 China’s FP:

China’s FP 2018; Under Xi-Jinping.

Xi has reportedly taken a hard line on security issues as well as foreign affairs, projecting a more
nationalistic and assertive China on the world stage.[12] Xi's political program calls for a China
more united and confident of its own value system and political structure.
China and the South East Asian Region:
 Under Xi China has also taken a more critical stance on North Korea, while improving
relationships with South Korea. China-Japan relations have soured under Xi's administration; the
thorniest issue between the two countries remains the dispute over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands.
In response to Japan's continued robust stance on the issue, China declared an Air Defense
Identification Zone in November 2013. The issue in the region is due to conflict between the
countries regarding the ownership of Island and right to navigate an down the South China sea
and East China sea. In April 2015, new satellite imagery revealed that China was rapidly
constructing an airfield on Fiery Cross Reef in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea.[170] In
May 2015, U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter warned the government of Xi Jinping to halt its
rapid island-building in disputed territory in the South China Sea.[171]
SINO-US:
 U.S. President Donald Trump arrives in China, 8 November 2017. In spite of what seemed to be a
tumultuous start of Xi Jinping's leadership vis-à-vis the United-State, Xi has called China–United
States relations in the contemporary world a "new type of great-power relations", a phrase the
Obama administration had been reluctant to embrace. Under his administration the Strategic
and Economic Dialogue that began under Hu Jintao has continued. The U.S. has been critical of
Chinese actions in the South China Sea. In 2014, Chinese hackers compromised the computer
system of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, resulting in the theft of approximately 22
million personnel records handled by the office. Xi has also indirectly spoken out critically on the
U.S. "strategic pivot" to Asia.[166] Addressing a regional conference in Shanghai , Xi called on
Asian countries to unite and forge a way together, rather than get involved with third party
powers, seen as a reference to the United States. "Matters in Asia ultimately must be taken care
of by Asians. Asia's problems ultimately must be resolved by Asians and Asia's security
ultimately must be protected by Asians", he told the conference.
SINO-RUSSIA:
 Xi has cultivated stronger relations with Russia, particularly in the wake of the Ukraine crisis of
2014. Xi seems to have developed a strong personal relationship with President Vladimir Putin,
both of whom are viewed as strong leaders with a nationalist orientation who are not afraid to
assert themselves against Western interests. Xi attended the opening ceremonies of the 2014
Winter Olympics in Sochi. Under Xi, China signed a $400 billion gas deal with Russia; China has
also become Russia's largest trading partner. Xi has signaled a greater interest in Central Asia as
evidenced by China's One Belt One Road initiative. Xi made the announcement while in Astana,
Kazakhstan and called it a "golden opportunity". Trade slumped back to around $60 billion in
2015 and 2016 but started to recover again in 2017.In 2008-2009, when Russia experienced a
financial crisis, there was a sharp increase in borrowing from China. But this trend did not last
 more than a year or two. However, starting from 2013, the borrowing started growing steadily.
It appears that Russia turns to the Chinese when it needs cash. Most of Russia's exports to China
are from the mining and petrochemicals sector
 SINO-PAK:
In April 2015 Xi led a large delegation on a state visit to Pakistan. During his visit he signed
energy and infrastructure deals worth $45 billion including the China–Pakistan Economic
Corridor. Pakistan's highest civilian award, the Nishan-e-Pakistan, was also conferred upon him

Pak’s FP:
 Pak China: Already done
Pak Turkey: Already done
Pak US: already done
Pak –KSA-IRAN: Already done
Pak- EU: Already Done.
Pak FP challenges:
Globalization; interdependence.
Multi-literalism; Fading concept of sovereignty.
Supra and inter-governmentalize.
Loss of identity.
Increased attention to Non-state Actors and the Fourth World.
War against terror-War against Islam
India’s FP:
 IND-US: India —as the largest democracy of the world— can hardly be overlooked by the United
States. This is the reason, co-operation in promotion of democracy in the world has become one
of the most important facets of Indo-USA relations in recent times. India is a founding member
of the "Community of Democracies"—a prominent endeavour of the United States on
promotion of democracy. However, India rejected the suggestion of the USA about setting up a
Centre for Asian Democracy.
 Agriculture is another important area of co-operation between India and the USA in present
times. Considering the fact that both the nations at present have a vast pool of human resources
adept at knowledge economy, it is only natural that the best course such partnership can aim at
is harnessing these human resources by concentrating on development and dissemination of
agricultural knowledge through research, education and training etc. An initiative to forge such a
partnership is the "India-USA Knowledge Initiative on Agriculture" (KIA).
 One of the very interesting features of Indo-USA relations of recent times is the changes on the
terms of engagement between the two countries on the issue of nuclear proliferation. While
earlier, in the USA strategic thinking on nuclear proliferation, India figured mainly because of
American concern about latter's nuclear and missile programs, in the twenty-first century,
however, American strategic thinking on the issue of nuclear proliferation has undergone major
reorientation. Now, the Americans are increasingly realizing the futility of insisting on a rollback
of India's nuclear program. They, rather, want to leverage India's growing power and influence
 in favor of their broader nonproliferation and counter proliferation objectives

IND-CHINA: Already done

IND-PAK:
 The unresolved Kashmir conflict and the status of Kashmir with India: Pakistan claims that it is a
disputed territory with India, meanwhile Pakistan claims its side of the disputed territory and
calls it as Azad Kashmir, yet violating human rights[citation needed].
 Dispute over Kori Creek and the maritime boundary regarding the Rann of Kachchh area of
southern tip of Sindh.
 Water-sharing problems with Pakistan over the Indus River (Wular Barrage).

Russia’s FP:
RUSSIA-US:
The United States and Russia maintain diplomatic and trade relations. The relationship was
generally warm under the Russian President Boris Yeltsin (1991–99) until the NATO bombing of
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999, and has since deteriorated significantly.
In 2014, relations greatly strained due to the crisis in Ukraine, Russia's annexation of Crimea in
2014, differences regarding Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War, and from the
end of 2016 over Russia's alleged interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. Mutual sanctions
imposed in 2014 remain in place.
Russian spy case
Proxy wars in Middle East:
Russia- Pak:
Pakistan–Russia relations or Russo-Pakistani relations refers to the bilateral, historical, cultural,
and international relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Russian Federation.
The Soviet Union and Pakistan first established the diplomatic and bilateral relations on 1 May
1948.[1] On May 1, 2018, Pakistan celebrated 70th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations with
Russia. For the most of the Cold War, the Soviet Union's relations with Pakistan have seen ups
and downs during the different periods of Pakistan's history. In 1947–1950s, Soviet Union
enjoyed relatively healthy and strong relations with Pakistan when it was under the civilian
control but the relations went ultimately cold soon after the U.S.-backed 1958 military coup
d'état, although attempts to warm the relations were made after the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war
and in the mid- 1970s, the relations were quickly improved and warmed. In response to ongoing
Soviet support to communist Afghanistan regarding the Durand Line issue during the late 1970s
and 1980s, Pakistan began to support Mujahedeen rebels attempting to overthrow the Soviet-
backed communist regime and was later aided by the United States, United Kingdom, China and
Saudi Arabia. This led to the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. In recent years ties between
Russia and Pakistan have warmed as a counter measure to warming ties between India and the
United States, the two countries carried out their first ever joint military drills in 2016 despite
Indian requests to postpone due to the Uri attack.[2][3] Pakistan and Russia signed an
agreement for the North-South gas pipeline from Lahore to Karachi,[4] and reached a price
accord by December 2016.[5] Pakistan has also granted Russia access to a warm water port in
the Arabian sea Gwadar Port
Russia-India: Traditionally, the Indo-Russian strategic partnership has been built on five major
components: politics, defence, civil nuclear energy, anti-terrorism co-operation and space.[1]
These five major components were highlighted in a speech given by former Indian Foreign
Secretary Ranjan Mathai in Russia.[1] However, in recent years a sixth component, economic,
has grown in importance with both countries setting a target for US$30 billion in bilateral trade
by 2025.[2][3] In order to facilitate this target both countries are looking to develop a free trade
agreement.[4][5][6] Bilateral trade between both countries in 2012 grew by over 24%. India is
the second largest market for the Russian defence industry. In 2017, approximately 68% of the
Indian Military's hardware import came from Russia, making Russia the chief supplier of defence
equipment.
Nuclear help: On 7 November 2009, India signed a new nuclear deal with Russia apart from
the deals that were agreed upon by the two countries earlier.[96] India and Russia are in
discussion for construction of two more nuclear power units at Kudankulam. Two units of the
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant are already operational. During Russian president Vladimir
Putin's visit to India for the 13th annual summit, a co-operative civilian nuclear energy road map
was agreed to. Running until 2030, sixteen to eighteen new reactors will be constructed, with
installed capacity of 1,000 MW each. A 1,000 MW reactor costs around $2.5 billion so the deal
may touch $45 billion in worth