1.

0 INTRODUCTION

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater

and household sewage water. It includes physical, biological and sometimes chemical
processes to remove pollutants. Its aim is to produce an environmentally safe sewage
water, called effluent, and a solid waste, called sludge or biosolids, suitable for
disposal or reuse. Reuse is often for agricultural purposes, but more recently, sludge is
being used as a fuel source.

We have been given a task to determine the expected wastewater flow rate of a
design parameter called “population equivalent” (PE) and convert it into flow rate. We
have to determine the location of manholes and sewage treatment plant near our study
area.

In order to design pipe network, pump stations and sewage treatment plants,
estimates need to be made of the volumetric flow rate which will be expected to be
carried, pumped and treated. The method used to calculate a design parameter called
the "population equivalent" (PE) of a catchment and convert this to a flow rate. The PE
is an estimate of the usage made of sewage facilities.

Various methods of sewage treatment systems have been developed for

different areas and purposes. For urban centres where the population is concentrated
from a large area, centralized treatment systems have evolved, which produces a high
quality effluent. Simpler systems such as communal treatment system have been used
to service small communities. Type of sewage treatment system for mix development
is determined by population equivalent. If PE < 30 septic tank is use. If PE>30 sewage
treatment plant is used. Where populations are less dense, the receiving environment is
able to cope with lesser level of treatment, often only primary treatment will be
provided. However as population increases, these primary treatment systems must be
replaced with secondary treatment systems.

A manhole is a large hole in a road or path where it is the top opening to an

underground utility vault used to house an access point for making connections,
inspection, valve adjustments or performing maintenance on underground and buried
public utility and other services including water, sewers, telephone, electricity, storm
drains, district heating and gas. Manhole closings are protected by a manhole cover, a
flat plug designed to prevent accidental or unauthorized access to the manhole. Those
plugs are traditionally made of metal, but may be constructed from precast concrete,
glass reinforced plastic or other composite material. Workers can climb down through
manholes when they want to examine or clean the drains by removing the metal cover.
The manhole will connect to the sewerage system. Sewerage system is the underground
collection for wastewater flowing in sewers which finally will be treated in sewage
treatment plant.

The area given to study is Astaka, which is a multi-usage hall that built with
rectangular shape with dimension of 45.38m × 27.47m. Since Astaka is considered as
commercial areas, thus the PE is calculated from the floor area. There is a communal
sewerage treatment plant which is 70 meter away from the study area.

https://www.iwk.com.my/do-you-know/population-equivalents

https://www.slideshare.net/SharifahNurulAin/sewage-treatment-plant-design-
calculation