY’ WAS MADE UP OF ACRES OF
HOUSING STRIPS LAID OUT IN A STEPPING PLAN TO GENERATE OBUS MODEL
SEMI-COURTS AND HARBOURS OF GREENERY CONTAINING TENNIS
COURTS, PLAYING FIELDS AND PATHS.
• TRAFFIC PATTERN – AN ORTHOGONAL SYSTEM WITH SUPER
IMPOSED DIAGONALS & THE CIVIC CENTRE IS ON THE MAIN AXIS.
• LIGHT MANUFACTURING, FREIGHT YARDS AND HEAVY INDUSTRIES
AT THE BOTTOM.

THE LOGIC OF INCREASING URBAN

(DENSITY)
•“THE MORE DENSE THE POPULATION OF A CITY IS THE LESS ARE THE
DISTANCES THAT HAVE TO BE COVERED.”

“THE MORAL, THEREFORE, IS THAT WE MUST INCREASE THE DENSITY

OF THE CENTRES OF OUR CITIES, WHERE BUSINESS AFFAIRS ARE OBUS PLAN
CARRIED ON.”
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