Sei sulla pagina 1di 40

COMPUTER SCIENCE

SECOND YEAR (STD XII)

Volume 2 Notes

(2 marks,5 marks and one word


questions and answers)

1
INDEX
CHAPTER 1: OBJECT ORIENTED CONCEPTS USING C++................................................................................... 3
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................ 3
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF C++ ................................................................................................................................. 5
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................ 5
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 3: BASIC STATEMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 12
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 12
IMPORTANT FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................... 12
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 4: FUNCTIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 16
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 16
IMPORTANT FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................... 16
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 5: STRUCTURED DATA TYPES: ARRAYS ............................................................................................ 21
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 21
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 6: CLASSSES AND OBJECTS.................................................................................................................. 24
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 24
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 25
CH 7 POLYMORPHISM ................................................................................................................................................. 27
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 27
IMPORTANT 5 MARKS QUESTIONS...................................................................................................................... 27
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 8: CONSTRUCTORS AND DESTRUCTORS ......................................................................................... 31
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 31
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 9: INHERITANCE ......................................................................................................................................... 32
IMPORTANT 2 MARKS QUESTIONS...................................................................................................................... 32
IMPORTANT 5 MARKS QUESTIONS...................................................................................................................... 33
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER 10: IMPACT OF COMPUTERS ................................................................................................................. 36
IMPORTANT 2 MARKS QUESTIONS...................................................................................................................... 36
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 36
Chapter 11: IT ENABLED SERVICES (ITES) ............................................................................................................. 37
IMPORTANT 2 MARKS QUESTIONS...................................................................................................................... 37
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 12: COMPUTER ETHICS ................................................................................................................................ 39
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 39
ONE WORD QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 39

2
CHAPTER 1: OBJECT ORIENTED CONCEPTS USING C++

IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS


 Define object
 An object is a group of related functions and data that serves those functions
 An object is a kind of a self-sufficient ―subprogram‖ with a specific functional area.
 The set of data items is split into smaller groups such that a set of operations can be performed on this group
without calling any other function. This group of data and the operations together are termed - ‗object‘.

 What is the significance of an object?


Real life objects like a bank-account, a student, a bird, a car , a chair etc., embodies both state and behaviour and
hence there is a resemblance with Objects in programming. Hence, Objects make it easy to represent real systems
in software programs
An object is a group of related functions and data that serves those functions.
 Define encapsulation
The mechanism by which the data and functions are bound together within an object definition is called as
ENCAPSULATION.
 Define polymorphism
The ability of an object to respond differently to different messages is called as polymorphism.
Polymorphism reduces software complexity, as multiple definitions are permitted to an operator or function
Example: Consider the job of drawing different shapes like rectangle, square, circle and an arc. If we use one
function, say, draw() which accepts different inputs and performs different functions accordingly for drawing different
shapes, then as far as the user is concerned, he will use the function draw() to draw different objects with different
inputs. This differential response of the function draw() based on different inputs is what is called as polymorphism.
 List advantages of object oriented programming
Advantages of Object Oriented Programming –
 Class data type allows programs to organize as objects that contain both data and functions .
 Data hiding or Abstraction of data provides security to data, as unrelated member functions(functions defined
outside the class cannot access its data
 Polymorphism reduces software complexity, as multiple definitions are permitted to an operator or function
 Inheritance allows a class to be derived from an existing class , thus promoting reusability of code, and also
promote insertion of updated modules to meet the requirements of the dynamic world
 What is meant by inheritance
Inheritance allows a class to be derived from an existing class, thus promoting reusability of code, and also promote
insertion of updated modules to meet the requirements of the dynamic world

ONE WORD QUESTIONS


__operates on a set of known input data items. Computer program
input and output data items were represented as __ variables
___categorize the input data items. Data types
__help us in organizing our ideas about the solution of the problem. Programming languages
Solution of a problem was earlier viewed as two separate segments: data and operations
Object oriented programming languages such as ___are based on the way human C++
beings normally deal with the complex aspects
facilitates the way of problem solving by combining ‗data‘ and ‗operations‘ that are to Object Oriented
be performed on the data programming
Group of data and operations together are termed as objects
___refers to physical features of an object State
___refers to kind of functions that an object can perform. Behaviour
__is a group of related functions and data that serves those functions. Object
_is a kind of a self sufficient subprogram with a specific functional area. Object
___communicates with one another sending data as inputs object
___ (or abstraction of data) provides security to data data hiding
The process of grouping data and its related functions into units called as objects is _ encapsulation
Mechanism by which data and functions are bound together is called __ encapsulation
Ability of an object to respond differently to different messages is called polymorphism.
Different response to different inputs is called polymorphism.
___reduces software complexity polymorphism
___provides multiple definitions to an operator or function Polymorphism
The data type __conventionally represents an object in the real world Class
__is a template for entities that have common behaviour. Class
___allows programs to organize as objects that contain both data and functions Class data type
3
__are power packed as they include the functionality of the base class along with derived classes
their own unique features
process of acquiring base class is called ___ inheritance
___increases the functionality of a derived class. Inheritance
___promotes reusability of code of the base class Inheritance
___ promote insertion of updated modules to meet requirements of dynamic world inheritance

4
CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF C++

IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS


 What are tokens? Write the classification of tokens
The basic types of elements used for coding are collectively called as TOKENS. A token is the smallest individual
unit in a program. Tokens are classified as shown

 What are keywords? Give examples


Keywords have special meaning to the language compiler. These are reserved words for special purpose. These
words cannot be used as normal identifiers. Examples: Auto, break const, case class, continue, default, delete, do,
else, enum, for, friend, goto, if inline, new, operator, private, protected, public, return, signed, sizeof, static, struct,
switch, this, unsigned, virtual, while.
 Write a short note on identifiers in C++
Identifiers are also called as variables. Variables are memory boxes that hold values or constants. A variable name
must begin with an alphabet or underscore followed by alphabets or numbers.
For example _test ; test ; sum12 are some valid identifiers.
 Write a note on string literal
String Literal is a sequence of characters surrounded by double quotes. String literals are treated as array of
characters. Each string literal is by default added with a special character ‗\0‘ which marks the end of a string. For
example ―testing‖
 Define operators. What are their classifications?
Operator specifies an operation to be performed that yields a value. An operand is an entity on which an operator
acts.
For example: RESULT = NUM1 + NUM2
NUM1 and NUM2 are operands. + is the additional operator, that performs the addition of the numbers. The result
(value) generated is stored in the variable RESULT by virtue of ―=‖ (Assignment) operator.
Operators are classified as
 Arithmetic  Assignment Conditional Logical Manipulator Shift
Preprocessor Relational Scope Resolution Type Cast Member dereferencing
Memory Management Component Selection
 Which operators are specific to C++?

The operators specific to C++ are


 What are relational operators? List out the relational operators in C++
Relational Operators are used to compare values. The list of relational operators are :
a)= = equal to b) > greater than c)< lesser than
d)>=, <= greater than or equal to , lesser that or equal to e) != not equal to
A relational expression is constructed using any two operands connected by a relational operator.
The result of a relational operation is returned as true or false. The numeric constant zero (0) represents False
value, and any nonzero constant represents true value.
Example: a) 10 > 20 (is false, will return 0 ) b) 9==9 (is true, will return 1)
 Explain conditional operators with example
?: Is a ternary operator or is also called as the conditional operator
The general syntax is E1 ? E2 : E3
where E1,E2,E3 are operands. E1 should essentially be of scalar type, E2 and E3 are values or statements.
For example to find the maximum value of the two values one can express it as :
max = (num1 > num2) ? num1 : num2; The variable max will take the value of num1 if num1 is greater than num2,
otherwise max will be assigned with the value of num2.
 Write code using conditional operators for F=0.5 if x=30 otherwise f=5
F = (x == 30) ? 0.5: 5;

 Write a note on assignment operators


= is the simple assignment operator. It is used to assign the result of an expression (on the right hand side) to the
variable (on the left hand side of the operator). In addition to the simple assignment operator, there are 10
‗shorthand‘ or compound assignment operators.They are:
+= , -=, *= , /= , %= (Bitwise assignment operators)&=, |=, ^=, <<= , >>=

5
 List any four punctuators in C++ and write a line about them
Punctuators are characters with a specific function.
Punctuators Purpose
; Terminates a C++ statement
// Treats statements prefixed with this as comments
/* */ Blocks enclosed within these character are treated as comment
{} Used to group a set of c++ statements. Coding for a function is also enclosed within these symbols
[] Index value for an element in an array is indicated within these brackets
‗‗ Is used to enclose a single character
―― Is used to enclose a set of characters
 What is a datatype in c++. What are the different datatypes in C++
Data Types are the kind of data that variables hold in a programming language. The ability to divide data into
different types in C++ enables one to work with complex objects. Data is grouped into different categories for the
following two reasons :
The compiler may use the proper internal representation for each data type
2) The programmer designing the programs may use appropriate operators for each data type. They can be broadly
classified into the following three categories: a) User defined type b) Built-in type c) Derived type

 What is a user defined data type? List out user defined data types
User Defined Data Type enables a programmer to invent his/ her own data type and define values it can assume.
This helps in improving readability of the program.
The various user defined data types are: Structure, Union, Class and Enumeration
Example: student is a user defined data type of class

 What is meant by type definition? Or write about typedef in C++


Users can define a variable that would represent an existing data type. ―Type definition‖ allows users to define
such user defined data type identifier. The syntax : typedef data_type user_defined_data_type_identifier;
For example: typedef int marks;
The data type identifiers marks is user defined identifiers for int. Users can define variables of int as follows:
marks eng_marks, math_marks;
grade eng_grade, math_grade ;
typedef helps in creating meaningful data type identifiers, that would increase the readability of the program.

6
 Write a note on enumerated data type
Enumerated data type is one of the user defined data type. Enumerated data type helps users in creating a list of
identifiers, also called as symbolic numeric constants of the type int.
The syntax: enum data type identifier (value 1, value 2, … value n);
Examples : enum working_days (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday);
enum holidays (Sunday, Saturday);
The identifiers working_days , holidays are user defined data type. Monday, Tuesday … is the list of values also
called as enumeration constants or numeric constants.
Users can declare variables of this enumerated data type using the syntax :
enum identifier variable1, variable2 …,variable n;
For example variables ‗first_workingday‘ and ‗last_workingday‘ of type ‗working_days‘ may be declared as follows:
working_days first_workingday, last_workingday;
These variables can take only one of the values defined for working_days.
The enumeration constants (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday…) are given integer constants starting with 0 (zero) by
the compiler.
first_workingday = Monday ; or first_workingday = 0 ;
Users can also redefine these integer constants by assigning explicit values to the enumeration constants as
enum working_days (Monday = 1, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday);
Here, constant Monday is assigned value of 1. The remaining constants are assigned successive integer constants.
 What is the void data type? List important purposes of void data type
void data type indicates the compiler that the function does not return a value, or in a larger context void indicates
that it holds nothing.
Void type has two important purposes:
o To indicate the a function does not return a value
o To declare a generic pointer

In the example, the prototype void fun(void) indicates


that the function does not return any value, nor does it
receives values(in the form of parameters). Hence the
call statement in the main() function is given as „fun()‟ .

 What are modifiers? What is the impact of modifiers?


Basic data types (like integral and floating) have several modifiers. These modifiers have a profound effect in the
internal representation of data. The modifier alters the base data type to yield new data type.
long, short, signed and unsigned are modifiers(qualifiers) that modify built–in data type with the exception of void.
The impact of modifiers:
o unsigned modifies the range of the integer values as the sign bit is also used to store data.
o long increases the bytes for a particular data type, thus increasing the range of values.
Example : unsigned int registration_number;
long unsigned int index;
short signed char c;
Prefix the data type with modifiers at the time of declaring variables.
 Name the four storage specifiers
The four storage specifiers are auto, static, extern and register.
static and register variables are automatically intialized to zero when they are declared. Auto variables are not
initialized. Auto variables get undefined values known as garbage.
 Write a note on storage classes in C++
Storage Class is another qualifier (like long or unsigned) that can be added to a variable declaration
Storage Meaning Example
Auto Defines local variable known to the block in which they are defined. void main()
By default the local variables are auto hence rarely used { auto float ratio;
Int kount;}
The variables ratio and kount
have storage specifiers as auto
static Variables defined within a function or a block do not exist , the void fun(){
moment the function or the block loses its scope. Static modifier static int x;
allows the variable to exist in the memory, even if its function or block x++;
within which it is declared loses its scope. Hence static variable }
retains the last assigned value.
7
extern Global variable known to all functions in the current program. These extern int filemode;
variables are defined in another program. extern void factorial();
register The modifier register instructs the compiler to store the variable in void fun(){
the CPU register to optimize access. register int i;}
 What is a pointer variable? Give example or How to declare pointer variable?
A pointer is a variable that holds a memory address. Pointers provide the means through which the memory
locations of a variable can be directly accessed. Every byte in the computer‘s memory has an address. The address
number starts at NULL and goes up from there.. 1, 2 , 3…..
For example a memory size of 640 KB will have addresses commencing from NULL and goes up to 655, 358

Here, iptr is a pointer variable. The declaration statement int *ptr may be read as ptr is a pointer variable of the type
int. The variable ptr can only store addresses that hold integer values. Examples of pointer variables:
char *cptr declaring a pointer to character type float *fptr pointer to float type
void *vptr a pointer that can point to any data type a generic pointer is declared in this way
const int * ptr ptr is a pointer to a constant integer (cannot modify the value stored at the address pointed by ptr)
char * const cp cp is a constant pointer. The address stored in cp cannot be modified
 How is a pointer variable different from ordinary variable?
1) Variables are allocated memory to store data. Compiler allocates memory, based on the data type of the
variable. Pointer variables store the address of other variables.
2) A variable gets defined when memory is set aside .Some variables also get defined when they are declared
but Pointer variables get defined only when memory is fetched. For example by using new memory operator
 What are the rules for implicit conversion?
Implicit conversions: refers to data type changes brought about in expressions by the compiler.
Consider a term, having a pair of operands and an operator. The conversions takes place as follows :
1. If one operand is of type long double , then the other value is also converted to long double.
2. If one operand is of type double, then the other value is also converted to double.
3. If one of the operands is a float, the other is converted to a float.
4. If one of the operands is an unsigned long int, the other is converted to unsigned long int.
5. If one of the operands is a long int, then the other is converted to long int.
6. If one operands is an unsigned int, then other is converted to an unsigned int.
 Write a note on sizeof operator
sizeof is an operator . It returns the size (memory requirement) in terms of bytes, of the given expression or data
type. For example, size of int is 2, size of float is 4, size of double is 4 etc.
 Explain & operator and the * operator with respect to the pointers?
When dealing with pointer data type one needs to know about the address of (&) operator and the value at
operator (*).
& operator
int i = 10; will display the address of the variable i and not the value 10
cout<<&i;
int *iptr, num1; Here, the iptr is a pointer variable and the address of the
num1 = 10; variable num1 is assigned to the pointer variable iptr
iptr = &num1;

* operator
The asterix ( * ) is
1) Used to declare a pointer variable
2) Used to display the contents stored at a location ( value
at the address operator )
3) It is a unary operator
 Write a note on type cast
Type cast refers to the process of changing the data type of the value stored in a variable .
The statement (float) 7 , converts the numeric constant 7 to float type. Type cast is achieved by prefixing the
variable or value with the required data type.
The syntax is: (data type) <variable/value> or data type (variable/constant)
Type cast is restricted only to fundamental or standard data types.

8
 Evaluate the expressions
If c = 5, d=6, choice=‘y‘ and term=2 then evaluate the expression
Result = (c==d) && (choice != term)

Result = 0 (false)

PROBLEMS
 Evaluate: assume a=5, b=3, d=1.5 C is integer and F is float
1) F = a + b/a :5 + 3/5 = 5+ 0 = 5.000000
2) C = d * a + b : 1.5 * 5 + 3 = 7.5 + 3 = 10.5 = 10 { because C is an integer}
 Find the output of the foll: x=5; F=6; C = X++ + ++F;
C = 5++ + ++6 = 5 + 7 = 12 . C=12, x=6 and F=7

Operator Precedance

Data Types sizes and range of values


Type Byte Range
char 1 -128 to 127
unsigned char 1 0 to 255
signed char 1 -128 to 127
int 2 -32768 to 32767
unsigned int,unsigned short int 2 0 to 65535
signed int,short int, signed short int 2 -32768 to 32767
long int,signed long int 4 -2147483648 to2147483647
unsigned long int 4 0 to 4294967295
float 4 3.4e-38 to 3.4e+38
double 8 1.7e-308 to1.7e+308
long double 10 3.4e-4932 to 1.1e+4932
9
ONE WORD QUESTIONS

C++ was developed by AT&T BELL Laboratories


C++ was developed by __in___ Bjarne Stroutstrup, 1980
C++ was coined by ___ Rick Mascitti
 ___are the basic elements essential for programming coding Tokens
 Basic types are collectively called as ___
 __ is the smallest unit of a program
 ___have special meaning to the language compiler Keywords
 __are reserved words for special purpose
___are also called as variables Identifiers
____ are memory boxes that hold values or constants Identifiers
___are data items whose values cannot be changed Constants
Octal constant starts with __ 0 (ZERO)
hexadecimal constant starts with __ 0x
___constant is a signed real number floating point
_is a constant that contains a single character enclosed within single quotes Character constant
__are non graphic character constants and are prefixed with a backslash (\) Escape sequences
Escape Sequences
horizontal tab \t Vertical tab \v bell \a Newline/linefeed \n Backslash \\
Single quotes \‘ Null \0 Octal \o Double quotes \‖ Hexadecimal \x
 ___is a sequence of characters surrounded by double quotes String literal
 ___are treated as array of characters
___marks the end of string ‗\0‘
___specifies operations to be performed that yields a value Operator
___is an entity on which operator acts Operand
there are 3 types of operators SPECIFIC to C++ :: .* ->*
Based on operand requirements, operators are classified as ___operators unary, binary and ternary
Unary operators require ___operand One
Binary operator requires ___ operands Two
Ternary operator requires ___ operands. Three
__ is the scope resolution operator ::
The operators ___are used only by the preprocessor # and ##
__are used to perform mathematical operations Arithmetic operators
logical grouping of operators and operands are called __ associativity
__are used to compare values Relational operators
___combine the result of one or more conditions Logical operators
___is a ternary operator Conditional operator (? :)
= is an ___ assignment operator
There are ___shorthand assignment operators 10
___are characters with specific functions Punctuators
Punctuators
terminates c++ statement ; single line comment // Multi line comment /* */
group a set of c++ statements { } Index value for array element [] Enclose single character „ „
Enclose set of characters ――
___are kind of data that variable can hold Data types
There are 3 categories of data types: User defined, Built-in & Derived
___data type improves readability of the program User defined
___enables programmers to invent their own data type and define values it
can assume
___allow users to define user defined data type identifiers ―Type definition‖ (typedef)
Users can define a variable that would represent an existing data type, can
be achieved by ___
___data type helps in creating list of identifiers Enumerated
___ data type is also called as symbolic numeric constants of the type int
There are 4 storage specifiers: auto, static, extern and register
___variables are not initialized automatically and is default storage class Auto
___ variables get undefined values known as garbage

10
___ variables retain the last assigned value Static
Built in data types is the other name for ___ fundamental or basic data type
They are predefined in the compiler.
There are 3 fundamental data types: Integral, float and void
___type is further divided into int and char. Integral
___ type is further divided into float and double floating
ASCII value of ‗A‘ is 65
___does not have a return value Void
___ is used to declare a generic pointer
__is a variable that holds memory address of other variables pointer
Every byte in the computer memory has an address
A memory size of ___ will have addresses 640KB
commencing from NULL and goes up to 655, 358
Amount of memory allocated depends on the ___ data type
__ is the ‗address of‘ operator &
__is the ‗value at‘ operator *
The pointer variable ___ is a unary operator *
pointer variable __ is used to display the contents stored at a location
Names assigned to a data field that can assume any set of values are variables
called ___
___are user defined named entities of memory locations that store data
___are allocated memory to store data
There are nine words for data types such as: char , int , double , float, void,
short, signed, long and unsigned
long, short, signed and unsigned are ___that modify a built-in data type with qualifiers or modifiers
the exception of void.
The ___alters the base data type to yield new data type modifier
variable names should be separated by __ comma
Integer values are stored in ___format 16 bit
bits are used to store data
maximum value stored in an ___is +32767 and minimum value is -32768 integer
___ bit is the most significant bit 16th
When the modifier ___is used integer data type will store only positive unsigned
values, sign bit is also used to store data.
_increases the bytes for a particular data type, thus increasing the range of long
values
__qualifier specifies value of a variable will not change at run time Const
___refers to the data type changes brought about by the compiler implicit conversions
_returns the size or memory requirement in term of bytes Sizeof operator
process of changing the data type of the value stored in a variable is __. typecast

11
CHAPTER 3: BASIC STATEMENTS
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
 What are the various sections of a C++ program
A C++ program has primarily three sections viz.,
 Include files
 Declaration of variables, data type, and user defined functions.
 main() function
On successful compilation, when the program is executed the main() function will be automatically executed. It is
from this block, that one needs to give call statements to the various modules that need to be executed and the
other executable statements.

 What do you know about assignment statements in C++


An assignment statement, assigns value on the right hand side of an expression to the variable on the left hand side
of the assignment operator. ‗=‘ is the assignment operator. For example:
num = 5;
total = english+maths;
sum += class_marks;
During assignment operation, C++ compiler converts the data type on the right hand side of the expression to the
data type of the variable on the left hand side of the expression.

 What are control structures? What are the two main categories of control structures? OR Define control
statements in C++
Program statements that cause a jump of control from one part of a program to another are called Control
Structures. The control structures are implemented in C++ using control statements
The two major categories of control structures are Decision making statements or selection statements and
Looping statements.
The selection statements are: if-else and switch statements
The looping statements are: do….while() loops, for loops and while() loops

 Explain entry check and exit check loops


Based on the position of the condition, the loops are classified as Entry-Check loop and Exit Check Loop. If the
condition is placed at the entry of the body of the loop, then it is called as Entry Check loop and if it is placed at the
end of the body of the loop then it is called as exit check loop
There are three kinds of loops in C++, the for loop, the while loop and the do .. while loop.
The for loop and the while loop are Entry check loop whereas the do…while loop is an exit check loop

 List the rules for formation of nested loops


The rules for the formation of nested loops are:
1. An outer loop and inner loop cannot have the same control variable, as it will lead to logical errors
2. The inner loop must be completely nested inside the body of the outer loop.
IMPORTANT FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
 Explain if else statement with example
The decision making or selection statements are: if-else and switch statements
if statement : is the simplest of all the decision statements. It is implemented in two forms:
1) Simple if statement
2) if .. else … statement which chooses between two alternatives, executes the chosen block based on the
condition Else block is executed only if True block is not executed.

12
Example:
// Demonstrates use of if else statement
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main(){
int a;
clrscr();
cout << “\nEnter a number “;
cin >> a;
if ( a%2 == 0)
cout <<“\nThe given number“ << a << “is even”;
else
cout <<“\nThe given number“ << a << “is odd”;
getch();
}
In the above program “The given number 10 is even” is printed if the expression is evaluated to true,
otherwise statement following else option will be executed.
 Explain switch statement in detail
Switch statement is a decision making or selection statement. This is a multiple branching statement where,
based on a condition, the control is transferred to one of the many possible points.
Example:
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main() {
int a, remainder;
cout << “\nEnter a number ...”;
cin >> a;
remainder = a % 3;
switch (remainder)
{
case 1 : cout << “\nRemainder is one”;
break;
case 2 : cout << “\nRemainder is two”;
break;
default: cout << “\nThe given number is divisible by 3”;
break;
}
getch();}
Above program checks for divisibility by 3 and prints messages accordingly
Every action block should be terminated with a break statement. Otherwise all action blocks are executed
sequentially from the point where the control has been transferred based on the condition.
Switch selection expression must be of integral type which means that switch expression should be evaluated to
an integer constant only

 Explain nested if statement with example of c++


Nested if statement : The statement sequence of if or else may contain another if statement ie., the if .. else
statements can be nested within one another as shown below :

if (grade = = „A‟)
if (basic > 5500)
incentive = basic * 10/100;
else
incentive = basic * 5/100;
else
cout << “Try to attain Grade A”;

In an nested if .. else statement, ―Each else matches with the


nearest unmatched preceding if‖

 Discuss about the general working of loops


Loops execute a set of instructions repeatedly for a certain number of times. A looping block consists of two segments
viz., the body of the loop and the control statement.
13
The control statement checks the condition, based on which directs the control back to the body of the loop to execute
the segment repeatedly. In general, a looping process would work in the following manner:
1. Initializes the condition variable
2. Executes the segment of the body
3. Increments the value of the condition variable as required
4. Tests the condition variable in the form of a relational expression. Based on the value of the relational
expression the control is either transferred to the beginning of the block, or it quits the loop.
There are three kinds of loops in C++, the for loop, the while loop and the do .. while loop.

 Explain for loop with suitable example


for (; ; ) .. loop : is an entry controlled loop and is used when an action is to be repeated for a predetermined number of
times. The syntax is for(intial value ; test-condition ; increment)
{
action block;
}
The general working of for(;;)loop is:
1. The control variable is initialized the first time when the control enters the loop for the first time
2. Test condition is evaluated. The body of the loop is executed only if the condition is TRUE. Hence for(;;) loop is called
as entry controlled loop.
3. On repetition of the loop, the control variable is incremented and the test condition will be evaluated before the body
of the loop is executed.
4. The loop is terminated when the test condition evaluates to false.
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,fact = 1;
for(i = 1; i < 6; i++)
fact *= i;
cout << “\n Factorial of the number is ..”
<< fact;
}
Example:The program below calculate factorial of 6.

 Write a note on break and continue statements


Break statement
A loop‘s execution is terminated when the test condition evaluates to false. Under certain situations one desires to
terminate the loop, irrespective of the test expression.
Example: # include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main(){
clrscr();
int a[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
int search_item = 7;
for(int x=0; x<9;x++) {
if (a[x] == search_item) {
cout << “\nItem found at position ..” << x;
break;}
}
cout << „\n‟ << “value of index position is ..” << x;
getch(); }
The result of the index position will be 6, and as soon as the match occurs, the break statement will terminate the
loop. Hence, break statement accomplishes jump from the current loop
Continue statement
The continue statement forces the next iteration of the loop to take place, skipping any code following the continue
statement in the loop body.
Example # include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main(){
int i = 1,sum = 0;
for(;i<10;i++) {
if( i % 2 == 0){
sum += i;
continue;}

14
cout <<i;
}
cout << “\nSum of even nos..”<<sum;
getch();}

ONE WORD QUESTIONS


There are __methods for assigning data to the variable. They are assignment statement two
and reading the data during runtime of the program
__is a predefined object that corresponds to a standard input stream cin
The declaration for the object cin are available in a header file called ___ istream.h
The declaration for the object cout are available in a header file called ___ ostream.h
__combines the properties of istream and ostream. Iostream.h
The declaration for the objects cin and cout are available in a header file called __
A __comprises of all standard declarations and definitions for predefined functions. Header file
One can include a header file using a __directive. preprocessor
A preprocessor directive starts with __ #
__is a typical preprocessor directive. #include
__is the extraction operator or get from operator. >> (get from)
__is called the insertion operator or put to operator << (put to)
cascading of __facilitates sending of multiple output via a single statement Insertion operator
A c++ program has primarily __sections. Three (3)
If a declaration sets aside memory for the variable it is called___. definition
Pointer variable gets defined by using a new memory operator.
Program statements that causes flow of control from one part to another part is called control structures.
variables used in control structures are called __ control variables
There are __ categories of control structures: Decision making & Looping statements Two (2)
Decision making statements are If and switch
__statement chooses between two alternatives if-else
__ is the simplest of all decision and has 2 forms (simple if and if-else statement) If statement
__creates branching for multiple alternatives sections of code. Switch
___ is a multiple branching statement
To exit from switch statement, in each action block one has to include __ statement break
__execute a set of instructions repeatedly for certain number times. Loops
A looping block consists of __ segments: the body of the loop and control statement Two (2)
there are __ kinds of loops in C++: for, while and do-while loops Three (3)
Based on the position of the condition, the loops are classified as: Entry and exit check
Loops are unconditionally executed at least once, if the condition is Exit check
do while is an __loop exit check
while loop and for loops are _____loop entry check
A for loop consists of __ segments (initialisation of control variable, test condition and Three (3)
increment)
Each segment of the for loop is separated by __ operator ;
inner loop must be completely nested inside the body of the __ outer loop
__forces the next iteration of the loop to take place skipping any code following continue. Continue statement
__would exit the current loop only break statement
___ accomplishes jump from the current loop
Programs are written in ___ language high level
Program in high level language is called source code
source code is converted into machine readable code called __ object file
Compiler creates__. object files
__are translator programs that create machine-readable program from source code Compilers
__checks for the grammar of the language (SYNTAX) Compilers
object file is linked with libraries to generate __ executable file
15
CHAPTER 4: FUNCTIONS

IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS


 What are the advantages of functions?
Functions are the building blocks of C++ programs. Functions are also the executable segments in a program.
Functions are advantageous because
1) They can be shared by other programs by compiling it separately and loading them together.
2) They reduce the size of the program
3) They induce reusability of code
 Give a general syntax and example for function prototype (2)
Functions should be declared before they are used in a program. Declaration of a function is made through a
function prototype.
The general syntax of a function prototype <type > <function identifier > (<arguments>);
For example:
void fun (char);
int max (int, int);
int max (int a, int b);
The prototype provides the following information to the compiler: Number and type of arguments and the type of
return values
 What is the main purpose of function prototype
The main purpose of function prototype is to help the compiler to check the data requirement of the function.
With function prototyping, a template is always used when declaring and defining a function.
When a function is called, the compiler uses the template to ensure that proper arguments are passed, and the
return value is treated correctly. Any violation in matching of the arguments or the return types will be treated as
errors by compiler, and flagged at the time of compilation.
 Why do you think the prototype int max (int, int) is valid??
In a function declaration, the names of the arguments are dummy variables and therefore they are optional. The
variables in the prototype act as place holders.
The arguments‘ names are required in function definition, as the arguments are referenced inside the function
 Define parameters
The call statement communicates with the function through arguments or parameters. Parameters are the
channels through which data flows from the call statement to the function and vice versa.

 Define actual parameters and formal parameters


Actual parameters are parameters associated with the call statement
Formal parameters are the parameters associated with function header
 List the two types of parameter passing in function (2)
In C++, functions that have arguments can be invoked by
1) Call by value
2) Call by reference

 Differentiate between call by value and call by reference (2)


Call by value Call by reference
The called function creates new variables to store the value Formal and actual parameters in reference type
of the arguments passed to it. Also, the flow of data is point to the same storage area
always from the call statement to the function definition.
Any change in the formal parameter is not reflected back to Any change made in the formal parameter is
the actual parameter. reflected back in the actual parameter

 List the types of scope rules of variables in C++ (2)


There are four types of scopes in C++. They are:
1. Local scope 2. Function scope 3. File scope 4. Class scope

IMPORTANT FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS


 How is a function called? Give example (5)
A function can be called or invoked from another function by using its name. The function name may include a
set of actual parameters, enclosed in parentheses separated by commas. For example,

16
 Explain call by value with example (5)
In the call by value method, the called function creates new variables to store the value of the arguments
passed to it. This method copies the values of actual parameters into the formal parameters, thus the function
creates its own copy of arguments and then uses them.
Example:
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
int add (int a, int b)
{ return a + b;}
void main ( )
{ int x1, x2, sum;
cin >> x1 >> x2;
sum = add (x, x2);
cout << sum;
}
When arguments are passed by value, the called function creates new variables of the same data type as the
arguments passed to it. The values of these arguments are copied into the newly created variables. Hence,
changes or modifications that are made to formal parameters are not reflected in the actual parameters
 Explain call by reference with example (5)
In the call by reference method, the called function arguments – formal parameters become alias to the actual
parameters in the calling function. This means that when the function is working with its own arguments, it is
actually working on the original data
Example:
# include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void swap (int &n1, int &n2)
{
int temp;
temp = n1;
n1 = n2;
n2 = temp;
cout<<„\n‟<< n1
<<„\t‟<<n2<<„\n‟;
}
void main ( ) {
int m1 = 10, m2 = 20;
clrscr();
cout<<“\nValues before swap call” <<„\t‟<<m1<<„\t‟<< m2;
swap(m1,m2);
cout<<“\n Calling swap..”;
cout<<“\n Back to main.Values are” << „\t‟ << m1 << „\t‟<< m2;
getch ( );
}

17
The modifications made to formal parameters are reflected in actual parameters, because formal and actual
parameters in reference type point to the same storage area
 What are the rules for actual parameters?
Rules for actual parameters are:
1. The actual parameters can be passed in the form of constants or variables or expressions to the formal
parameters which are of value type.
For example,
For a function prototype : int add (int n1, int n2); - the call statements may be as follows :
x = add (5, 10);
x = add (a1, a2); where a1 and a2 are variables
2. The actual parameters can be passed only as variables to formal parameters of reference type.
For example,
int add (int &n1, int &n2);
x = add (a1, b1) ; where a1 and b1 are variables
The following call statements are invalid:
x = add ((a1 + b1), a1);
x = add (5,101);
 What are default arguments? Give example
In C++, one can assign default values to the formal parameters of a function prototype
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
float power (float n, int p = 1)
{
float prd = 1;
for (int i = 1; i<= p; i++)
prd *= n;
return prd;
}
void main ( )
{
clrscr ( );
int x = 4, b = 2;
cout << “\n Call statement is power(b, x)...”
<< power (b, x);
cout << “\n Call statement is power(b).. “
<< power (b);
getch ( );
}
In the call statement power (b,x), initialization is n= b, p = x
In the second form power (b), the variable n is initialized, whereas p takes the value 1 (default argument), as no
actual parameters is passed.

 Explain inline function with example (5)


Call statement to a function makes a compiler to jump to the functions and also to jump back to the instruction
following the call statement. This forces the compiler to maintain overheads like STACKS that would save
certain special instructions pertaining to function call, return and its arguments. This reduces the speed of
program execution.
Hence under certain situations specially, when the functions are small, the compiler replaces the function call
statement by its definition ie., its code during program execution.
This feature is called as inlining of a function technically called as inline function.
An inline function looks like a normal function in the source file but inserts the functions code directly into the
calling program.
Inline functions execute faster but require more memory space.
Example:
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
inline float convert_feet(int x) {
return x * 12;
}
void main() {
clrscr();
int inches = 45;
cout << convert_feet(inches);
getch(); }
18
the call statement to the function (convert_feet(inches) will be replaced by the expression in the return statement
(inches * 12) as shown below:
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main() {
clrscr();
int inches = 45;
cout << inches * 12 ;
getch();
}
 Define scope. Explain various types of scopes in C++ language. (5)
Scope refers to the accessibility of a variable
Local Scope
1) A local variable is defined within a block
2) The scope of a local variable is the block in which it is defined.
3) A local variable cannot be accessed from outside the block of its declaration.
4) A block of code begins and ends with curly braces { }.
5) Local variables exist only while the block of code in which they are declared is executing. A local
variable is created upon entry into its block and destroyed upon exit
Code Snippet:
if (a > b)
{ int temp; The scope of the variable temp is not available outside its block and
temp = a; hence the compiler will throw an error at ‗cout‘
a= b;
b = temp;
}
cout << a << b << temp;

Function scope
The scope of variables declared within a function is extended to the function block, and all sub-blocks therein.
The life time of a function scope variable, is the life time of the function block. The scope of formal parameters is
function scope.
Code:
# include <iostream.h>
void main ( )
{ int flag = 1; a = 100;
while (flag)
{
int x = 200;
if (a > x)
{ int j;
-
}
else
{ int h;
-
}}}
Here, the variable flag is accessible in the function main() and also in the while block and the if block, whereas x
is accessible inside the while block only
File scope
A variable declared above all blocks and functions (precisely above main ( )) has the scope of a file. The scope
of a file scope variable is the entire program. The life time of a file scope variable is the life time of a program.
// scope of a variable declared at file level
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
int i = 10;
void fun ( )
{ cout << i; }
void main ( ) {
cout << i;
while (i)
{ -
}
}

19
 Define scope operator
The scope operator or scope resolution operator reveals the hidden scope of a variable.
:: is called as scope resolution operator. It is used to refer variables declared at file level. This is helpful only
under situations where the local and file scope variables have the same name.
Code:
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
int num = 15;
void main()
{
clrscr();
int num = 5;
num = num + ::num;
cout << num << „\t‟ <<
++::num;
getch();
}
The variable num is declared both at file scope level and function main() level
ONE WORD QUESTIONS
__are the building blocks of a c++ programs Functions
__ are the executable segments in a program
__reduce the size of the program and induce reusability of code.
the starting point of the execution of a program is __ main()
declaration of a function is made through a __ function prototype
__helps the compiler to check the data
Variables in the prototype act as__. place holders
a function can be called from another using its __ name
__are channels through which data flows from the call statement to the function parameters
__ parameters are parameters associated with call statement actual
__ parameters are parameters associated with function header. Formal
function creates its own copy of the __ arguments
In a __any change in the formal parameter is not reflected back to the actual call by value
parameter
In __actual parameters can be passed in the form of constants or variables or
expressions.
In a __any change in the formal parameter is reflected back in the actual call by reference
parameter
In __actual parameters can be passed in the form of variables only
actual parameters can be passéd only as variables to formal parameters of Reference type
__type
In c++ one can assign default values to the parameters of a function prototype default arguments
using__.
default value is given in the form of variable initialization
Compiler maintains overheads like __ that would save certain special stacks
instructions pertaining to a function call, return and its arguments
__ reduces the speed of program execution
__ inserts the function code directly into the calling program inline functions
__execute faster but require more memory space inline function
__refers to the accessibility of a variable. Scope
there are __ types of scopes in c++: local, function, file and class scopes Four (4)
_is defined within a block local variable
__ cannot be accessed from outside the block
__ is created upon entry and destroyed upon exit of a block
life time of a __ variable is the life time of the function block function scope
variables declared above all blocks above main has __scope file
scope of __variable is the entire program file scope
Scope operator :: reveals the __of a variable. hidden scope

20
CHAPTER 5: STRUCTURED DATA TYPES: ARRAYS

IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

 What is an array? Write in brief about types of arrays


An array is a collection of variables of the same type that are referenced by a common name Arrays are of two
types:
1) One dimensional: comprises of finite homogenous elements. Example: int num_array [5];
2) Multi dimensional: comprises of elements, each of which is itself a one-dimensional array
An array marks [3][4] is a table with 3 rows, and 4 columns. Ex: float marks[3][4];
 Write a note on array of characters or strings
Strings are otherwise called as literals, which are treated as single dimensional array of characters.
The declaration of strings is same as numeric array. For example,
i. char name [10];
ii. char vowels [ ] = {‗a‘, ‗e‘, ‗i‘, ‗o‘, ‗u‘};
iii. char rainbow [ ] = VIBGYOR;
A character array (used as string) should be terminated with a ‗\0‘ (NULL) character.

 Write a note on gets() or write the syntax of gets()


To treat spaces as part of string literal, then one has to use gets ( ) defined in stdio.h or getline ( ) - a member
function of standard input stream.
Syntax for gets ( ) is gets (char array identifier) or gets (char *)

 write the syntax of getline()


getline() is a member function of standard input stream
Syntax for getline is cin.getline (char *, no.of characters, delimiter);

 Write the syntax of 2D array declaration OR What is a 2D array? How can it be declared?
A two-dimensional array is an array in which each element is itself an array. For instance, an array marks [3] [4]
is a table with 3 rows, and 4 columns.
A 2-D array is declared as:
Type array-id [Rows] [Columns];
Example:
1. int a[3] [2]- declares 3 rows and 2 columns for the array a
2. const i=5;
float num [i] [3] - declares a 2-D table num with 5 rows and 3 columns
3. short fine [‗A] [‗E‘] - declares a 2-D table of 65 rows and 69 columns

 Write a note on memory representation of 2D array


A 2-D array is stored in sequential memory blocks. The elements are stored either
1. row-wise manner (this method is called as row-major order)
2. column-wise manner (this method is called as column-major order)

 Write a note on write() in C++


write( ) is a member function of standard output stream, i.e., ostream. All member functions of a class, should
be accessed through an object / instance of class. The two parameters required for write () function are identifier
string characters, and the no. of characters to be displayed.
Example: cout.write (pincode, 7);
# include <iostream.h> Output will be
# include <conio.h>
void main() { T
clrscr ( ); Te
char name[] = ―Tendulkar‖; Ten
int i=1; Tend
while (i<10) { Tendu
cout.write (name, i); Tendul
cout << ‗\n‘; Tendulk
i++;} Tendulka
getch ( );} Tendulkar

 What are the different ways to indicate the dimensions (row/columns) of an array

21
The dimensions (rows/columns) of an array can be indicated
1. using integer constants 2. using const identifier of integer or ordinal
3. using char constants 4. using enum identifiers

 Write about any two string functions in C++


Function Format Purpose and value returned
strlen() strlen (char *) Returns the number of characters stored in the array. For example
char name[]=”hello”
len = strlen(name);
The variable len will have the value 5 which is the length of the string name.
strcpy() strcpy (char *,char *) Copies source string to target string. For example,
strcpy(name1,name2);
where name1 and name2 are strings, then the name2 string will be copied
into name1 string
strcmp() strcmp (char *,char *) Compares the two given strings, and returns 0 if strings are equal, value >0,
if string 1 is greater than string 2. Otherwise value less than 0. For example,
strcmp(―Abc‖, ―Abc‖) returns 0
strcmp (―Abc‖, ―abc‖) returns a value less than 0
strcmp (―abc‖, ―Abc‖) returns a value greater than 0
strcmp can be used to arrange a given set of strings in ascending or
descending order

 Write a note on array of strings with examples


An array of strings is a two-dimensional character array. The size of first index (rows) determines the number of
strings and the size of second index (column) determines maximum length of each string.
For example,
char day-names [7] [10] = {―Sunday‖, ―Monday‖, ―Tuesday‖, ―Wednesday‖, ―Thursday‖, ―Friday‖, ―Saturday‖};
An individual string is accessed as day-names [0], i.e., by specifying the 1st index only. A specific character or
an element is accessed as day-names [0] [5]

 How does an array behave when passed to a function?


Arrays can be passed on as arguments to functions. The actual parameter is passed only by the identifier,
ignoring dimensions.
Array parameters by default behave like a reference parameter, as the array identifier unlike other identifiers,
represents the base address of the array. Hence, it results in sending an address to the formal parameter (like
reference parameters).

What will be the output of the program? Output:


void main() { 1
int a[] = {1,2,3,4,5}; 1
for (int i = 0; i<4; i++) 1
a[i+1] = a[i]; 1
for(i = 0; i<5; i++) 1
cout << ‗\n‘<< a[i];
}
Find errors
int a[5.5]; The size of the array has to be a positive integer and cannot be a
fraction. Here, 5.5 is a fractional value

float num[A]; The size of array has to be a constant positive integer and not a
variable.

22
ONE WORD QUESTIONS

___is a derived data type. Array


__can hold several values of the same type.
For handling large data elements belonging to same data type __can be used
An __ is a collection of variables of same type referenced by a common name.
Array is of __ types: one dimensional and multi-dimensional Two (2)
__ array comprises of finite homogenous elements One dimensional
__ array comprises of elements, each of which is itself a one- dimensional array Multi-dimensional
__dimensional array is suitable for processing list of items of identical types. Single
Size of the array should always be__. zero
array subscript should always commence from __
Process of rearranging data in a given array either in a ascending or descending sorting
order is called__.
Strings are otherwise called as __ literals
__are single dimensional array of characters strings
character array or string should be terminated with a __ ‗\0‘ null character
Cin treats __as terminator for string. white space or
carriage return
__treats spaces as a part of string literal. Gets
__belongs to stdio.h
__belongs to standard input stream(istream) getline
syntax for __is gets(char array identifier) or gets(char *) gets
syntax for __is cin.getline(char *, no of characters, delimiter); getline
__is a member function of standard output stream write()
__has 2 parameters.(identifier, no of characters)
__returns no of characters. strlen()
__copies source string to target string. strcpy()
__compares two string. strcmp()
return value of strcmp() is __when strings are equal 0
Value is ___ than 0 if string1 is greater than string2, in strcmp(string1,string2) greater
Value is ___ than 0 if string1 is less than string2, in strcmp(string1,string2) less
number of elements in a __is determined by multiplying the no of rows with 2 dimensional
number of columns array
__of an array can be indicated using integer, const identifier, ordinal, Char dimensions
constants, enum
A __array is an array in which each element is itself an array. 2-dimensional 2D
2-d array is stored in ___memory blocks sequential
__of the array is no of elements *memory req. for one element size
If the elements are stored in row-wise manner, then this method is called as row-major order
If the elements are stored in column-wise manner, then this method is called as column-major
order
While passing__, actual parameters is passed only by identifier ignoring arrays
dimensions
array parameters by default behave like __parameter reference
The array identifier represents the __of the array base address
A __is a set of mn numbers arranged in the form of rectangular array of m rows matrix
and n columns.
__is a 2 dimensional array
An array of ___is a 2 dimensional character array strings
size of the first index(row) in a string represents number of strings
size of the second index(column) in a string represents __ of each string length
if null character is not included in a string ___will automatically attach it. compiler

23
CHAPTER 6: CLASSSES AND OBJECTS
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

 Define class. Give example


A class is a new way of creating and implementing a user defined data type. Classes provide a method for packing
together data of different types.
A class is a way to bind the data and its associated functions
together.

 List the specifications of a class


A class specification has two parts:
1) Class declaration 2) Class Function Definitions
 Write the general form of class declaration
General Form Example

 What is data abstraction?


Instruments allowing only selected access of components to objects and to members of other classes is called as
Data Abstraction. Data abstraction is achieved through data hiding. Data hiding provides security to data.

 List out the four characteristics of member function in program development


1. Several different classes can use the same function name. The ‗membership‘ label will resolve their scope
2. Member functions can access the private data of a class. A non-member function cannot do so.
3. A member function can call another member function directly, without using the dot operator. (This is called as
nesting of member functions )
4. The member functions can receive arguments of a valid C++ data type. Objects can also be passed as
arguments
5. The return type of a member function can be of object data type
6. Member functions can be of static type
 What is meant by array of objects in C++?
Arrays of variables of type "class" is known as "Array of objects".

 Define data hiding


The members and functions declared under private are not accessible by members outside the class, this is referred
to as data hiding.
24
 What does a class comprise?
Class comprises of members. Members are further classified as Data Members and Member functions.
Data members are the data variables that represent the features or properties of a class.
Member functions are the functions that perform specific tasks in a class.

 What are the access specifiers or visibility modes in the class?


The three class specifiers or visibility modes in the class body are: private, public and protected
 How is memory allocated to an object of a class?
The member functions are created and placed in the memory space only when they are defined as a part of the
class specification. Since all the objects belonging to that class use the same member function, no separate space
is allocated for member functions when the objects are created.
Memory space required for the member variables are allocated separately for each object. Separate memory
allocations for the objects are essential because the member variables will hold different data values for different
objects
 Write a note on static data members in C++
A data member of a class can be qualified as static. The static member variable
 Is initialized to zero, only when the first object of its class is created. No other initialization is permitted
 Only one copy of the member variable is created (as part of the common pool ) and is shared by all the other
objects of its class type
 Its scope or visibility is within the class but its lifetime is the lifetime of the program.

ONE WORD QUESTIONS

Bjarne Stroustrup initially gave the name for c++ as ‗C with Classes ‗
 A ___ is a new way of creating and implementing user defined data type class
 __ is a way to bind data and its associated functions together
____ provide a method for packing together data of different types Classes
CLASS DECLARATION and CLASS FUNCTION DEFINITIONS are the TWO parts of Class specification
The class name is also called as Class tag
The body of a class is enclosed within ___ and is terminated {} braces
by a ___ ; semicolon
The class body has ____ access specifiers three
The access specifiers are also called as ____ visibility labels
The access specifiers are private , public and
protected
Specifying _____visibility label or access specifier is optional. private
By default the members will be treated as ____ if a visibility label or access specifier is not
mentioned
 The members that have been declared as ____, can be accessed only from within the private
class
 ___ members are accessible by only its own members and certain special functions
called as friend functions
The members that have been declared as ___can be accessed from within the class, and protected
the members of the inherited classes.
 The members that are declared as ___can be accessed from outside the class also public
 Access allowed by other members in addition to class member & objects

 The binding of data and functions together into a single entity is referred to as ____ encapsulation
 The process of grouping data and its related functions into units called as objects
paves way for ____.
 The mechanism by which the data and functions are bound together within an object
definition is called as _____
The members and functions declared under private are not accessible by members Data hiding
outside the class is referred to as ___
 Instruments allowing only selected access of components to objects and to members Data Abstraction
of other classes is called as ___
 ____is achieved through DATA HIDING
Class comprises of __ members
Members are further classified as Data Members and
Member functions
 ___ are data variables that represent the features or properties of a class Data members
25
 ___ are also called as attributes
 ___ are the functions that perform specific tasks in a class. Member functions
 ___ are called as methods
Classes include special member functions called as ___ and ___ constructors and
destructors
In C++ the class variables are known as ___ objects
Another name for the object is Instance of a class
The members of a class are accessed using the ____ operator Dot (.) operator
The objects declared outside the class cannot access members or functions defined under private or protected
____
Member functions or methods of a class can be defined in ___ ways: 2
Member function or methods can be declared and defined within the class
Member function or methods can be declared within the class but defined outside the
class
The members defined within the class behave like ___ functions inline functions
Member functions defined outside the class has the prototype as type class_name ::
function name();
The ______ (class_name :: ) tells the compiler that the function (function_name) belongs membership label
to the class
The scope resolution operator is ::
Several different classes can use the same function name. The ___ ‗membership‘
label will resolve their scope
______ can access the private data of a class. Member functions
A member function can call another member function directly, without using the dot nesting of member
operator is called as functions
 The ____can receive arguments of a valid C++ data type. member functions
 Objects can also be passed as arguments to ____
The return type of a member function can be of ___ data type object data type
Member functions can be of ___type static
The ___ are created and placed in the memory space only when they are defined as a member functions
part of the class specification.
No separate space is allocated for ___when the objects are created member functions
Memory space required for the ___ are allocated separately for each object. member
Separate memory allocations for the objects are essential because the member variables variables
will hold different data values for different objects
The ___ is initialized to zero, only when the first object of its class is created (No other static member variable
initialization is permitted)
Only one copy of the ___ is created and is shared by all the other objects of its class type static member variable
The ___of the static member variable is within the class scope or visibility
The __ of the static member variable is the lifetime of the program lifetime
The initial value to a static member variable is done outside the class

26
CH 7 POLYMORPHISM

IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS


 How are functions invoked in function overloading?
The compiler adopts BEST MATCH strategy. As per this strategy, the compiler will
o Look for the exact match of a function prototype with that of a function call statement.
o In case an exact match is not available, it looks for the next nearest match. That is, the compiler will
promote integral data promotions and then match the call statement with function prototype.
 What are the steps in operator overloading? Or What does the process of overloading involve?
The process of overloading involves:
o Create a class that defines the data type that is to be used in the overloading operations
o Declare the operator function operator () in the public part of the class.
o Define the operator function to implement the required operations.

IMPORTANT 5 MARKS QUESTIONS


 Define function overloading. (2) Give an example. List the rules for function overloading (2)
Function Overloading:
The ability of the function to process the message or data in more than one form is called as function
overloading
Example for function overloading:
To compute area, for different shapes using a single function header can be written in the following manner
float area ( float radius);
float area ( float half, float base, float height );
float area ( float length , float breadth);
#include<iostream.h> void main() {
#include<conio.h> clrscr();
float r,b,h;
float area ( float radius ) int choice = 0 ;
{ cout << “\nCircle …”; do {
return ( 22/7 * radius * radius ); clrscr();
} cout << “\n Area Menu “;
cout << “\n 1. Circle ... “;
float area (float half, float base, float cout << “\n 2. Traingle ...”;
height) cout << “\n 3. Rectangle ... “;
{ cout << “\nTriangle ..”; cout <<“\n 4. Exit ... “;
return (half* base*height); cin>> choice;
} switch(choice) {
case 1 : cout << “\n Enter radius ... “;
float area ( float length, float breadth ) cin>>r;
{ cout << “\nRectangle …”; cout<<“\n Area of circle:“<< area(r);
return ( length *breadth ) ; getch();
} break;
case 2: cout<< “\n Enter base, height ... “;
cin>>b>>h;
cout<<“\n Area of triangle:“<< area (0.5, b, h);
getch();
break;
case 3: cout<< “\n Enter length, breadth.. “;
cin>>h>>b;
cout<<“\n Area of rectangle:“ << area(h,b);
getch();
break; }
}while (choice <=3);
}
Rules for function overloading
1) Each overloaded function must differ either by the number of its formal parameters or their data types
2) The return type of overloaded functions may or may not be the same data type
3) The default arguments of overloaded functions are not considered by the C++ compiler as part of the
parameter list
4) Do not use the same function name for two unrelated functions

27
 What is operator overloading? (2) Give an example of operator overloading. List the rules of operator
overloading(2)
Operator Overloading:
The term operator overloading, refers to giving additional functionality to the normal C++ operators like +,++,-,—
,+=,-=,*.<,>. The statement sum = num1 + num2 would be interpreted as a statement meant to perform addition
of numbers (integer/float/double) and store the result in the variable sum.

Example of operator overloading:


# include <iostream.h> void main()
# include <conio.h> {
# include <string.h> clrscr();
class strings { strings s1(“test”), s2(“ run\0”);
char s[10]; char *concatstr ;
public : concatstr = s1 + s2;
strings() { cout << “\nConcatenated string ...” << concatstr;
s[0] = „\0‟; getch();
} }
strings(char *c) {
strcpy(s,c);
}
char * operator+(strings x1) {
char *temp;
strcpy(temp,s);
strcat(temp,x1.s);
return temp;
}
};

operator overloading provides:


o Operator overloading provides New function definitions for basic C++ operators like +, *, -, ++, - -, >, <, +=
and the like. One cannot overload C++ specific operators like membership operator (.), scope resolution
operator (::), sizeof operator and conditional operator.
o The overloaded function definitions are permitted for user defined data type.
o Operator functions must be either member functions or friend functions.
o The new definition that is provided to an operator does not overrule the original definition of the operator.
For example, if the ‗+‘ operator has been used to merge two strings, one can also perform addition of
numbers in the usual way. The compiler applies user defined definition based on the style of call statement.

Rules for operator overloading:

28
Only existing operators can be overloaded. New operators cannot be created.

The overloaded operator must have at least one operand of user defined type.
_ The basic definition of an operator cannot be replaced or in
other words one cannot redefine the function of an operator.
One can give additional functions to an operator
_ Overloaded operators behave in the same way as the basic
operators in terms of their operands.
_ When binary operators are overloaded, the left hand object
must be an object of the relevant class
_ Binary operators overloaded through a member function take
one explicit argument.

ONE WORD QUESTIONS

This differential response of a function based on different inputs is ___ polymorphism

The ability of an object to respond differently to different messages is _ polymorphism


___ reduces software complexity as multiple definitions are permitted to an polymorphism
operator or function
Polymorphism is achieved in ___ ways 2
polymorphism is achieved through ___ and ___ Function overloading
and operator
overloading
___ is one of the facets of C++ that supports object oriented programming Function overloading
The term ___means a name having two or more distinct meanings overloading
The ability of the function to process the message or data in more than one form function overloading
is called as
An ___ refers to a function having more than one distinct meaning overloaded
function
The compiler adopts ___ strategy in function overloading BEST MATCH
_____ are purely compiler oriented Integral promotions
Each ___ must differ either by the number of its formal parameters or their data Overloaded functions
types
The return type of ____may or may not be the same data type Overloaded functions
The parameter list in ___differ either by number or types. Overloaded functions
The term ___refers to giving additional functionality to the C++ operators operator overloading
The functionality of ‗+‘ operator can be extended to strings through ___ operator overloading
___ provides new function definitions for basic C++ operators like +, *, -, ++, - -, operator overloading
>, <, +=
 Operator functions must be Member functions or
friend functions
 The __ operators cannot be overloaded C++ Specific operators
The C++ specific operators which CANNOT be overloaded are: membership operator
(.), scope
resolution operator (::),
sizeof operator and
conditional
operator.
The process of operator overloading involves the declaration of the operator operator ()
function ____ in the public part of the class.
Only ___can be overloaded existing operators
The overloaded operator must have at least __operand of user defined type. one
The basic definition of an ___cannot be replaced operator
one cannot redefine the function of an ___ operator
When ___are overloaded, the left hand object must be an object of the relevant binary operators
29
class
___ overloaded through a member function take one explicit argument binary operators

30
CHAPTER 8: CONSTRUCTORS AND DESTRUCTORS

IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS


 What are constructors and destructors?
When an instance of a class comes into scope, a special function called the constructor gets executed. The
constructor function initializes the class object.
When a class object goes out of scope, a special function called the destructor gets executed. The constructor
function name and the destructor have the same name as the class tag.
 List the functions of constructor
The functions of constructor are:
1) The constructor function initializes the class object
2) The memory space is allocated to an object
 Give two rules for constructor definition and usage
The rules for constructor definition and usage are:
1) The name of the constructor must be same as that of the class
2) A constructor can have parameter list or arguments
3) The constructor function can be overloaded
4) The compiler generates a constructor, in the absence of a user defined constructor
5) The constructor is executed automatically
6) constructor cannot have return type
 Write down four rules for definition and usage of destructor
1) The destructor has the same name as that of the class prefixed by the tilde character ‗~‘.
2) The destructor cannot have arguments
3) It has no return type
4) Destructors cannot be overloaded i.e., there can be only one destructor in a class
5) In the absence of user defined destructor, it is generated by the compiler
6) The destructor is executed automatically when the control reaches the end of class scope
 Tabulate any two differences between constructor and destructor
Constructor Destructor
The name of the constructor must be same as that of the The destructor has the same name as that of the class
class prefixed by the tilde character ‗~‘.
A constructor can have parameter list Destructor cannot have parameter list
The constructor function can be overloaded Destructor function cannot be overloaded
 When is copy constructor executed?
A copy constructor is executed:
1) When an object is passed as a parameter to any of the member functions Example void add::putdata( add x);
2) When a member function returns an object For example, add getdata();
3) When an object is passed by reference to constructor For example, add a; b(a);

ONE WORD QUESTIONS

When an instance of a class comes into scope a special function called __gets executed. constructor
___function initializes class object. Constructor
when a class object goes out of scope, special function called __gets executed. destructor
Non parameterized constructor is called as ___constructor. default
__constructors are referred to compiler generated constructors (i.e., constructors defined default
by the computers in the absence of user defined constructor).
A __constructor is executed when an object without parameters is declared. non-parameterized
The constructor add (int s1, int s2) is called as __constructor. parameterized
The constructor add (add &a) is called as ___constructor. copy
__is executed copy constructor
 when an object is passed as a parameter
 when a member functions returns an object
 an object is passed by reference to constructor
Name of the constructor must be same as that of the ___ class
___ generates constructor in the absence of a user defined constructor. compiler
__is a function that removes memory of an object Destructor
__is prefixed with tilde.
__ cannot have arguments and has no return type

31
__ is executed automatically when the control reaches the end of the class scope

CHAPTER 9: INHERITANCE
IMPORTANT 2 MARKS QUESTIONS

 List the types of inheritance


There are different types of inheritance:
Single Inheritance Multiple inheritance Multilevel inheritance
Hybrid inheritance Hierarchical inheritance

 Write a note on single inheritance, multilevel inheritance and multiple inheritance (each 2 marks)

Single Inheritance:
When a derived class inherits only from one base class, it
is known as single inheritance.

Multiple Inheritance:
When a derived class inherits from multiple base classes
it is known as multiple inheritance

Multilevel inheritance:
When a class is derived from a class which is a derived
class itself – then this is referred to as multilevel
inheritance The transitive nature of inheritance is
reflected by this form of inheritance.

 Write the syntax for deriving a class from its base class
The syntax for deriving a Example:
class from its base class
is:

class der_name :
visibility mode base
class-id
{
data members of the
derived_class
functions members of
derived_class
}

32
 What is an abstract class?
Classes used only for deriving other classes are called as Abstract Classes ie., to say that objects for these classes
are not declared.

 What are the three access specifiers used to inherit a derived class?
The three access specifiers used are private, protected and public.

 What is accessibility?
An important feature in Inheritance is to know as to when a member of a base class can be used by the objects or
the members of the derived class. This is called as accessibility.
The three access specifiers are private, protected and public. Access specifier is also referred to as visibility mode.
The default visibility mode is private.

IMPORTANT 5 MARKS QUESTIONS

 Define inheritance. Explain the advantages of inheritance in detail.


Inheritance:
Inheritance is a process of creating new classes called derived classes, from the existing or base classes. The
derived class inherits all the properties of the base class Inheritance is the most powerful feature of an object
oriented programming language. It is a power packed class, as it can add additional attributes and methods and
thus enhance its functionality.
Advantages of Inheritance:
1) Reusability of code : Many applications are developed in an organization. Code developed for one application
can be reused in another application if such functionality is required. This saves a lot of development time.
2) Code sharing : The methods of the base class can be shared by the derived class.
3) Consistency of interface: The inherited attributes and methods provide a similar interface to the calling
methods. In the example below, the attributes and methods of the class vehicle are common to the three derived
classes – Aeroplane, Car and Bicycle. These three derived classes are said to be having a consistence interface.

 Explain the scope and accessibility of the base members in the derived classes

33
When a base class is inherited with private visibility mode the public and protected members of the base class
become ‗private‘ members of the derived class
When a base class is inherited with protected visibility mode the protected and public members of the base
class become ‗ protected members ‗ of the derived class
When a base class is inherited with public visibility mode , the protected members of the base class will be
inherited as protected members of the derived class and the public members of the base class will be inherited
as public members of the derived class

ONE WORD QUESTIONS

__is the process of creating new classes called derived classes from the existing class called Inheritance
base class
__class is a class from which other classes are derived. Base
__class is a power packed class that inherits the members of the base class. Derived
__saves a lot of development time. Reusability of code
Code sharing is the method of sharing the base class methods by the __class. derived
Inherited attributes and methods provide a similar interface to __methods. calling
__is knowing when a member of a base class can be used by the objects or the members of Accessibility
the derived class.
Access specifiers are also called as __ visibility mode
The three access specifiers are__. private, protected
and public
default visibility mode is __ private
when a base class is inherited with private visibility mode, public and protected members of the private members
base class become __of the derived class
when a base class is inherited with protected visibility mode, public and protected members of protected members
the base class become __of the derived class
when a base class is inherited with public visibility mode, protected members of the base class protected members
become __of the derived class
when a base class is inherited with public visibility mode, public members of the base class public members
become __of the derived class
When classes are inherited publicly, protectedly or privately, the __of the base class are not private members
inherited, but they are only visible
__of base class are not inherited but executed when an instance of the derived class is Constructors
created.
When a derived class inherits only from one base class it is called__. single inheritance
When a derived class inherits from multiple base classes it is known as __ Multiple inheritance
The transitive nature of inheritance is reflected by __inheritance multilevel

34
When a class is derived from a class which is a derived class itself it is called __. Multilevel inheritance
classes used only for deriving other classes are called __ abstract classes
_are executed in the order of inherited class. i.e from base constructor to derived Constructors
___are executed from derived class to base class destructors

35
CHAPTER 10: IMPACT OF COMPUTERS

IMPORTANT 2 MARKS QUESTIONS

 What is meant by e-banking?


e-Banking permits banking from the comfort of the home by using internet facilities. It has truly improved the reach
and services of banks.
 What is ATM?
Advanced machines like ATM enable withdrawal of money from the accounts in a particular bank anytime and
anywhere. This helps the user in emergency situations where money is needed during the nights and holidays.
However, the user has to go to the nearest ATM facility.
 What are meant by emotion containers?
Emotion containers are small compartments with a screen, speaker and a scent to derive emotional comfort. This
can prevent people from acquiring bad habits
 What is meant by e-learning?
e-Learning enables online educational programs leading to degrees and certifications. e-Learning uses technology
to enable people to learn anytime and anywhere
 How are computers used in education?
Computers are used in many areas of Education including:
 Buying and browsing the latest edition of books by both local and foreign author Educational CDROMs
 Computer Based Tutorials (CBT).
 Spreading information about schools, colleges, universities and courses offered, admission procedures,
accommodation facilities, scholarships, educational loans, career guidance.
 e-Learning that enables online educational programs leading to degrees and certifications

ONE WORD QUESTIONS


To reach out the benefits of IT to the common man, we need __ technical elements: 3
Connectivity, Affordable computers and Software
__ of computer usage is word processing 85%
__enables data storage and management. Archive unit
__are small compartments with screen, speaker and scent to derive emotional comfort. Emotion containers
__prevents people from acquiring bad habits.
_is used to store personal details and enable connectivity to other people. Personal archive
__features allow one to sing along with the audio coming from the original source. Kara-oke
__functions as electronic pets. Robots
Easy interaction with other people through touch screen, scanner and microphone memo frame
facilities is called__.
__is used to draw capture and work with multimedia elements. Personal creativity tool
Banks are the key factor in the __ national economy
CBT is an acronym for: computer based
tutorials
__provides banking from the comfort of the home by using internet facilities. E-banking
__enables online educational programs leading to degree and certification. E-learning
__help farmers plan which crops will produce the highest profits revenue estimators
___is used to decide on the crops. Satellite imagery

36
Chapter 11: IT ENABLED SERVICES (ITES)
IMPORTANT 2 MARKS QUESTIONS
 What is meant by IT Enabled service?
Information Technology that helps in improving the quality of service to the users is called IT Enabled Services
[ITES]. IT Enabled Services are human intensive services that are delivered over telecommunication networks or the
Internet to a range of business segments.
 List some of the IT Enabled services
Some of the IT enabled services are:
 e-Governance  Call Centers  Data Management
 Medical [Telemedicine and  Data Digitization  Website Services
Transcription].
 What is meant by call center?
A call center is sometimes defined as a telephone based shared service center for specific customer activities and
are used for number of customer-related functions like marketing, selling, information transfer, advice, technical
support and so on.
A call center has adequate telecom facilities, trained consultants, access to wide database, Internet and other on-
line information support to provide information and support services to customers.
It operates to provide round the clock and year round service i.e.24 x 365 service.
 What is meant by digitization?
Digitization refers to the conversion of non-digital material to digital form. A wide variety of materials as diverse as
maps manuscripts, moving images and sound may be digitized.
Digitization offers great advantages for access, allowing users to find, retrieve, study and modify the material.
However, reliance on digitization as a preservation strategy could place much material at risk. Digital technologies
are changing rapidly. Preservation is a long term strategy and many technologies will become obsolete soon. This
instability in technology can lead to the loss of the digitized objects.
 What are the application areas of digitization?
Some application areas of the digital technology are as follows:
 Annual reports and price list  Books  Data Management
 Electronic Catalogues & Brochures  Engg. & Design  Geographical Information
System
 Movies, Sounds and High quality  Product/Service  Research Journals and
image preservation Training Manuals Conference Papers

 What are the steps in digitization?


The steps in data digitization are:
 Understanding the customer needs
 Customer needs are used as the basis for defining the objectives of digitization
 A pilot application is built
 After the pilot application is approved, the full digitization of data identified by the customer is undertaken.
 Different types of data are digitized using different techniques. Many advance software packages are
available to improve the quality of the digitized form of the original document.
 The digitized data is indexed and a table of contents is produce to improve accessibility. Highly advanced
and reliable storage facilities are used to stock the digitized data.
 What are the benefits of digitization?
There are many benefits of digitization. Some of the key benefits are:
1) Long term preservation of the documents.
2) Storage of important documents at one place.
3) Easy to use and access to the information.
4) Quick and focused search of relevant information in terms of images and text.
5) Easy transfer of information in terms of images and text.
6) Easy transfer of information through CD-ROM, internet and other electronic media
 Give the importance of ITES
 ITES greatly increases the employment opportunities.
 ITES can improve the quality of the service either directly or indirectly. Improved customer satisfaction, better
look and feel and an improved database are some direct benefits. Indirect benefits are seen after sometime.
Data collected for one purpose may be useful for some other purpose also after some time.
 In what way e-Governance can help us?

37
Computers help you to look at the government websites and the services provided by them. The various websites
provided by the government give the details about the departments, specific functions, special schemes, documents,
contacts, links, IAS intranet, site map, search, what‘s new, press releases, feedback. These websites are both in
English and Tamil.
ONE WORD QUESTIONS

The facility that allows the user to speak into a special device called ___ Dictaphone
The expansion for BPO is ____ Business Process
Outsourcing
___help us to look at the government and services provided by them. e governance
A ____ is a telephone based shared service center for specific customer activities. call center
___is a category of ITES pertaining to collection, digitization and processing of data data management
coming from various sources.
____ is the key for effective and profitable used of IT in organization. data management
Banking , Financial Services and insurance sectors are popularly termed as __ BFSI
___ and __ are two important aspects that must be ensured by the ITES provider. Data Security
customer privacy
___is a permanent , legal document that formally states the result of a medical Medical transcription
investigation.
There are __main steps involved in medical transcription. three
The conversion of non-digital material to digital form is __ digitization

38
Chapter 12: COMPUTER ETHICS
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
 Define piracy
Making and using duplicate hardware and software is called piracy. We tend to pirate because:
1) We like free things
2) Why pay for something when we can get it for free?
3) Our thinking and actions are self-serving
4) If we have the opportunity to get away with something, benefit financially, and minimal risk is involved, the
way in which we‘ve been conditioned by our capitalist society to do it.
 What is meant by theft of computer time?
Most of the computers in an organization have lot of free computer time to spare. Many solutions for using this spare
time are being researched. However, this idle time of computers in an organization is being stolen illegally. Some
other software runs on an idle computer without the knowledge of the organization. This is called theft of ‗computer
time‘.
 Define computer ethics
Ethics is the set of rules for determining moral standards or what is considered as socially acceptable behaviours.
Today, many computer users are raising questions on what is and is not ethical with regard to activities involving
information technology. General guidelines on computer ethics are needed for:
 Protection of personal data  Computer Crime  Cracking
 Define computer crime
A computer crime is any illegal activity using computer software, data or access as the object, subject or instrument
of the crime. Common crimes include:
 Crimes related to money transfer on the internet  Hardware and software piracy
 Making long distance calls illegally using computers  Virus
 Illegal access to confidential files  Cracking
 Stealing hardware  Theft of computer time
 Selling or misusing personal
 Define virus
A virus is a self-replicating program that can cause damage to data and files stored on your computer.
These are programs written by programmers with great programming skills who are motivated by the need for a
challenge or to cause destruction. 57000 known virus programs are in existence. 6 new viruses are found each day.
 Write a note on cracking
Cracking is the illegal access to the network or computer system. Illegal use of special resources in the system is
the key reason for cracking. The resources may be hardware, software, files or system information. Revenge,
business reasons and thrill are other common reasons for committing this crime.
 What is the need for a password to log into a computer system?
User Id and passwords are tools that offer personal security that refers to software setups that permit only
authorized access to the system. Only those with a need to know have Ids and password for access to log into a
computer system
ONE WORD QUESTIONS
___refers to the protection of hardware, facilities magnetic disks etc., physical security
___ refers to software setup that permits only authorized access to the system. personal security
____ refers to protecting data and computer system against dishonesty or negligence of Personnel security
employees.
___ is any illegal activity using computer software data or access as the object, subject or Computer crime
instrument of the crime.
Making and using duplicate hardware and software is called __ piracy
___is a self-replicating program that causes damage to data and files stored on our virus
computer.
___is a program written by programmers to cause damage to data and files stored. virus
Some other software runs on an idle computer without the knowledge of the organization computer time
is called theft of ___
The ‗Ten commandments of Computer Ethics ‗ written by __ computer ethics
institute
India has ___ to prevent computer crimes. cyber laws
__ is the illegal access to the network or computer system. cracking
__ use of special resources in the system is the key reason for cracking illegal
How many virus programs are in existence 57000

39
How many viruses are found each day 6
___ and ____have created the condition where people can take their work anywhere with Portable computers
them and do it any time. and telecommuting
Computer ethics has its roots in the work of ___ during World War II. Norbert Wiener
___ percent of computer crimes happen within the company out of which 60% goes 80%
undetected
In which year was formal course in ethics introduced 1990s
In the mid 1960s, ____ began to examine unethical and illegal uses of computers by Donn Parker of SRI
computer professionals. International in
Menlo Park,
California

40

Potrebbero piacerti anche