General Physics CH 01 PDF

Chapter 1 Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
General Physics
Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy
(PhD Materials Science)
azeez.azeez@su.edu.krd

Chapter One
Physical Quantities,
Units and
Measurements
Who am I?
(i) Academic Qualifications:
1. B. Sc. (1994-1998) in Physics -
Department of Physics, College of
Education, University of Salahaddin Erbil
-Iraq.
2. M. Sc. (2002-2004) in
Superconducting Transmission line -
Department of Physics, College of
Education, University of Salahaddin Erbil
-Iraq.
3. PhD (2011-2014) in Material Science
(Electroplating), Material centre /
University of Leicester –Leicester,
United Kingdom.

(ii) Publications:

What I’m doing:
Experimental and Theoretical

Class Policies:

Class Policies:

Course Information:

Course Information:

Course Information:

Course Information:

Course Information:

Course Information:

Course Information:

Course Information:

Course Information:

Course Information:

Course Information:

Course reading list:

Student’s obligation:
1. The attendance and completion of all
tests, exams, assignments, reports,
essay…
2. There will be a homework which is
important for developing an
understanding of the course material
due (almost) every week.
3. Questions in lecture are always good,
and are strongly encouraged.
4. I strongly encourage collaboration, an
essential skill in science, by making a
presentation writing a report and so
on. Do not be late…
5. After each assignment handling there
will be a very short quiz covering the
material in class.
Student’s obligation:
• Your work in this class

must be your own also
do not give your own
homework to anyone
else.
• We highly recommend
that you print out your
homework. This will
make the graders‘
jobs easier.
My website:

What is Physics?
Physics is a branch of science that
involves the study of the physical
world: energy, matter, and how
they are related. Physicists
investigate the motions of
electrons and rockets, the energy
in sound waves and electric
circuits, the structure of the
proton and of the universe. The
goal of this course is to help you
understand the physical world.
Before Physics
Max Planck Albert Einstein Clerk Maxwell
After Physics
Max Planck Albert Einstein Clerk Maxwell

Classical mechanics vs. Quantum mechanics

Physics and Measurements

When you can measure what
you are speaking about, and
express it in numbers, you know
something about it; but when
you cannot measure it, when
you cannot express it in
numbers, your knowledge of it
is of an insufficient and
unsatisfactory kind; it may be
the beginning of knowledge,
but you have scarcely, in your
Lord Kelvin
thoughts, advanced it to the
stage of science.

Physical Quantities
Most observation in physics are quantitative

Qualitative Observations QuaNtitative Observations
Quantitative precise but qualitative imprecise

Physical Quantities
Qualitative Observations QuaNtitative Observations

Physical Quantities
A physical quantity is one that can be measured and
consists of a magnitude and unit.

4.5 m

International System of Units
SI
a system of physical units ( SI units )
based on the metre, kilogram, second,
ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole,

Physical Quantities
Fundamental Quantities Derived Quantities

Mass Kilogram Acceleration m/s2
Time Second Density Kg/m3
Temperature Kelvin Pressure Pascal
Potential Difference Volt
Electric Current Ampere
Volume m3
Luminous Intensity Candela Force Newton
Length Meter Speed m/s
Amount Of Substance Mole Area m2

Physical Quantities
Fundamental Quantities Derived Quantities
Brick – the basic the house that was

building block of a build up from a collection
house of bricks (basic quantity)
Physical Quantities
Time: The SI unit of

time is the Second,
which is the time
required for a
cesium133 atom to
undergo 9192631770
vibrations ( Resonance
frequency)
Physical Quantities
Length: The SI unit of

length is Meter, which is
the distance travelled by
light in vacuum during a
time of 1/2999792458
second.

Physical Quantities
Mass: scientists created a

cylindrical hunk of mass
from platinum-iridium alloy.
The cylinder, which weighs
approximately 2.2 pounds
(1 kilogram), is the
definition of the kilogram.

Physical Quantities

Physical Quantities

Physical Quantities

Physical Quantities
Prefixes
Prefixes simplify the writing of very large or very small
quantities
Prefix Abbreviation Power
nano n 10−9
micro  10−6
milli m 10−3
centi c 10−2
deci d 10−1
kilo k 103
mega M 106
giga G 109

Physical Quantities
Prefixes
This galaxy is about The diameter of

2.5 × 106 light years this atom is about
from the Earth. 1 × 10−10 m or 1Ǻ
Physical Quantities


Physical Quantities
149.6 million km


1st Home Work

Coordinate Systems
A coordinate system consists of four basic elements:
(1) Choice of origin
(2) Choice of axes
(3) Choice of positive direction for each axis
(4) Choice of unit vectors for each axis

Coordinate Systems
There are three commonly used coordinate systems:
Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical.
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical

Coordinate Systems
Polar Coordinates
The relationship between the Cartesian (x, y) and polar
coordinates (r, q) shown in the following figure
x = r cosƟ
And
y = r sinƟ
By squaring the two equations then add them we obtain:
By dividing the tow equations we obtain:

tan Ɵ = x/y

Scalars and Vectors
• Scalar quantities are quantities that have

magnitude only. Two examples are shown below:
Measuring Mass Measuring Temperature

Scalars and Vectors
• Scalar quantities are added or subtracted by using

simple arithmetic.
Example: 4 kg plus 6 kg gives the answer 10 kg
6 kg
4 kg
+ =
10 kg

Scalars and Vectors
• Vector quantities are quantities that have both

magnitude and direction
A Force
Magnitude = 100 N
Direction = Left

Scalars and Vectors

• Examples of scalars and vectors
Scalars Vectors
distance displacement
speed velocity
mass weight
time acceleration
pressure force
energy momentum
volume
density

Scalars and Vectors

Properties of Vectors

Scalars and Vectors


Scalars and Vectors


Scalars and Vectors


Scalars and Vectors



Scalars and Vectors
Applications of Vectors





Scalars and Vectors

Adding Vectors using Graphical Method
• Parallel vectors can be added arithmetically
4N
6N 4N
2N
2N 2N

Scalars and Vectors

Adding Vectors using Graphical Method
• Non-parallel vectors are added by graphical
means using the parallelogram law
– Vectors can be represented graphically by arrows
5.0 cm 20.0 N
Direction = right
– The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the
vector
– The direction of the arrow represents the direction of the
vector
– The magnitude and direction of the resultant vector can be
found using an accurate scale drawing

Scalars and Vectors
• The parallelogram law of vector addition states

that if two vectors acting at a point are
represented by the sides of a parallelogram
drawn from that point, their resultant is
represented by the diagonal which passes through
that point of the parallelogram

Scalars and Vectors

Another method of Adding Vectors
• To add vectors A and B
– place the starting point of B at the ending point of A
– The vector sum or resultant R is the vector joining the
starting point of vector A to the ending point of B
– Conversely, R can also be obtained by placing the
starting point of A at the ending point of B
– Now the resultant is represented by the vector joining
the starting point of B to the ending point of A
• See next slide

Scalars and Vectors
B
A
A
B

1. Scalar quantities are quantities that only have

magnitudes
2. Vector quantities are quantities that have both
magnitude and direction
3. Parallel vectors can be added arithmetically
4. Non-parallel vectors are added by graphical
means using the parallelogram law

2nd Home Work

Scalars and Vectors

Scalars and Vectors

Scalars and Vectors




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Chapter 1 Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

What I’m doing:

Experimental and Theoretical

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Course reading list:

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

• Your work in this class

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Max Planck Albert Einstein Clerk Maxwell

Max Planck Albert Einstein Clerk Maxwell

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Classical mechanics vs. Quantum mechanics

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Physics and Measurements

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Most observation in physics are quantitative

Quantitative precise but qualitative imprecise

Qualitative Observations QuaNtitative Observations

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

International System of Units

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Fundamental Quantities Derived Quantities

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Fundamental Quantities Derived Quantities

Brick – the basic the house that was

Time: The SI unit of

Length: The SI unit of

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Mass: scientists created a

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

This galaxy is about The diameter of

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

1st Home Work

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

By dividing the tow equations we obtain:

Asst. Prof. Dr Azeez Barzinjy

Scalars and Vectors