Fluid Mechanics

Laboratory Manual

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of New Brunswick
CANADA

September 2004
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1

2. FORMAT FOR THE LABORATORY REPORT ........................................................... 1

3. FORMAT FOR TABLES OF DATA OR RESULTS...................................................... 3

4. FORMAT FOR FIGURES ................................................................................................. 4

4.1 A Checklist ..................................................................................................................... 4
4.2 How to Plot Engineering Data...................................................................................... 5
4.3 Correlating Data............................................................................................................ 7

5. ACCURACY, ERRORS AND PRECISION ................................................................... 8

5.1 Accuracy......................................................................................................................... 8
5.2 Errors ............................................................................................................................. 9
5.3 The Precision of Derived Quantities............................................................................ 11
5.4 Significant Figures ........................................................................................................ 13
5.5 Uncertainty In Graphical Analysis.............................................................................. 13

6. LABORATORY PRACTICE ........................................................................................... 14

6.1 Precautions to be Observed in the Laboratory .......................................................... 14
6.2 Field Notes...................................................................................................................... 15

7 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................... 17
Sample Title Page ................................................................................................................ A1
Sample Data Table .............................................................................................................. A2
Sample Data Plot ................................................................................................................ A3
Sample Format for Field Notes ..........................................................................................A4
Checklist for Report Submission .......................................................................................A5

ii
1. INTRODUCTION

This manual provides the student with a detailed description of what is required for a
laboratory report for ME3415, ME3423, ME3435, ME3515, ME3522, and ME5463. It includes a
format for the entire report as well as detailed instructions on the preparation of figures and tables,
and a discussion of errors and laboratory practice. Reports which do not conform to these
guidelines will not be accepted. Help in the preparation of a formal written report may be found in
the Department of Mechanical Engineering Document "Guidelines for a Comprehensive Written
Report" or in "How to Write and Publish a Scientific Document" by Robert A. Day.

2. FORMAT FOR THE LABORATORY REPORT

The Comprehensive Laboratory Report describes the purpose of an investigation, the way it
was carried out, and the basic data obtained, discussion of the results, the assumptions made, the
accuracy of the measurements and results, as well as the significance of the results and conclusions
or recommendations arising from them. The following "checklist" should be reviewed before
submitting your report for grading.
1. The report is based upon the field notes.
2. The normal length is 10-15 pages, including any tables, plots and appendices.
3. The report will include the following:
(i) an abstract immediately following the title page,
(ii) an introduction including a discussion of the purpose of the work being reported
upon, and an outline of the relevant theory and background,
(iii) a description of the procedure and apparatus used including simple schematic
diagram(s) of the equipment, carefully drawn and dimensioned,
(iv) a presentation of the results including: tabulation(s) of the raw data, a discussion of
the data treatment method and the assumptions made, tabulation(s) and plot(s) of the
final derived results,
(v) a detailed discussion of the accuracy and reliability of the results, with comparison to
the theoretical background presented in the introduction,

1
 (vi) a statement of the conclusions and any recommendations resulting from the study,
(vii) a list of references in proper form,
(viii) appendices as required.
4. The report should have a cover sheet (an example is provided in the appendix) and pages
should be numbered.
5. Voluminous raw data (more than 2 pages) should be placed in an appendix but reference
must be made to the appendix in the text.
6. All symbols should be defined; units should be clearly indicated.

In addition to the above, a table of contents may be desirable. A letter of transmittal may also be

required in some instances.

A Letter Report conveys the results of the experiment in an informal but concise manner
between two individuals who are familiar with the context of the work. It is at least 2 pages long
(not including enclosures) and written in business letter form with 1½ spacing. It explains the
assignment being reported upon, describes generally how it was carried out and presents the final
results with emphasis on their significance and conclusions or recommendations resulting from them.

· The Letter Report should be on 8 ½” x 11" white bond paper giving the author’s name,
group, address and date on the front page.
· The Letter Report must be signed.
· The first paragraph of the Letter Report serves as a letter of transmittal.
· The report should be carefully organized, this being reflected through the paragraphing and
perhaps through the use of side headings.
· Tables or plots of final results may be attached as enclosures or attachments. If so these must
be referred to in the text of the letter.
· While organization and form is a matter of personal taste, the following points should be
covered:

2
 · the objective
· list, sketch and accuracies of the apparatus used (in an appendix)
· brief procedure (possibly in an appendix)
· a brief description of the method of calculation of the results (including assumptions
and reference to sample calculations)
· tables of required final results and required graphs (the raw data should be in an
appendix)
· a complete set of ORIGINAL sample calculations done by hand (no photocopies)
· a discussion of the results, error analysis, sources of error and any other information
requested in the lab handout
· a brief statement of the conclusions and recommendations drawn from the lab
Things to not put in your letter report:
· abstract
· discussion of relevant theory
· derivation of equations
· distinct section headings such as Results, Conclusions, etc.

3. FORMAT FOR TABLES OF DATA OR RESULTS

A sample table is provided in the appendix. Before submitting your report for grading check
the following:
1. Each table should have a proper descriptive title and a table number if there is more than
one.
2. Columns should be properly titled.
3. Units should be clearly stated.
4. Each table must be referred to and explained in the text.
5. Columns may be numbered if the headings are complex, and an explanation given in the
text.
6. Explanatory footnotes should be given if required.

3
7. Tables should read across the top of the page; if column requirements necessitate having the
table read across the side of the page, the top of the table should be the left side of the page.

4. FORMAT FOR FIGURES

4.1 A Checklist
For plotting mathematical curves, recording engineering data, and for many other technical
purposes, graphs are frequently drawn with the use of rectangular co-ordinates. Such graphical
charts have a distinct advantage over tabular charts in representing continuous functions because
such functions will be shown either by straight lines or by smoothly curved lines. In such cases, if
any one value (experimental or calculated) falls distinctly off the curve, it will be suspected and
checked, whereas in a tabular chart it is much more difficult to detect incorrect values.
Always remember that the data points are really the only information on which the graph is
based. Any curve drawn through the points is strictly conjecture, even if the points do lie on smooth
curves. It is wise to avoid drawing curves with eccentric shapes simply so that they pass through all
the data points.
A sample figure is provided in the appendix and detailed instructions on plotting are provided
in subsequent sections. Before submitting your report check the following:

1. Each figure should have a proper descriptive title and should be numbered if there is more
than one. The title should not merely repeat the co-ordinate labels.
2. The abscissa (x-axis) and ordinate (y-axis) of each figure should be properly labelled with
the scale of the graph and the variables names.
3. Units should be clearly shown.
4. Scales for each co-ordinate axis should be carefully chosen for good display of the data.
5. Data points should be marked clearly, and lines should be clear and bold. Figures should
be kept simple - not more than two or three curves on each.
6. If there is more than one graph on a figure, data points and curves should be carefully
identified. For example,
, ∆, , ∇, may be used for four different lines.

4
7. Elaborate drafting is not important, but neatness and good appearance are very important.
All curves should be drawn in fine, smooth lines, with the use of a straight edge or french
curve if done manually.
8. Lettering on each figure should be of a generous size - at least twice that of normal type.
Ample margins should be allowed. This may mean that the axes have to be drawn inside the
printed margin of the graph paper.
9. Each figure must be referred to and explained in the text of the report.
10. Use quality graph paper with 1 cm squares.

These standards must be met whether the graph is drawn manually or using a computer and printer.
Although, the appearance of computer generated plots can be substantially improved by printing
them directly on graph paper, few computer graphics packages are adequate for the task.

4.2 How to Plot Engineering Data

In preparing a co-ordinate graph, the student should proceed in the following manner:
STEP 1. Select the type of co-ordinate paper. Of the several types available, those most
generally used are ruled with rectangular co-ordinates, in logarithmic co-ordinates, or
in semi-logarithmic co-ordinates. Use paper having ten divisions per centimetre.
STEP 2. Locate the axes, determine the variable for each, and choose appropriate scales. The
axes should be drawn at the left and at the bottom of the sheet two or three
centimentres inside the border so as to leave ample space for lettering. The
intersection of the axes is generally (but not necessarily), the origin of co-ordinates;
i.e. the zero point for vertical and horizontal distances. Do not put arrows on the ends
of the axes unless the scale is meant to extend to infinity.
The graph generally has a good appearance if the length of the y-axis is between 2/3
and 3/4 the length of the x-axis. Therefore, in many cases, it is desirable to turn the
sheet of graph paper horizontally (with the holes at the top).
The independent variables usually should be plotted as abscissas and the dependent
variables as ordinates. However, in some cases, for example in stress-strain

5
 diagrams, it is customary to plot the independent variables as ordinates. The scales
should be chosen so that the entire range of the data to be represented can be shown
within the limits of the graph and so that each division on the co-ordinate paper
represents 1, 2, or 5 units, or some power of ten multiplied by 1, 2, or 5.
STEP 3. Mark the unit values along the axes. All numbering should be clear and distinct and
readable from the bottom, not from the side. If decimal fractions are shown, a zero
should precede the decimal point, thus: 0.10 or 0.050.
STEP 4. Plot the points representing the data. Show the points by dots and enclose each dot
with a small circle, triangle, or square, etc. If more than three curves are shown on
the same chart, additional symbols should be used; for example, crosses, double
circles, etc.
STEP 5. Draw the curves. Draw a smooth curve through the plotted points. If the points vary
significantly from such a curve, connect them by a broken line and then draw the
required curve to intersect the broken line so that the sum of the areas of the triangles
formed by the broken line on one side of the curve is approximately equal to the sum
of the areas of the triangles formed on the other side of the curve. Note that these
broken lines are only construction lines. Alternatively a line or curve may be
statistically fitted to the data (see Section 4.3).
STEP 6. Letter the chart. The axes and the curves should be lettered so that their use and
meaning are clear to the reader. When the curves of the chart fall close together, it is
best to differentiate between the curves by means of leaders. (Note that labelling
each curve is preferable to using a legend).
STEP 7. Prepare the title. The title should be displayed prominently, near the top or bottom of
the chart, depending on available space. The title should not repeat information
which is already provided on the axes; this is redundant. The title should give other
pertinent information about the nature of the subject represented.
The name of the student, date, and other relevant data should be placed in the lower
right hand corner of the graph.

6
4.3 Correlating Data
There often may be a theory available to which experimental data are expected to conform.
This may be described by an equation in which the dependent variable, y, is a function of an
independent variable, x, in the experiment.

y = f(x)
In some cases the equation can be rewritten or manipulated algebraically so that it becomes the
equation of a straight line, and if possible this should be done.
The equation of a straight line is

y = a + bx
If y is the ordinate and x is the abscissa on a graph, a straight line results whose slope is b and whose
intercept on the y axis (that is, where x = 0) is a.
For example, in thermodynamics, an equation of the form
1
log10 P = a + b
T
is used to correlate the vapour pressure of a pure substance against temperature. If log10 P is plotted
on the ordinate and 1/T is plotted on the abscissa, vapour pressure data are expected to fall on a
straight line. This is a semi-logarithmic plot.
In fluid mechanics for non-newtonian fluids which obey the "power law", the rate of strain,
du/dy, is related to the shear stress, τ, by

τ = K (du/dy )n
Taking the logarithms of both sides we find
log10τ = log10 K + n log10 (du/dy)

If log10τ is plotted on the ordinate and log10 (du/dy) is plotted on the abscissa, a straight line with
slope n is expected to result. This is a logarithmic plot.
Plotting experimental vapour pressure data or shear stress data on the appropriate axis
permits an immediate judgement to be made whether the data points fall on a straight line and, then,
whether there appears to be serious experimental errors in any of the data. Furthermore, having

7
determined the best straight line to put through the data points it is possible to calculate a and b in a
vapour pressure correlation or K and n for a power law fluid. This fact allows a considerable
reduction in the space required to report your results since the tabular and graphical data can now be
represented by a single equation.
The slope and intercept of a straight line fit may be determined from the graph by fitting a
line as described in the previous section. However, this may be made more objective by employing
the statistical method of linear regression. Many electronic calculators and computer graphics
packages have this routine. The basis of the method is that it minimizes the sum of the square of the
difference between the data for the dependent variable and its mathematical representation. This
approach has some basis in measurement theory but in practice it is popular because it provides an
objective procedure for fitting curves to the data. The use of this method should be limited to straight
lines and low order polynomials. More complex curves should be fit manually because statistical fits
of high order polynomials are almost always unrealistic. When quoting an equation fit by statistical
regression include the root mean square error.

5. ACCURACY, ERRORS AND PRECISION

5.1 Accuracy
All engineering measurements are subject to errors and as such are only an approach to a
"true" value of the measurement. This true value may be approximated but never achieved by
measurement, however elaborate the measurement technique. Accuracy is a measure of the
difference between the "true" value and the measurement. Unfortunately, because the "true" value is
unknown the accuracy can never be established with certainty. Alternatively, we say that inaccuracy
is due to errors which we further divide into two parts: systematic and accidental (or random) and
then try to reduce these by different means.

5.2 Errors
Systematic errors are caused by the instrumentation and method of experimentation. These
errors invariably arise because the conditions of the experiment do not match the theoretical design
of the experiment. Repeated measurements do not show their presence. They can only be revealed by

8
comparing the results from different experimental methods. The elimination of systematic errors
often requires considerable physical insight.
Accidental errors are usually due to the observer and can be revealed by repeated
measurements. Examples of errors of this type are many, perhaps the most obvious being, reading
the magnitude of the measurement incorrectly, incorrectly recording the measurement value, or
making a measurement when the experimental equipment is not at the desired conditions.
The precision of a measurement process is determined by the degree of mutual agreement
between independent measurements of a single quantity performed several times under controlled
conditions. It is therefore a measure of only the accidental errors.
For example, consider the measurement of the length of a nominal three centimetre long
metal cube using a ruler with least graduation of 1 mm. Suppose all the measurements are to be
made at 20°C with the same ruler. On seven different occasions the following results are obtained.
3.05, 3.03, 3.01, 2.99, 3.12, 3.00, 3.04 cm at 20°C
Since the ruler is graduated in 10ths, the second place of decimals is estimated and will have
some error of estimation which could be systematic or accidental in nature. As well, on looking over
the values recorded, it is noted that a value of 3.12 appears once, with the bulk of the measurements
having values much less than this. It could be suspected that this value is the result of an accidental
measurement, and as such should be discarded since the resolution of the measurement tool is 0.1 cm
and our own resolution is estimated to be 0.01 cm with some possible error.
The mean value m, of our measurement is thus

1 n 1
m= ∑
n i=1
mi = (3.05 + 3.03 + 3.01 + 2.99 + 3.00 + 3.04)
6
= 3.02 cm at 20°C,

and the maximum spread of the measurements may be stated as ± 0.03 cm or on a percentage basis
as

0.03 x 100
± = + - 1%
3.0
Thus the length may be stated as L and the maximum spread;

9
 L = 3.02 ± 0.03 cm or 3.02 cm ± 1%

The maximum spread is an indication of the precision or reproducibility of the measurement.

A more widely used indicator of the measurement precision is the RMS error, σ, defined as
1/2
1 n 
σ =  ∑ d 2s 
 n1 s=1 

where d1, d2, ... are the deviations from the mean of the data sample. The factor (n-1) in the
denominator arises because of the uncertainty of m̄ which is derived from the finite sample. If the
measurement errors are normally distributed the 67% of all measurements will lie within ±σ of the
mean value.
For the example;
1/2
1 
σ =  ((+0.03 )2 + (0.01 )2 + (-0.01 )2 + (-0.03 )2 + (-0.02 )2 + (+0.02 )2 )
5 
1/2
1 
σ =  (0.009 + 0.0001 + 0.0001 + 0.009 + 0.0004 + 0.0004)
5 
1/2
 0.0028 
σ= = 0.024
 5 
Hence, L = 3.02 ± 0.02 cm. Giving a precision of .02 cm.
In the preceding example we assumed that the ruler used was accurate, that is that the cm and
mm graduations were true. If this were not the case, the measurements above would systematically
deviate from the true value. The fact that a measurement is precise does not necessarily mean it is
accurate (i.e. approaches the true value) although for accurate results precise measurements must be
available.

5.3 The Precision of Derived Quantities

Often the objective of an experiment is to estimate a quantity which is not directly measured
but is calculated using mathematical relations and the data measured during the experiment. In these
cases the expected error of the derived quantities can be estimated by the following procedure.
Given the mathematical relationship

10
 z = f (x, y)
where z is the derived quantity and x and y are directly measured to an accuracy of ±δx and ±δy.
Assuming that δx and δy are relatively small, for example,

δx δy
, < 10%
x y
The error, δz, corresponding to a give δx and δy is

 ∂f   ∂f 
δz =  (x, y)  δx +  (x, y)  δy .
 ∂x   ∂y 
This depends on the values of x and y, and not just δx and δy. It could be then the errors produced
by δx and δy exactly cancel giving δz=0; but this should not be expected. The largest δz results
when the errors produced by δx and δy are additive. However, assuming δx and δy are independent
and normally distributed, the most likely range of δz is then calculated as the RMS error.

2 2
 ∂f   ∂f 
δz = ±  ∂x  +  ∂y 
 ∂x   ∂y 

In principle δz should be calculated over the full range of the measured values. In practice it is often
sufficient to choose two or three points indicating the maximum and minimum errors.
Consider the example of the steel cube in the previous section. The volume of the cube can
estimated by the product of the lengths of the three sides
V = abc
But as shown, the "true" length of the three sides is unknown and only an approximation can be
made. Given the errors described previously for the measurement of the three sides, the error in the
volume estimate would be

∂V ∂V ∂V
δV = δa + δb + δc = (bc)δa + (ac)δb + (ab)δc
∂a ∂b ∂c
Substitution of the numerical values (assuming all errors are additive) gives

δV = ± (3.02x3.02x.03 )2 + (3.02x3.02x.03 )2 + (3.02x3.02x.03 )2 = I0.9 cm3

11
The estimated value of V is therefore (3.02)3=27.5 ± .8 cm3
Now, consider a more complicated example. The surface tension of a liquid may be estimated
from its rise in a capillary tube using the formula

γrh
σ=
2 cos θ
where θ is the wetting angle
r is the radius of the tube
γ is the specific weight of the liquid
h is the rise height of the column
Given errors δθ, δr, δγ and δh the error in estimating σ from this formula is

2 2 2 2
 rh   γh   γr   γrh(- sin θ ) 
δσ = ±  δγ  +  δr  +  δh  +  δθ 
 2 cos θ   2 cos θ   2 cos θ   2 cos θ
2

or in relative terms
2 2 2
δσ  δγ   δr   δh 
=±   +   +   + (- tan θ δθ )2
σ γ   r   h
γrh
This last expression was achieved by dividing the left side by σ and the right side by . The
2 cos θ
maximum absolute error occurs when all contributions are either positive or negative. Notice the
insensitivity of δσ/σ to δθ when θ ~ 0°, and the sensitivity where θ ~ 90°.

5.4 Significant Figures

The number of significant figures specifying the value of the quantity being measured should
be based firmly on the results of an uncertainty analysis. It must show the precision of the number.
For instance, if the standard deviation is given as 10% the measured value should be reported to no
more than two significant figures, and even two is optimistic. For a 1% standard deviation three
figures would be reported, and so on. The natural tendency is to err on the optimistic side, and this is
perfectly all right if it is not overdone.
When extensive computational processing of data is to be done it is wise to retain at least one
additional figure throughout to avoid round-off error when the final round-off is made.

12
 The typical pocket calculator has more precision than could ever practically be used in
engineering calculations. While this is good for intermediate calculations, the final result should
only be reported to the number of significant figures which is justified by the precision of the data.

5.5 Uncertainty in Graphical Analysis

Graphs and curves are tools which have a fundamental uncertainty connected with their use.
How can the uncertainty of plotting, reading and computing from a graph be minimized?
A general principle of plotting graphs is to ensure that the least count or smallest division of
the graph paper should about equal the standard error of the measurement. If, say, ten small
divisions equal the standard error then the curve will be so badly scattered that trends will be
obscured or false trends deduced. On the other hand, if the standard error equals one-tenth of the
smallest division, all scatter will virtually disappear, and indications of precision will be lacking.
(Note: When plotting graphs choose scales which are easy to read and number them fully. Multiples
of 3, 7, 9 etc. should be avoided as well as counting in halves, i.e. 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, etc.).
Wherever possible, data should be plotted such that a straight line results, as a straight line is
easily drawn through data points and deviations and scatter are easily detected when straight lines are
known to exist.
Finally the best slope for data presentation is not unity (assuming a straight line), but depends
on the shape of the graph paper available; do not try to maintain a square format but aim to use all
the graph paper.

6. LABORATORY PRACTICE
6.1 Precautions to be Observed in the Laboratory
Carelessness in personal conduct or in handling equipment may result in serious injury to the
individual or the equipment. Do not run near moving machinery. Always be on the alert for strange
sounds and find the cause of them. Guard against entangling clothes in moving parts of machinery.
No piece of equipment should be started or stopped except under the direct supervision of the
instructors or upon specific instructions from them. Do not open or close any valve, switch, etc.

13
without first learning its function and trying to determine what will happen when the operation is
completed.
In particular observe the following:
1. Open and close all valves (water, steam, air, ammonia) slowly.
2. While a piece of equipment is "warming up", see that proper lubrication is obtained, and that
all gauges are reading normally.
3. Apply and remove loads slowly and uniformly.
4. When starting a steam-driven prime mover fitted with a condenser, see that the condenser is
supplied with cooling water before steam is admitted to the prime mover.
5. Leave instruments and equipment in a clean and orderly condition upon completion of the
experiment.

6.2 Field Notes

The notebook record is an original complete record of a field or laboratory investigation, and
the derived results. It is recorded in a hard cover bound note book; however, in some cases separate
sheets, perhaps previously prepared, are necessary and these should be glued or taped to a blank page
of your book. It is not a report in the normal sense; but, is the basis of your laboratory report. It is
required of all students on all laboratory assignments. The following checklist should be reviewed at
the start of your experiment.
1. Pages should be numbered on both sides; a table of contents should be developed. (The
first two pages of the notebook should be reserved for the table of contents).
2. The record must be sufficiently complete to permit repetition and checking of the work.
3. The record for each assignment should be complete with title and date and should be
signed. Names of co-workers should be listed.
4. The record for an assignment should be organized to suit the subject matter and to reflect
the taste of the author, but, one way or another the following should be covered:

(a) a brief statement of the purpose of the work,

14
 (b) a brief but complete description of the equipment or apparatus used and the
procedure followed,
(c) a schematic diagram of the equipment and connections (with dimensions) drawn
freehand, but neatly,
(d) a tabulation of the raw data to serve as checks on its consistency (see item 6),
(e) an outline of the method of treatment of the raw data with sample calculations,
(f) a tabulation of the results derived from the raw data,
(g) suitable plot(s) of the results (see item 6), and
(h) a statement of the conclusions that may be drawn of the work completed.
5. The record should be permanent.
6. Where desirable for any reason, as for the inclusion of plots, and recorded data sheets, the
record for an assignment may include separate sheets permanently attached in the bound
book by rubber cement or scotch tape. These should be attached to blank pages of the
notebook and should carry the number of those pages.
7. The written text should be in the form of terse but complete and understandable notes.
8. The record should not be untidy; but, time should not be wasted to make it elegant.
Emphasis should be on completeness rather than formality.
9. Ideally the notebook record for an assignment should be completed during the laboratory
period. In no case should completion of the record be delayed beyond the day following.
10. The notebook record for an assignment should be submitted to the instructors for grading as
they request.
An example of field note arrangement is shown at the end of the report.

15
 APPENDIX

Sample Title Page ................................................................................................................ A1

Sample Data Table (produced using Quattro Pro) .......................................................... A2
Sample Data Plot (produced using Quattro Pro) .............................................................A3
Sample Format for Field Notes .......................................................................................... A4
Checklist for Report Submission .......................................................................................A5

16
 University of New Brunswick
Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME____ ___________________

Author:

Title:
Date:
Group:

*
Abstract / 5
Introduction and Theory / 20
Apparatus and Procedure / 10
Results / 20
Discussion / 20
Conclusions / 5
Field Notes / 20
/100
Marked By:

A1

* Note other marking schemes and weightings may be employed.

 Shaft Brake Water
Venturi Speed Suc. Press. Dis. Press. Brake Load Flow Flow Net Head Efficiency
Torque Power Power
cm Hg rpm m H2O m H20 N m3/s l/s m H2O Nm W W
8.7 1650 2.0 0.0 7.20 0.0034 3.4 3.8 1.39 239 127 0.53
8.0 1648 2.0 1.0 7.10 0.0032 3.2 4.7 1.37 236 149 0.63
7.5 1650 2.0 1.0 7.00 0.0031 3.1 4.6 1.35 234 141 0.60
6.4 1651 2.0 1.5 6.70 0.0029 2.9 4.8 1.31 226 138 0.61
5.0 1649 1.7 3.0 6.30 0.0026 2.6 5.7 1.24 214 144 0.67
4.0 1645 1.5 3.9 5.90 0.0023 2.3 6.2 1.18 203 140 0.69
3.1 1655 1.5 4.5 5.60 0.0020 2.0 6.7 1.13 196 132 0.67
2.1 1649 1.3 5.5 5.00 0.0017 1.7 7.2 1.03 178 118 0.66
1.1 1653 1.3 6.1 4.10 0.0012 1.2 7.6 0.89 154 90 0.58
0.7 1652 1.1 6.3 3.70 0.0010 1.0 7.5 0.83 143 71 0.50

A2
0.0 1648 1.0 6.5 1.90 0.0000 0.0 7.5 0.54 93 0 0.00
6.8 1653 2.0 1.6 6.90 0.0030 3.0 5.0 1.34 232 147 0.64
7.9 1648 2.0 0.5 7.10 0.0032 3.2 4.2 1.37 236 131 0.56
0.7 1649 1.1 6.4 3.40 0.00092 0.9 7.6 0.78 134 69 0.52
0.4 1651 1.1 6.6 3.00 0.00073 0.7 7.8 0.71 123 55 0.45
0.2 1651 1.0 6.5 2.60 0.00054 0.5 7.5 0.65 112 40 0.35
2.1 1652 1.3 5.5 5.04 0.0017 1.7 7.2 1.04 180 118 0.66
0.0 0 1.0 1.0 -1.42 0.0000 0.0 2.0 0.00 0 0

Table 1: Performance data for Gilkes Pump #1 operating at 1650 rpm.

 12 0.8

0.7
10

0.6

8
0.5

6 0.4

Pump Head (m)

0.3

A3
4
BP (kW), WP (kW), Eff.

0.2

2
0.1

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Q (l/s)

Figure 1: Performance of Pump #2 operating at 1800 RPM. Symbols are as follows: ● efficiency, ♦ head,■ brake power, ▲
water power.
 SUGGESTIONS FOR SETTING UP FIELD NOTES

NO. AND TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT; COURSE

GROUP NO.: _______________ DATE: __________________________

FOREMAN: ________________ BAROMETER: “Hg. Abs.”

SCRIBE: ___________________ AMBIENT TEMP.: ºF

OBSERVER: ________________

LIST OF APPARATUS: GIVE NAME, MANUFACTURER,

SERIAL NO. AND RANGE

LEAVE A SUPPLEMENTARY DATA: 1. ____________________

MARGIN
2. ____________________
THIS
SPACE etc.
IS LOST
IN A FIELD RESULTS
BINDER
COL. NO. 1 2 3 4 5
VENTURI Leave Extra Columns
COL. BRAKE DISCHARGE
MANOMETER PUMP For Unexpected
HDG. LOAD HEAD
SPEED Readings and Remarks
UNITS cm Hg R.P.M. N M

TEST
NO. 1

USE TABULAR FORM FOR DATA WHERE POSSIBLE

A4
Before submitting your report for grading please check that it is complete by
using this form as a guide. Attach the completed form at the end of your report.

□ Report is type written and has proper cover sheet.

□ Report has sections labeled Abstract; Table of Contents; Introduction;
Apparatus and Procedure; Results; Discussion; Conclusions; References
and sections in the appendices labeled Sample Calculations and Field Notes
(or near equivalents). Pages are properly numbered.
□ All equations presented are numbered; new variables are explained and
appropriate units are shown.
□ All diagrams and tables are numbered, have a title and are appropriately labeled.
□ Linear graphs are plotted on one centimeter square graph paper (one millimeter
as smallest division). Logarithmic graphs are plotted on appropriate paper. All
graphs are clearly labeled including: figure number; title; point markers and
legend; ordinate and abscissa labels and your name and date.
□ One complete set of sample calculations is included in the report (in an
appendix) along with the proper uncertainty analysis.
□ The main results from the calculations are neatly presented in tabular format.
□ All tables, graphs, diagrams, etc. are explained somewhere in the body of the
report.
□ A photocopy of the notes that were taken during the laboratory period are
included as your field notes.
□ All literary resources from which information was taken is noted in proper
format in the section titled References. This includes any text books; journal
articles; reports from previous years; etc. If reports are cited from previous
years permission must be obtained from the original authors allowing the person
grading the reports to have access to them.
□ Report was checked for spelling, punctuation, grammar and has been proofread.

A5