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p Rule 2:
Rational Numbers (Q): (where q 0 )
q If N = A + B + C.... then the remainder when N is
1
divided by D is equal to the sum of the
Irrational numbers (R – Q) = x n Z and ,e remainders when A, B, C ... are divided by D.
N A B C
Rules related to Even and odd numbers ...
D R D R D R D R
odd + odd = even odd + even = odd
even + even = even odd × odd = odd General divisibility Rules
odd × even = even even × even = even
Let us a take a number ABCDEF. In decimal system
odd any number odd even any number even
this number can be written as
100,000A + 10,000B + 1000C + 100D + 10E + F
Converting recurring decimals into fractions
Divisibility Rule for 2:
Model 1: We can easily observe that from rule 2, if ABCDEF
If all the digits after the decimal point are recurring, Say has to be divisible by 2, 2 must divide all the six
x.abc.......... terms above. It is evident that except F remaining
n digits numbers are divisible by 2. So if F is divisible by 2
then the number ABCDEF is divisible by 2.
abc......
x.abc..........
x 999....(n times) Divisibility Rule for 5:
n digits
Since all the terms except F is divisible by 5, the
number is divisible when F is divisible by 5, or F
Model 2: If only some of the digits are recurring, Say must be 0 or 5.
x.ab cde
Divisibility Rule for 4:
abcde ab We can see that Except last two terms 10E and F,
x.ab cde x
99900 the remaining terms are divisible by 4. so If the last
two digits are divisible by 4, the entire number is
Laws of Indices divisible by 4.
Divide the given number into several groups of 3 digits 1. The number of ways of writing a number as a
and put + and - signs alternatively from right hand product of two distinct numbers =
side. Then find the sum and divide with 7, 13 to get 1
remainders. (p+1).(q+1).(r+1)...-1
2
Fermat’s little theorem
2. The number of ways of writing a number as a
ap 1 product of two numbers and those numbers need
If P is a prime number then 1
p R 1
(p+1).(q+1).(r+1)...+1
not be distinct=
2
Wilson’s Theorem Formula 4:
The number of co-primes of a number = N =
If P is a prime number then (P - 1)! + 1 is divided
1 1 1
ap .b q.cr ... (N) = N 1- 1- 1- ...
P 1 ! 1 a b c
by P the remainder is 0. P
0
R Formula 5:
(or) this can be written algebrically (p - 1)! + 1 = 0 N
(mod P). The sum of co-primes of a number N= (N)
2
L.C.M of Numerators 5 1
62 % or 62.5% ;
L.C.M. of fractions = 8 2
H.C.F. of Denominators
7 1
87 % or 87.5
Important formulas in HCF and LCM 8 2
LCM Formula 1: 1 1
11 % or 11.11%
The least number leaving remainder r in each case 9 9
when divided by x, y, z = (LCM of x, y, z) + r
1 1
The series of such number will be (LCM of x, y, z) n 9 % or 9.09%
+r 11 11
Here n is a natural number.
Averages
Formula 8:
If a number K got increased by A% and B% succes-
sively then the final percentage is given by Sum of observations
1. Average or Mean =
AB Number of observations
A B %
100
2. Weighted Average:
Note1: If decreased then substitute +A% with -A% If the average of ‘m ’ quantities is ‘A ‘ and the aver-
Note2: Any two dimensional diagram like square, age age of ‘ n ‘ other quantities is ‘B ‘ then the aver-
rectangle, rhombus, triangle, circle, parallelogram,
sides got increased or decreased by certain percent- mA nB
age of all of them put together is = C =
ages, then the percentage change in the area can mn
be calculated by the above formula.
Alligation Rule
Ratio and Proportion
Alligation rule helps us to find, in what ratio two mixtures
If two ratios are equal then we say they are in pro- with different concentrations are to be mixed to get a tar
portion then get concentration.
a:b :: c:d a d b c
a c m n Number of Units
or ad c d
b d Concentrations
A B
There exist four types of relations between 2 variables:
1. Direct Proportion Final Concentration
C
2. Inverse Proportion
3. Direct Relation
4. Inverse Relation
B-C C -A
1. Direct Proportion:
If two variables x, y are directly proportional then m BC
x y or x = ky where k is a constant. Alligation rule=
n CA
2. Inverse proportion:
If two variables x, y are inversely proportional then
Replacement Formula
1
x
y or xy = k where k is a constant. The general formula for replacements is as follows:
3. Direct relation: n
x
If two variables x, y are in direct relation then, FC=IC 1-
x = k + ny V
Here K and n are some constants.
Here
4. Indirect relation: FC = Final concentration
If two variables x, y are in indirect relation then, IC = Initital concentration
x = k – ny x = replacement quantity
V = Final volume after replacement
Partnership n = number of replacements
This consists of problems on how long it will take Calculating Selling price from Cost price:
for different pipes of different diameters to fill a
cistern; the time taken to fill a cistern when one pipe In the profit case selling price is greater than cost
is filling it while another empties it, etc. price, and this case we gain some profit. That is
we are increasing the cost price by some percent-
Concepts age to get the selling price. This can be done in
several ways
1. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another
pipe can fill it in y hours, then the fraction of tank In profit case:
1 1 xy CP (Pr ofit%) CP SP
filled by both pipes together in 1 hour = x y xy
(100 Pr ofit)% CP SP
or, time required to fill the tank by both the pipes =
(100 profit)
xy CP SP
100
xy
In loss case:
2. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another CP CP Loss% SP
pipe can empty it in y hours, then the fraction of
tank filled by both the pipes together in 1 hour = CP (100 Loss)% SP
1 1 y–x
– Calculating Selling Price from Marked Price:
x y xy .
MP MP discount% SP
Cost Price: The rate at which a merchant buys Calculating Cost price from Selling Price:
goods. This is his investment
Selling Price: The rate at which a merchant sells his This is the reverse operation of the above
goods.
Marked Price: The rate at which a merchant rises
SP
his price above the cost price (may be anticipating In profit case: CP
(100 Pr ofit)%
some hagglers)
Eg: A person sold a watch for Rs.1500 making 25% profit.
1500 100
CP = 1500
125% 125
SP
In loss Case: CP
(100 Loss)%
Eg: A person sold a mobile for Rs.12000 making 20%
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Loss % =
Common Gain and Loss 2 = x2 Case 2: If both are moving in opposite direction
1 00 100 Length of The Train (m) = [Speed of the Train +
Speed of the Man] (m/s) Time taken to cross the
Two important Relations when Profit/Loss, Markup and man (s)
Discount involved:
4. 2 Trains with speeds V1,V2
100 Pr ofit / Loss% 100 Discount% Case 1: If both are moving in same direction
CP MP
100 100 [Length of The Train 1 + Length of the Train 2](m) =
[Speed of the Train1 - Speed of the Train 2] (m/
100 P/ L % 100 Markup% 100 Discount% s) Time taken to cross (s)
100 100 100
Case 2: If both are moving in opposite direction
Time Speed Distance [Length of The Train 1 + Length of the Train 2](m) =
[Speed of the Train1 + Speed of the Train 2] (m/
1. Distance = Speed × Time s) Time taken to cross (s)
5
2. 1 km/hr = m/s Boats and Streams
18
3. If the ratios of speed is a : b : c, then the ratios of
Downstream motion of a boat is its motion in the
1 1 1 same direction as the flow of the Stream.
time taken is : : : , when distance is constant.
a b c Upstream motion is exactly the opposite.
1. 1 Pole and I Train: 1. If two people A and B start from the same point,
Length of The Train (m) = Speed of the Train (m/ at the same time and move in the same direction
s) Time taken to cross the pole (s) along a circular track and take x minutes and y min-
utes respectively to come back to the starting point,
2. 1 Train and 1 Platform then they would meet for the first time at the start-
Length of the Train + Length of the Platform (m) = ing point according to the formula given below:
Speed of the Train (m/s) Time taken to cross the First time meeting of A and B at the starting point =
platform (s) (LCM of x and y)
Note: This formula would remain the same even if
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they move in the opposite directions. n
R
= P 1 –P
2. If two people A and B start from the same point 100
with speeds m km/hr and n km/hr respectively, at
the same time and move in the same direction along
a circular track, then the two would meet for the first
Areas
time by the formula given below:
Rectangle:
Time of the first meeting
In rectangle opposite pairs of sides are parellel
Circumference of the track and equal. All four sides are perpendicular to
= Relative speed . each other. Long side and short side lengths are
different. 4 right angles exist.
Races
b
"Race" is a competition of speeds. All participants a
of a race are required to run a specific distance; Area = ab
whoever does it in the minimum will be the winner Perimeter = 2(a + b)
of the race.
Square:
W hen all participants reach the finishing point at In square all 4 sides are equal. Opposide sides
the same instant of time, the race is said to end in a are parellel to each other. 4 right angles exist.
"Dead Heat"
a
The various types of phrases used in problems on
races and their interpretations are as follows: a a
P T R
Simple Interest = SI =
100
n
R
Amount in Compound Interest = A = P 1
100
Compound Interest = CI = A – P
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1
Hypotenuse = d = h2 b 2 Area = d1 d2
2
Equilateral Triangle:
All the three sides are equal. Angle between any
two sides is equal to 60. Trapezium:
Only a pair of lines are parellel to each other.
Other two sides are not parellel.
a a
h b
a h
3 2
Area = a a
4
1
3 Area = h (a b)
Height = a 2
2
Circle:
Perimeter = 3a
Isosceles Triangle: r
Two sides are equal. O
a a 2 22
h Area = r here 3.1416 or
7
b Perimeter = 2 r
b
Area = 4a2 b2 Semi Circle:
4
r 2
Area =
2
a d
Perimeter = r 2r
a Ring:
Two circles which are concentric forms ring.
1 2 Bigger circle radius = R, and smaller circle radius
Area = a
2 =r
Parellogram:
Two opposite pairs of sides are parellel. But there R
is no perpendicularity. r
a
2 2
b h b Area = R r
a Sector:
Area = base height = a h
A
Rhombus: r
All 4 sides are equal and diagnols are perpendicu-
lar to each other. Sides are not perpendicular to B
each other. Perpendiculars bisect each other.
l C
Area = r 2
3600
Perimeter = 2r 2r
3600
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Volumes Volume =
2 3
r
3
Cuboid:
All rectangular rooms look like cuboids. Lateral Surface area = 2r 2
Cube:
a a
b c x
2 A
Volume = r h
Cone:
B C
l
h
r AC 2 AB 2 BC 2
1 2
Volume = r h
3 Pythagorean triplet: There are certain triplets which
2 2 satisfy the pythagoras’ theorem and are commonly,
Lateral surface area = rl r h r called pythagorean triplet.
For example: 3, 4, 5; 5, 12, 13; 24, 10, 26; 24,
Total surface area = r 2 r h2 r 2 7, 25; 15, 8, 17
Sphere: Circles
r
1. If two circles have equal radii, then both circles are
congruent.
2. The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle
4 3 to a chord bisects the chord.
Volume = r
3
Hemi Sphere:
O
A C
r B
B
A
C P D
O
C
11. If two chords AB and CD intersect each other
internally, then
D PA × PB = PC × PD
O
2 B
A C
P T
(x 2 x1)2 (y 2 y1)2
Formula 2.
The area of a triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2,
y2) and (x3, y3)
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1 y 2 y1
= [x (y – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2)] y y1 (x x1)
2 1 2 x 2 x1
of the line.
Slope of the line joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
Formula 13:
y 2 y1
is x x ; (x1 x2 ) . The slope is also indicated Distance between two parallel straight lines ax + by
2 1 + c1 = 0 abd ax + by + c2 = 0 is given by
by m.
c1 c 2
a2 b2
Formula 6:
If the slopes of two lines be m1 and m2, then the lines
Formula 14:
will be
If m1 and m2 are slopes of two straight lines, then
(i) parallel if m1 = m2 (ii) perpendicular if m1m2 = –1
Area of quadrilateral formed by points (x1, y1) (x2, y2)
acute angle () between them is given by
(x3, y3) and (x4, y4) taken in order is m1 m2
tan
1 m1 m2
1 x1 x 3 x2 x4
2 y1 y 3 y2 y4
Consistency of Equations
2. Sum to first n terms of an A.P. = Sn = 3. If four numbers are in G.P., then they can be
n a a 3
2a n 1 d taken as 3 , r ,ar,ar
2 r
3. If we know the last term of a series then =
n 4. If five number are in G.P., then they can be
a l where l is the last term.
2 a a
taken as , ,a,ar,ar 2
r2 r
Arithmetic Mean:
Harmonic progression (Key points)
1. If a,x,b are in A.P. then x is called Arithmetic
mean (A.M) between a and b. The arithmetic If the reciprocals of the terms of a series form An
ab A.P., then the series is called a Harmonic progres-
mean between a and b is . sion (H.P.). If a,x,b are in H.P., then x is called
2
Harmonic Mean between a and b.
2. If three numbers are in A.P., then they can be
taken as a – d, a, a+d. 1. The harmonic mean between two non zero num-
2ab
3. If four numbers are in A.P., then they can be bers a and b is .
ab
taken as a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d.
2. If A, G, H are the arithmetic mean, geometric
4. If five numbers are in A.P., then they can be mean, harmonic mean between two positive
taken as a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d.
numbers then A G H and G2 AH
Geometric progression (Key points)
3. The sum of first n natural numbers =
A series in which each term (except first term) is
n(n 1)
obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a n
fixed quantity is called a Geometric progression 2
(G.P) and the fixed quantity is called the common
ratio. If a is the first term and r is the common 4. The sum of first n natural numbers =
2 n(n 1)(2n 1)
ratio of a G.P. then that G.P is a ar ar ...... . n2 6
If every term of a G.P. is multiplied by a fixed real
number, then the resulting series is also a G.P. If
every term of a G.P is raised to the same power, 5. The sum of cubes of first n natural numbers
then the resulting series is also a G.P. The
reciprocals of the terms of a G.P. is also a G.P. n2 (n 1)2
= n3 4
Formula 8:
Sum of all the n digit numbers that can be formed