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Instrumentation & Control

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
 Introduction
 Mass flow rate
 Conveyor-based methods
 Thermal mass flow measurement
 Volume flow rate
 Differential pressure meters
○ Orifice plate
○ Venture tube
○ Flow nozzle
○ Segmental wedge/elbow
○ Dall flow tube
○ Pitot tube/ average pitot tube
 Variable area flow meters
 Positive- displacement flow meters
 Turbine meters
 Electromagnetic flow meters
 Vortex shedding flow meters

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Introduction
 The rate at which fluid flows through a close
pipe can be quantified by either measuring the
mass flow rate or measuring the volume flow
rate.
 Of these alternatives, mass flow measurement
is more accurate, since mass, unlike volume, is
in variant.
 In the case of flow of solids, the choice is
simpler, since only mass flow measurement is
appropriate.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
 Flow rate is the quantity of substance
passed through the given cross section area
in the unit of time.
 There are volumetric flow rate and mass
flow rate.
 The first is expressed in m3/s, m3/h, cm3/s,
1/s etc.
 The second in kg/s, kg/h, g/s etc.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
 The method used to measure mass flow
rate is largely determined by whether the
measured quantity is in a solid, liquid or
gaseous state.

 The main techniques available are


summarized on next slides.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Conveyor Based Methods
 These methods are concerned with
measurement of the flow of solids that are in
the form of small particles.
 Such particles are usually transported by some
form of conveyor.
 This mode of transport allows the mass flow
rate to be calculated in terms of the mass of
material on a given length of conveyor
multiplied by the speed of the conveyor.
 Figure shows a typical measurement system

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Conveyor Based Methods

 A load cell measures the mass M of material


disturbed over a length L of the conveyor, if the
conveyor velocity is v, the mass flow rate, Q, is given
by:
Q=Mv/L

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Thermal Mass Flow Measurement
 Thermal mass flow meters are primarily used
to measure the flow rate of gases.
 The principle of operation is to direct the
flowing material past a heated element.
 The mass flow rate is inferred in one of two
ways:
 By measuring the temperature rise in the flowing
material or
 By measuring the heater power required to achieve
a constant set temperature in the flowing material.
 Typically measurement uncertainty is + 2%.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Coriolis Meter

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Coriolis Meter

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Coriolis Meter

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Coriolis Meter

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
 Volume flow rate is an appropriate way of
quantifying the flow of all materials that are in a
gaseous, liquid or semi liquid slurry form
(where solid particles are suspended in a liquid
host)
 The measurement is inferior to mass flow
measurement.
 Materials in these forms are carried in pipes,
and various instruments can be used to
measure the volume flow rate as described in
next pages.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Differential Pressure (obstruction - type) Meters

 Differential pressure meters involve the insertion of


some device into a fluid carrying pipe that causes an
obstruction and creates a pressure difference on
either side of the device.
 Such meters are sometimes known as obstruction
type meters or flow restriction meters.
 Devices used to obstruct the flow include:
 The orifice plate,
 The venture tube,
 The flow nozzle,
 The Dall flow tube etc.
 Pitot Tube

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Differential Pressure (obstruction - type) Meters
 When such a restriction is placed in a pipe,
the velocity of the fluid through the
restriction increases and the pressure
decreases.
 The volume flow rate is then proportional to
the square root of the pressure difference
across the obstruction.
 The manner in which the pressure
difference is measured is important.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Differential Pressure (obstruction - type) Meters
 Measuring the two pressures with different
instruments and calculating the difference
between the two measurements is not
satisfactory because of the large
measurement error which can arise when
the pressure difference is small.
 Therefore, the normal procedure is to use a
differential pressure transducer, which is
commonly a diaphragm type.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Differential Pressure (obstruction - type) Meters

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Differential Pressure (obstruction - type) Meters
Orifice Plate:
 A flat plate with an opening is inserted into the pipe
and placed perpendicular to the flow stream.
 As the following fluid passes through the orifice
plate, the restricted cross section area causes an
increase in velocity and decrease in pressure.
 The pressure difference before and after the orifice
plate is used to calculate the flow velocity.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Differential Pressure (obstruction - type) Meters
Orifice Plate:
 Acting as the primary device, the orifice
constricts the flow of liquid to produce a
differential pressure across the plate.
 Pressure taps on either side of the plate are
used to detect the difference.
 Major advantages of the orifices are that they
have no moving parts and their cost does not
increase significantly with paper size.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Differential Pressure (obstruction - type) Meters
Orifice Plate:

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Differential Pressure (obstruction - type) Meters
Orifice Plate:

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Differential Pressure (obstruction - type) Meters
Venturi Tube:
 A venture tube is connected to the existing
pipe, first narrowing down in diameter then
opening up back to the original pipe diameter.
 The changes in cross section cause changes
in velocity and pressure of the flow.
 Venturi tubes have the advantages of being
able to handle large flow volumes at low
pressure drops.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Differential Pressure (obstruction - type) Meters
Venturi Tube:

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Differential Pressure (obstruction - type) Meters
Venturi Tube:
 The flow meters have no moving parts.
 They can be installed in large diameter pipes
using flanged, welded or threaded-end fittings.
 Ventrui tubes can be used with most liquids,
including those having a high solids content.
 However, the complex machining required to
manufacture it means that it is the most
expensive of all the obstruction devices.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Flow Nozzle:
 A nozzle with a smooth guided entry and a sharp
exit is placed in the pipe to change the flow field
and create a pressure drop that is used to
calculate the flow velocity.
 Flow nozzles, at high velocities, can handle
approximately 60 % greater fluid flow than orifice
plates having the same pressure drops.
 Liquid with suspended solids can also be metered.
 Flow nozzles are some times used as an
alternative to orifice plates when erosion or
cavitation would damage on orifice plate.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Segmental Wedge:
 A wedge shaped segment is inserted
perpendicularly into one side of the pipe
while the other side remains unrestricted.
 The change in cross section area of the flow
path creates pressure drops used to
calculate the flow velocities.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Pitot Tube

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
 Pitot Tube

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Variable Area Flowmeters (Rotamaters)
 The rotameter is an industrial flow meter use to
measure the flow rate of liquids and gases.
 The rotameter consists of tube and float.
 The rotameter’s operation is based on the
variable area principle:
 Fluid flow raises a float in a tapered tube,
increasing the area for passage of the fluid.
 The greater the flow, the higher the float is
raised, the height of the float is directly
proportional to the flowrate.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Positive - Displacement Flow meters
 Positive displacement flow meters repeatedly
entrap fluid to measure its flow. It can be thought
of as repeatedly filling a bucket with fluid before
dumping the contents downstream. The number of
times that the bucket is filled represents the flow.
 The rotary position meter is a common type of
positive displacement meter, and the principles of
operations of this are shown in below.
 It consists of a slotted cylindrical piston moving
inside a cylindrical working chamber that has an
inlet port and an output port.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Positive - Displacement Flow meters
 This piston moves round the chamber such that its outer
surface maintains contact with the inner surface of the
chamber and as this happens, the piston slot slides up
and down a fixed division plate in the chamber.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Positive - Displacement Flow meters
 At the start of each piston motion cycle, liquid
is admitted to volume B from the inlet port.
 The fluid pressure causes the piston to start to
rotate around the chamber and as this
happens, liquid in volume C starts to flow out
of the outlet port and also liquid starts to flow
from the inlet port into volume A.
 As the piston rotates further, volume B
becomes shut off from the inlet port, whilst
liquid continues to be admitted into A and
pushed out of C.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Positive - Displacement Flow meters
 When the piston reaches at the endpoint of its
motion cycle, the outlet port is opened to
volume B, and the liquid which has been
transported round inside the piston is expelled.
 This is made to operate a counter, and the flow
rate is therefore determined from the count in
unit time multiplied by the quantity (fixed) of
liquid transferred between the inlet and outlet
ports for each motion cycle.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Positive - Displacement Flow meters

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Turbine meters
 A turbine flowmeter consists of a multi-bladed
wheel mounted in a pipe along an axis parallel
to the direction of fluid flow in the pipe, as
shown in figure on next slide.
 The flow of fluid past the wheel causes it to
rotate at a rate that is proportional to the
volume flow rate of the fluid.
 This rate of rotation has traditionally been
measured by constructing the flowmeter such
that it behaves as a variable reluctance
tachogenerator.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Turbine meters
 This is achieved by fabricating the turbine
blades from a ferromagnetic material and
placing a permanent magnet and coil inside
the meter housing.
 A voltage pulse is induced in the coil as
each blade on the turbine wheel movies
past it, and if these pulses are measured by
a pulse counter, the pulse frequency and
hence flow rate can be deduced.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
 Electromagnetic Flow Meter

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

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