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I
k 1
k 0 z is the total no of branches with current flowing towards or a way
I1+I4-I2-I3=0 I1
or I1+I4=I2+I3
R1
I2
I4 - +
Node
I3
2. Kirhhoff’s Voltage Low (KVL):
It is known as kirchoff’s loop or mesh rule
The directed sum of electrical voltage around any closed circuit / loop must be zero
or
the Algebric sum of the product of resistances and current of the conductors in a closed loop is equal to the
total voltage in that loop.
n
Simply KVL V
k 1
k 0 n is the total number of voltage around the loop is equal to zero
e.g. V1+V2+V3+V4=0 a R1 b
V1
R2 V2
+
- V4
R3 d
V3 c
Q.3 Nodal analysis ( Find Voltage across R2)
V1 R2 V1
R1 8
I1
1A I2 R3 4A
15 I3
64
120 15V2
V1= (i )
23
V2 256 V 2 8V 2 8V 1
V 2 V1 8(120 15V 2)
Node-2: 4 0 0 9V2-8V1=256 9V2- 256
64 8 64 23
960 120V 2 207V 2 960 120V 2
9V 2 256 256 87V2-960=5888
23 23
6840
V2= V2=78.71
87
Now substitute the value of V2 in equation (i)
120 15 78.71
V1= 56.55
23
R2
R1 8
I1
1A I2 R3 4A
15 I3
64
Loop1: I1=1 A
Loop2: 15(I2-I1)+8I2+64(I2+I3)=0
Loop3: I3= 4A
1. Component: A device with tow or more terminals into which or out of which charge/electron
2. Branch: The components joining two nodes.
3. Mesh: A group of branches with a network joined so as to from a complete mesh.
5. Find the power output of the voltage source in the circuit below :
8 B
A C
+ 3
10000 I1
I2
-j6
-
j4
F E D
Solution: Applying KVL to the mesh ABEFA get (starting from point A clockwise)
-8I1-(-j6) (I1-I2) +10000=0
(8- j6) I1+I2(j6)= 10000----------- (i)
Applying KVL to the mesh BCDEB
-(-j6) (I2-I1) – I2(3+j4) = 0
I2j6 - j6I1- I2(3+j4) = 0
j6I1- I2j6+ I2(3+j4)=0
I1 (j6) + I2 (3-j2)=0 ------(ii)
From the equation 1 and 2 we get
8 j 6 j 6 I 1000 0
j6 1 AI B
3 j 2
I 2 0
8 j 6 j 6
A= = (8-j6)(j-j2)-(j6)2
j6 3 j 2
34
= 24-j18-j16+j212-j236 = 24-34j-12+36 =48-j34 = 48 2 34 2 tan 1 = 62.539.80
48
1000 0 j 6
A1= = (3-j2)(10000) = 300-j200 =360-26.60
0 3 j 2
8 j6 1000 0
A2= j6
=j6 (10000)= 600900
0
A1 360 26.6 0
I1= 5.76 26.6 0 ( 39.8 0 ) 5.7613.2 0
A 62.5 39.80
A2 60090 0
I2= 0
9.690 0 (39.8 0 ) 9.6129.8 0
A 62.5 39.8
6. Thevnin’s Theorem: The current through a load impedance across any two terminals A and B of a linear
network is given by Vth / (Zth+ZL) where Vth is the open circuit voltage across A and B and Zth is the
internal impedance of the network is viewed from the open circuit terminals A and B with all voltage source
replaced by their internal impedances ( if any) and Current sources by infinite impedance.
Problem: In a network having Z1= (8+j8), Z2=(8-j8) , Z3= (2+j20), V=1000 and ZL= j10. Find the
current through the load ZL using thevenin,s theorem.
IL
Z1 Z3
Z1 Z3 10+j20 -10j
Z2 Vth
Z2 ZL 7.07-45
1000
Fig-2 Fig-3
Fig-1
So thevenin equivalent circuit as per fig-3 the load current ILis given
Vth
IL =
Z th Z L
(5 j 5) 5 j5 (5 j 5)(10 j10) 50 j 50 j 50 j 2 50 50 j100 50
= = 10 j10 = = = 100 (100)
(10 j 20) ( j10) (10 j10)(10 j10) 2
10 ( j10) 2
j100 j
= (Ans)
200 2