CDB 3033

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

Energy Transport
i. Introduction
 Course Outcomes

CLO1 Explain the theoretical aspect of momentum, mass

and energy transport
CLO2 Apply mathematical and numerical methodology in
analyzing momentum transfer problem
CLO3 Apply mathematical and numerical methodology in
analyzing heat transfer problem
CLO4 Apply mathematical and numerical methodology in
analyzing mass transfer problem
CLO5 Analyze and solve transport phenomena using
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools.
 Lesson outcomes
15. Explain the principles of heat transfer
• Explain Fourier’s law of heat conduction
• Estimate thermal conductivity
• Explain convective energy flux
• Explain molecular work flux
• Explain the combined energy flux

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 Principles of Energy Transport
Energy can be transferred by:
• Conduction :- transportation of energy due to the
motion of constituent molecules
• Convection :- Energy transport due to the bulk
motion of the fluid and depends on the density of
the fluid
• Diffusion :- Energy transport in mixtures which are
inter-diffusing
• Radiation :- transportation of energy through
electromagnetic waves; unlike conduction and
convection, it does not require a material medium

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 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
Consider a solid slab between two parallel plates

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 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
It is found that for sufficiently small values of T the
following relation holds:

Q T
k
A 

The rate of heat flow per unit area is proportional to

the temperature decrease over the distance 
 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
In differential form:
dT One- dimensional form of the
q y  k
dy Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction

The heat flux by conduction is proportional to

the temperature gradient.

If the temperature varies in all three directions in

Cartesian coordinates:

T T T
q x  k q y  k q z  k
x y z
 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
 T T T 
Three- dimensional
q  k   x   y   z   kT form of the Fourier’s
 x y z 
Law.
• This equation describes the molecular transport of
heat in isotropic media
• “isotropic” means that the material has no
preferred direction, so that heat is conducted with
the same thermal conductivity in all directions

In cylindrical coordinates:
T 1 T T
qr   k q  k q z  k
r r  z
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 Principles of heat conduction
Thermal diffusivity:- In addition to thermal
conductivity thermal diffusivity is also commonly
used.
k

Cˆ p

The Prandtl Number (Pr) is used to measure the

relative ease of momentum and energy transport
in flow systems.
 Cˆ p 
Pr  
 k

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Estimation of Thermal Conductivity
When thermal conductivity
data for a particular
compound cannot be
found, an estimate can be
made using the principle of
corresponding-states.

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 Estimation of Thermal Conductivity
Procedure
When k1 is known at some T1 and P1 and k at some
other temperature T and pressure P is required.
1. Determine kr1 from Tr1, Pr1
2. Determine kc:
k1
kc 
kr1

3. Determine kr from Tr, Pr

4. Determine
k  kc k r

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 Estimation of Thermal Conductivity
Second approach/ using low density region
• The Chapman-Enskog formula for the thermal
conductivity of a monoatomic gas at low density and
temperature T

4 T /M
k  1.9891  10
 2 k
k [=] cal/cm  s  K
T [=] K
 [=] Å
k [=] dimensionless, collision integral for thermal
conductivity

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 Estimation of Thermal Conductivity
Example
Compute the thermal conductivity of Ne at 1 atm. and
373.2K.

Solution
From Table E.1 the Lennard-Jones constants for Ne
are =2.789 Å and \ = 35.7 K.
Its molecular weight is 20.18.
At T=373.2K T/  = 373.2/35.7 = 10.45
From Table E.2
k = y=0.821
4 (373.2) /( 20.18)
k  (1.9891  10 )  1.338  10 4 cal/cm  s  K
(2.789) 2 (0.821)
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Convective Energy Transport
Energy transport due to the bulk motion of the fluid.

Consider the three mutually perpendicular elements

of area dS at a point P, where the fluid velocity is v

The volume rate of flow across the surface area dS

perpendicular to x-axis is
𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑆
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 Convective Energy Transport
The convective energy flux through a surface area dS
perpendicular to:
( v 2  Uˆ )vx dS ( v 2  Uˆ )v y dS
1 1
x: y:
2 2

( v 2  Uˆ )vz dS
1
z:
2

1
2
v 2  12  (v x2  v y2  v z2 ) Kinetic energy per unit volume

Û : Internal energy per unit volume

Convective energy flux vector:

1
2

ρv 2  ρUˆ δx vx  
1
2

ρv 2  ρUˆ δ y v y  
1
2

ρv 2  ρUˆ δz vz  
1
2

ρv 2  ρUˆ v

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Work Associated With Molecular Motions
Let us recall:
When a force F acts on a body and it causes it to move
through a distance r, the work done is

𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑟
Then, the rate of doing work is

𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑟
=𝐹∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=𝐹∙𝒗
i.e., the dot product of the force times the velocity
Work Associated With Molecular Motions
If the fluid is moving with a velocity v, the rate at which
work is done by the minus side of the fluid on the plus
side of the fluid through a unit area of surface
perpendicular to x-axis is
( π x  v )   xx  vx   xy  v y   xz  vz
Similarly,

( π y  v)   yx  vx   yy  v y   yz  vz
( π z  v )   zx  vx   zy  v y   zz  vz

Adding vectorially,
π  v  δ x π x  v   δ y π y  v   δ z π z  v  : work flux

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 Combined energy flux vector
The combined energy flux is the sum of the
a) the rate of heat transport per unit area by molecular
mechanism
b) convective energy flux
c) rate of doing work per unit area by molecular
mechanism
e  q  ( v 2  Uˆ ) v  [ π  v ]
1
2

Splitting the molecular stress we get π  pδ  τ

e  q  ( v 2  Hˆ ) v  [ τ  v ]
1
2

Hˆ  Uˆ  pVˆ  enthalpy
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 Combined energy flux vector
e  q  ( v 2  Uˆ ) v  [ π  v ]
1
2
 Uˆ ) v  [ pv  τ  v ]
1
 q  ( v 2
2

 q  ( v 2  Uˆ  p ) v  [ τ  v ]
1
2

1 mUˆ
q( v 
2
 p) v  [ τ  v]
2 V
1 m pV  
 q   v 2  Uˆ    v  [ τ  v ]
 2 V m 
1 m

 q   v 2  Uˆ  pVˆ
2 V
v  [τ  v] Vˆ  Specific volume

e  q  ( v 2  Hˆ ) v  [ τ  v ]
1
2

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 Summary of energy fluxes

Symbol Meaning
1
2

ρv 2  ρUˆ v convective energy flux vector
q molecular heat flux vector
[ π  v] molecular work flux vector
e  q  ( v 2  Uˆ ) v  [ π  v ]
1
2

combined energy flux vector

e  q  ( v 2  Hˆ ) v  [ τ  v ]
1
2
 Lesson outcomes
Explain the principles of Energy Transport
• Explain Fourier’s law of heat conduction
• Estimate thermal conductivity
• Explain convective energy flux
• Explain molecular work flux
• Explain the combined energy flux

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