Adolescence

Physical
- Between ten and fifteen, which typically begins with
budding breasts and growth spurts, typically reaching
their adult height by age 13 for females.
- Males begin their maturation development around
eleven and continue to grow in height into their
twenties (Berk, 2013).
- Athletic agility & precise muscle development
- Brain development is apparent with, "​the surge in sex hormones
(both estrogens and androgens) at puberty heightens
sensitivity of the prefrontal cortex and inner brain
structures (such as the amygdala) to the hormone
oxytocin,​ secreted by the pituitary gland" (Berk, 2013,
5.2).
Social & Cultural Influences
- Positive parenting
- Discipline: Corporal Punishment
- SES plays a role in how a child is treated and what is expected of
them
- In accordance with Enkeleda (2017), "they face a number of
problems, concerned with physical change, anxiety about
heterosexual relationships, fear of being rejected in a peer group,
conflict with parents, choice of different systems
values, orientation towards a professional field or
another" (p. 98).

Cognitive
- Abstract thinking about bigger elements such as: philosophy,
politics, global awareness
- Goal setting for realistic future goals
Social/Emotional
- Peer comparison Play Based Strategies
- Long term relationships (The Growing - Positive remarks to increase communication
Child: Adolescent (13 to 18 Years), n.d.) - Support children's emotional and social development and struggles
- Peer expectations - Peer pressure - When picking up your child from school, ask for one detail if they
Language don't seem to talk about their day. This can be made into a game for
- 40,000 words the purpose of information seeking and touching base. Taking turns,
- Subtle, nonliteral word meanings, abstract terms may help them understand the adults in their lives also struggle with
- Sarcasm, irony, proverbs peers and authority figures.
Moral Reasoning/Self-Regulation
- Parental consistency
- Warm parent-child relationships
- Ability to explain own thought processes and beliefs
- Founded in childhood and parent-rearing methods
Atypical
- Children are withdrawn and isolated from peers
- Difficulty with social interactions
- Lack of eye contact or verbal communication
 References

Berk, L. E. (2013). Child development. (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, ​NJ: Pearson​. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/

Enkeleda Stefa. (2017). Health, well-being and stages of development of children and adolescents. ​European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences,

1(​ 2), 98-104. Retrieved from

http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsdoj&AN=edsdoj.080460daabd542718b495ba3109a76a1&site=ed

s-live&scope=site

The Growing Child: Adolescent (13 to 18 Years). (n.d.).​ Stanford Children's Health​. Retrieved from

https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=the-growing-child-adolescent-13-to-18-years-90-P02175