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TIMOR-LESTE FIELD
TRIP 2008
INDEX
SECTION 1 : INTRODUCTION
SECTION 2 : HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION HISTORY
SECTION 3 : DAY-BY-DAY FIELD GUIDE
SECTION 4 : REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Localities
Appendix B: Collected Samples
Appendix C: Daily Diary/Accommodation
ENCLOSURES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE....................................................................................................................1-1
FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Eni Timor-Leste – Production Sharing Contracts .......................................................... 1-1
Figure 1-2: Localities visited during the 15 day geological field trip................................................. 1-2
Figure 1-3: Field trip route with helicopter flights outlined. .............................................................. 1-5
SECTION 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE
Eni Timor-Leste was awarded five Petroleum Sharing Contract blocks (PSC S06-01
-05), offshore Timor-Leste (Timor Sea) in November 2006 (Figure 1-1). Onshore
field work was required as part of the Year 1 primary work programme commitment.
Due to security concerns in Year 1, the work programme was varied and the field
trip re-scheduled to the end of Year 2.
The Eni field trip was designed to give an overview of the geology of Timor-Leste
from a petroleum perspective. It was not aimed to analyse the structural geology of
the island. For logistical reasons, the field trip was undertaken at the end of the dry
season and ran for 15 days from 17th September - 1st October 2008. The main
objectives of the trip were:
Figure 1-2: Localities visited during the 15 day geological field trip
1
University of Western Australia
2
Autoridade Nacional do Petróleo
Traffic accidents were the main pre-trip HSE concern and post-trip are still
considered the biggest Health and Safety risk. With the exception of the northern
coastal road between Dili and Com, roads were typically unpaved and pot-holed.
Other drivers were a major hazard on the roads, driving too quickly for the
conditions, particularly in the mountainous areas, where roads were narrow, winding
and with steep drops down to the valley below. Care also had to be taken to avoid
people and animals on the roads.
The island of Timor is geologically very young (Miocene-Pliocene) and thrust faulting
and folding has resulted in steep and rugged topography in the central part of the
island. Access to the outcrop was often along river beds, involving long and
demanding descents and ascents into and out of steep valleys. The rivers were
mostly dry, but boulder-hopping, scrambling and sometimes wading was necessary
to reach the outcrop. A good level of fitness was required. On the coast, heat and
humidity were the main challenges whilst working in the field.
Minor complaints were mild dehydration, heat exhaustion, cuts and bruises.
Numerous snakes and scorpions were encountered in the field, especially in hot and
humid coastal areas and amongst the thickly vegetated and rocky, dry river beds.
Malaria, dengue fever and food poisoning were identified as risks pre-field trip, but
were not contracted by any of the participants.
3
Secretario de Estado dos Recursos Naturais (Secretary of State for Natural Resources
During the pre-field trip planning phase, E. McCartain (UWA), with support from
F. Fereira (SERN) and APAC Security, undertook a reconnaissance trip to assess
road conditions, gain permission from local chiefs to access outcrops on their land,
and arrange accommodation and meals. A leaflet in Tetun explaining the reasons
for the trip was distributed to local communities in advance. Details of the evening
accommodation and meals are summarised in Appendix E. All drinks, lunches and
breakfast supplies were purchased in Dili by E. McCartain (UWA) and S. Poynter
(Eni) several days before the trip was due to start. Provisions were split between
the four vehicles. Camping and field equipment was provided by Eni as required 4 .
The field trip started and ended in Dili, comprising three north-south traverses
across the island, followed by a traverse to the easternmost point of Timor-Leste,
returning along the north coast. The actual field trip route is shown in Figure 1-3.
This differed somewhat from the pre-trip itinerary due to logistic problems
encountered en route. In the original plan, a helicopter flight was planned from
Turiscai to Manatutu on Day 5. Unfortunately, due to contractual issues, the
helicopter was unavailable during the first week of the trip. This resulted in a long
drive in the dark back to Dili on Day 5 and a further 1.5 hr drive to Manatutu on
Day 6, significantly reducing the time available at LOCs TL-20 to 24.
The helicopter also became unavailable (due to a Conoco-Phillips crew change) for
the planned flight from Aliambata to Com on Day 13, resulting in an extra night at
Viqueque and a helicopter flight to Tutuala the next morning (Day 14).
4
Note that Eni was not responsible for providing food and accommodation for the 5 APAC Security personnel
(APAC Security made their own arrangements)
1.5 METHODOLOGY
Time was limited at most localities, a consequence of time it took to access the
exposures (both driving and on-foot). Average vehicle speed was typically
10 km/hour as a result of poor road conditions. In Section 3, reference will be made
to the time that was available at each locality, as this has a direct influence on
confidence in the geological observations and interpretation.
All outcrops were photographed, sampled (Appendix B) and GPS coordinates taken
(Appendix A). Where there was only a short distance between outcrops, individual
GPS coordinates were not recorded, but the distance and direction between
outcrops was noted. Small outcrop, which were very close to each other and
showed little geological variation have the ending A, B, C etc. This approach was
also used for thick, continuous sections, where it was necessary to identify the
lateral position of important lithological changes/geological observations.
1.5.2 SAMPLING:
154 rock samples and 3 oil samples were collected during the field trip
(Appendix B).
Fresh rock samples were collected and placed in calico sample bags with the name
of the sample and the reason for sampling (geochemistry, palynology or petrology)
clearly marked. A photograph was taken of each sample at its position on the
outcrop.
Oil samples were placed in clearly labelled glass jars. At the Pualaca oil seep (LOC
TL-31), a local man collected oily water from the river gravel oil seep in a plastic
bottle and filtered the denser water out of a small hole at the base of the bottle. The
remaining dark brown oil was then decanted into the sample jars. At the Aliambata
well head (LOC TL-41), oil was obtained using the bottom of a plastic bottle tied to a
stick. A third oil sample was collected using a plastic bottle from one of the Matai
wellheads by E. McCartain, one week after the Eni field trip ended (LOC TL-47).
Shipment of the samples by boat to Australia (which left Dili on the 28th October
2008) was organised by E. McCartain through the SDV Dili freight company. At
Darwin Customs, a mix up of addresses by SDV Dili on the ‘Bill of Landing’
(shipping document required by customs for importing goods) caused a significant
delay and the samples were not released to Kestrel Freight until the third week of
November. The samples were then freighted to Melbourne for Quarantine where
they were gamma irradiated (thermal heating was not performed as it would have
destroyed the original properties of the samples that required geochemical analysis)
and finally arrived in Perth (Geotechnical Laboratories) the second week of January
2009.
SECTION 4: References
APPENDIX B: List of Collected Samples (154 rock samples and 3 oil samples)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Onshore Timor hydrocarbon seeps and wells; seeps from Charlton
(2002). ..............................................................................................................2-1
Figure 2-2: Photograph of Aliambata (1921-1927) wellhead ..............................................2-2
Figure 2-3: Aliambata-1 (1957) wellhead;...........................................................................2-3
Figure 2-4: Caro Ulo-1 (1971) Schematic of well with lithological observations .................2-5
Figure 2-5: Suai Loro-1, Core-2 sketch log.........................................................................2-6
Figure 2-6: Betano-1 Core Description and Locality Map (Betano-1 & -2) .........................2-7
Figure 2-7: Mola-1 Well Summary, offshore Timor-Leste. ..................................................2-8
.o0o.
Figure 2-1: Onshore Timor hydrocarbon seeps and wells; seeps from Charlton (2002).
There are long-lived oil and gas seeps in the central highlands (e.g. Pualaca, LOC
TL-31), and along the southern coast (e.g. Matai LOC TL-47, Ranuc and Aliambata
LOC TL-41). Some of the oil seeps were reportedly exploited by the Japanese
during World War II (e.g. Figure 2-2, Audley-Charles, 1962), who dug pits to “mine”
the oil (Timor Oil, 1964).
Between 1911 and 1975, 24 wells (1 offshore) were drilled on Timor-Leste, 14 of the
wells encountered non-commercial oil and/or gas shows. The Aliambata area was
the focus of early oil exploration on the island; at this location there is a long-lived
wet gas seep (observed during Eni field trip). Timor Oil (1964) also reported a seep
of dark brown oil in a pit dug near the beach close to the gas seep.
The earliest known well was drilled by Timor Petroleum Concessions Ltd (1911-
1914) at Aliambata using a “cable-tool percussion plant”. A large blow out occurred
at 97.5 m, “which sprayed oil over an acre and threw cable, tools and stones over
the mast” (Timor Oil, 1967). The well encountered oil at 59 m and 121 m, which
flowed at 8-9 and 37 barrels/day respectively. A second well (Figure 2-2) was drilled
in the period 1921-1927, ~50 m east of the gas seep by Timor Alliance/Timor Oil
Company Ltd (Timor Oil, 1964). It encountered gas and oil in likely fractured
Paleocene Kolbano Gp limestone. The well experienced a gas blow out at 244 m
and was abandoned. This well is still leaking oil and gas into the well head some
80 years after it was drilled and was sampled during the Eni field trip (LOC TL-41).
Between 1957 and 1962, Timor Oil Ltd and Tradewinds Exploration drilled 8
onshore wells along the southern margin of the island; Aliambata-1, Ossulari-1, -1A
and 6 wells on the Matai anticline (SW coast). Plio-Pleistocene and Triassic
sandstones and fractured limestones were the primary targets. Most of the wells
encountered hydrocarbon shows but not in commercial quantities. A summary of
each well is outlined below:
Ossulari-1 and -1A (1959) were located on a strong positive gravity anomaly,
targeting Triassic limestone. Both wells encountered a thick section of Miocene
Bobonaro Fm swelling bentonitic clays, which resulted in severe drilling
problems and abandonment of the wells at 2056 m and 1402 m respectively
before the objective was reached (Schneeberger, 1961; Timor Oil 1967).
Ossulari-1A obtained a very small oil flow from a petroliferous clast within the
Bobonaro Fm at 82 m. The gravity anomaly was later considered to be caused
by metamorphic “greenstones” at depth (Timor Oil, 1967).
The six Matai wells were drilled between 1960 and 1962, close to the village of
Matai on the southwest coast. Matai-1 through -4 were drilled within 400 m of each
other on the crest of the Matai anticline structure with Matai-5 and -6 independent
wildcat wells located off structure (Note that little data were recorded for Matai-5 and
-6).
Matai-1A (1961) was positioned ~17 m northwest of the first well and total depth
was reached in Jurassic or Eocene sediments (possible Bobonaro Fm clast) at
773 m (Schneeberger, 1961). Oil shows were encountered at 243 m and a flow
rate of 110 bbl/day (Timor Oil, 1967;1971) was achieved from a good quality
quartzose sandstone reservoir within the Bobonaro Fm. The flow of oil ceased
when the 5-5/16” casing was cemented with the shoe at 255 m. Core 3, taken
at 256-258.5 m, had 75% oil saturation within a soft, grey porous and
permeable limestone clast enclosed by Bobonaro Fm claystone.
Matai-3 (1961) was located very close to Matai-1A and encountered small
amounts of 34o API oil and gas at around 263 m within the Bobonaro Fm,
reaching total depth at 773 m.
Matai-4 (1961) was located 30-90 m from Matai-1A and encountered Bobonaro
Fm claystone containing large siliceous limestone and limestone clasts. Weak
oil shows were reported at 283.5 m and 320 m, occurring as patches or
globules in the limestone clasts. The well reached TD at 768 m within a 408 m
thick section of Lolotoi metamorphics, believed to be a thrust nappe (Timor Oil,
1967).
Matai-5 (1962) was located 3.5 km east-southeast of Matai-1; the target of the
well is unknown but it reached total depth at 1398 m in Lolotoi metamorphics.
The well penetrated a thick section of Viqueque Fm clay, marl, limestone,
sandstones and conglomerates from 135-1219 m, overlying Miocene Bobonaro
Fm melange. There were good porosity and permeability sandstone in the
Viqueque Fm, but no significant shows (Timor Oil, 1967).
Matai-6 (1962) was located on the southern flank of the Matai anticline. It was
drilled without a wellsite geologist present and no shows were reported, the well
reached total depth at 375 m in Lolotoi metamorphics.
drilling capacity of the rig (1981 m). A second well (Tafara Timur-1/Tafara East-
1) was drilled on the structure in 1969, recovering 1432.5 m gas-cut salt water.
Cara Ulo-1 (1970) was a stratigraphic test which penetrated a thin section of
Plio-Pleistocene Viqueque Fm (27.5-115 m), overlying poorly sorted Miocene
Bobonaro Fm melange (Figure 2-4). The well was abandoned at 162 m due to
severe problems with swelling clays in the Bobonaro Fm.
Figure 2-4: Caro Ulo-1 (1971) Schematic of well with lithological observations
from Timor Oil (1971c)
Suai Loro-2 (drilled 1.6 km SW of Suai Loro-1) encountered a strong gas show
at 1324 m in the Bobonaro Fm and penetrated a likely Eocene limestone clast
with good oil fluorescence and gas-cut mud at 1542 m (Timor Oil, 1971a). All
the tested intervals in this well were impermeable and fracture permeability was
considered to be the likely source of the oil and gas encountered during drilling.
The well was abandoned due to technical difficulties.
Cota Taci-1 (1972) was drilled to replace the junked Suai Loro-2 well, and was
spudded 107 m to the SW. No reservoir was encountered in the Viqueque Fm,
but high pressure gas-bearing clasts and silty stringers within the Bobonaro Fm
were penetrated at 1338-1554.5 m and 2347-2569 m (Timor Oil, 1972a). The
well recovered 216 bpd of 25 API oil from underlying Eocene fractured
limestones (2512-2569 m), which were treated with acid pre-test. Cota Taci-1
was suspended as an oil well at 2805 m in Lolotoi metamorphics. Oil shows
were also encountered along fractures within the metamorphic rocks.
Figure 2-6: Betano-1 Core Description and Locality Map (Betano-1 & -2)
A – Betano-1 core description through Miocene Bobonaro Fm brown to grey
bentonitic claystone with pebbles and cobbles of siltstone, shale,
quartzite, gneiss and limestone.
B – Locality map of Betano-1 and -2, from Timor Oil (1972a)
Mola-1 (1975) drilled by Woodside-Burmah Oil was the final well to be drilled,
offshore Timor-Leste. The well targeted the Plio-Pleistocene Viqueque Fm and
intersected gas-bearing low porosity and permeability sandstone and conglomeratic
turbidites (Figure 2-7), which did not flow on testing. Sandstones from 2 SWC were
poorly sorted immature litharenites with visual porosity of 5-10%.
Cretaceous - Neogene
Jurassic
Triassic
OCEANIC
CRUST Permian
CONTINENTAL CRUST
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIGURES
Figure 3-1: A – Day 1 route and visited localities(Geological map; ESCAP2003. B – Permian
Aileu Metamorphic Complex....................................................................................................3-1
Figure 3-2: LOC TL-1 – Possible Aitutu-Babulu Fms contact. .................................................................3-3
Figure 3-3: LOC TL-2A – Babulu Fm?. Trace Fossils. ..............................................................................3-5
Figure 3-4: LOC TL-2B – Aitutu-Babulu Fms contact? and trace fossils in Babulu Fm............................3-6
Figure 3-5: LOC TL-2C – Babulu or Aitutu Fm. Transitional facies association between carbonate
and siliciclastic system. ...........................................................................................................3-7
Figure 3-6: Upstream of LOC TL-2C – Babulu Fm. ...................................................................................3-7
Figure 3-7: Day 2 localities and geological maps (ESCAP 2003) .............................................................3-8
Figure 3-8: LOC TL-3 - Kolbano Group. Panoramic photos......................................................................3-9
Figure 3-9: LOC TL-4 to- 6 – Aitutu Fm. Fatoro River and relative position of localities ........................3-10
Figure 3-10: LOC TL-4 – ?Aitutu Fm. Overview of outcrop and ENI-TL7 sample position.......................3-10
Figure 3-11: LOC TL-5 – Aitutu Fm. ..........................................................................................................3-11
Figure 3-12: LOC TL-5 – Aitutu Fm. Lithologies and macrofossils. ..........................................................3-12
Figure 3-13: LOC TL-6 – ?Aitutu Fm. Overview. .......................................................................................3-13
Figure 3-14: Day 3 Location, aerial photograph (E. McCartain) and geological maps .............................3-14
Figure 3-15: LOC TL-7A – Wailuli Fm. Overview. .....................................................................................3-15
Figure 3-16: LOC TL-7 – Wailuli Fm. Sample and trace fossils. ...............................................................3-16
Figure 3-17: LOC TL7 – Wailuli Fm. Macrofossils. ....................................................................................3-16
Figure 3-18: LOC TL-8 – ?Wailuli Fm. Oveview. .......................................................................................3-17
Figure 3-19: LOC TL-9A – ?Aitutu Fm. ......................................................................................................3-18
Figure 3-20: LOC TL-9A – ?Aitutu Fm. Trace fossils. ...............................................................................3-19
Figure 3-21: LOC TL-9A – ?Aitutu Fm. Trace fossils. ...............................................................................3-19
Figure 3-22: LOC TL-9B – ?Aitutu Fm. Trace fossils in calcilutite.............................................................3-20
Figure 3-23: LOC TL-9C –Triassic. Overview of outcrop. .........................................................................3-20
Figure 3-24: LOC TL-9C –?Aitutu Fm. Trace fossils. ................................................................................3-21
Figure 3-25: Upper image: Zoophycos Ichnofacies (from Burns & Buatois, 2007);
Lower image: Shoreface model of soft ground ichnofacies successions .............................3-22
Figure 3-26: Interpreted panoramic photo. ................................................................................................3-23
Figure 3-27: Panoramic view of LOC TL-10 taken from the Wailuli River Valley......................................3-24
Figure 3-28: LOC TL-10 – Aitutu Fm. ........................................................................................................3-25
Figure 3-29: LOC TL-11A&B – Babulu Fm. Overview...............................................................................3-26
Figure 3-30: Day 4. Locality map and geological (ESCAP 2003) map .....................................................3-27
Figure 3-31: LOC TL-12 – Babulu Fm. Overview of some of the facies. ..................................................3-28
Figure 3-32: LOC TL-13 - ?Aitutu Fm calcilutites. .....................................................................................3-30
Figure 3-33: LOC TL-13 - ?Aitutu Fm. .......................................................................................................3-31
Figure 3-34: LOC TL-14A - ?Aitutu Fm. Overview.....................................................................................3-32
Figure 3-35: LOC TL-14B - ?Aitutu Fm. Overview.....................................................................................3-33
Figure 3-36: LOC TL-14B - ?Aitutu Fm. Macro and trace fossils. .............................................................3-33
Figure 3-37: LOC TL-14B - ?Aitutu Fm. Oil staining..................................................................................3-34
Figure 3-38: LOC TL-15 - Maubisse Fm. Overview of outcrop. ................................................................3-35
The team departed from the Eni Timor Leste office in Dili and headed south to the
first stop near the town of Atsabe. The first 30 km of road is cut into steep
mountains composed of the low grade metamorphics of the Permian Aileu
Metamorphic Complex, which outcrop along the coastal road east and west of Dili
(Figure 3-1). No stops were made to observe the formation in detail.
The first stop of the fieldtrip was reached at lunch time: Two outcrops were visited,
both along the Bandeira River bed, near the town of Atsabe (Figure 3-1). LOC TL-1
is just upstream of the bridge (where the Bandeira River meets the Dili to Atsabe
road - elevation ~1090 m) and LOC TL-2 is just downstream of the bridge.
A)
B)
S08°54.197’
E125°25.512’
At the base of the first cycle, on top of the carbonates, is a section of argillaceous
fine-grained sandstone and mudstone amalgamated by a moderate-high degree of
bioturbation (Bioturbation Index: 5). The trace variety appears to be low, possibly
Thalassinoides. Limestone clasts, most likely eroded from the underlying carbonate
unit, have been recognised within the basal section (McCartain pers. comm.) but
were not observed by Eni personnel. The bioturbated section passes up into a
crudely stratified, cm-bedded argillaceous fine-grained sandstone with
Thalassinoides traces and a moderate to high degree of bioturbation (Bioturbation
Index: 4). Structures are obliterated by burrowing.
This first coarsening-up cycle (~1.7 m thick) passes up into grey silty shale with
starved fine-grained sandstone ripples interbedded with subordinate cm-thick fine-
grained sandstone beds with small scale cross-lamination. A point of maximum
shaliness is reached approximately 3 m up section after which progressively thicker
sandstone beds appear.
S08°54.9s27’
E125°25.288’
LOC TL-2A
LOC TL-2B
?Paleophycos
Rosselia B
Moderately to strongly
bioturbated cm-interbedded
sstn-shale
Limestone
Fault plane
Figure 3-4: LOC TL-2B – Aitutu-Babulu Fms contact? and trace fossils in Babulu Fm.
A – Overview of outcrop.
B - The filling of the Paaleophycus horizontal burrow is of the same
lithology as the host stratum and the presence of a wall lining is uncertain. The Rosselia
burrow is generally associated with fully marine environment (Pemberton, 2001)
LOC TL-2C
Figure 3-5: LOC TL-2C – Babulu or Aitutu Fm. Transitional facies association between
carbonate and siliciclastic system.
Photo a) courtesy of E. McCartain.
Upstream of LOC TL-2c the previously described facies association grades into
interbedded sandstone and dark grey micaceous shale (Figure 3-6).
The first stop of the day (LOC TL-3) was 5 km south of Atsabe at the village of
Lasau to view Kolbano Group pelagic limestones. This was followed by a 2 hour
drive to LOC TL-4, -5 and -6. 4 km north of the town of Zumalai the sections were
accessed by a 1 hour descent into the Fatoro River valley comprising a series of
river bank cuttings (Figure 3-7). All the outcrops are calcilutites interbedded with thin
shales from the Middle-Late Triassic Aitutu Fm. Previous work by Livsey (2005)
showed the mudstones to have TOC values up to 30%. After working on the
sections, the field party walked downstream for several kms to the car pick up point
in the village of Salase.
T IM O R L EST E T IM OR
Day 14
Lautem Moro Com
Tutuala
WESTERN Days 7-9
Day 6
AUSTRALIA
Laga
ATSABE Cailaco
Letefoho Maubisse
Turiscai
Day 11 Soibada
Barique Dilor
Viqueque
Aliambata
Batugade
Motaain
Day 1
Maliana Day 2
Hato Builico
Atsabe
AINARO
Day 4
TL3
LASAU
Balibo Ainaro Same Natarbora
Cnua Alas Days 12-13 9° 00'
Welaluhu
Bobonaro
Day 3
Hato-Udo
Fatululik Mape/Zumalai
Lolotoe
Betano
Fatumean
ZUMALAI Fohorem
Suai
Tilomar
3556.dgn
TL4 to 6
TL3
Fatoro
River
TL4 to 6
S08°57.978’
E125°22.610’
S09°06.209’
E125°25.665’
Sample: ENI TL-7 purple grey siliceous calcilutite; ENI TL-8 dark grey to
black claystone
Figure 3-9: LOC TL-4 to- 6 – Aitutu Fm. Fatoro River and relative position of localities
Outcrops are on the far right end of panoramic view (and beyond). Satellite
view is provided by E. McCartain.
Figure 3-10: LOC TL-4 – ?Aitutu Fm. Overview of outcrop and ENI-TL7 sample position.
Siliceous calcilutite interbedded with subordinate grey shale.
S09°07.114’
E125°27.420’
Sample: ENI TL-9 bivalve; ENI TL-10, -11 dark grey shale
A) C)
B)
S09°07.170’
E125°26.451’
Age: Middle to Late Triassic from geological map and facies similarity
to dated LOC TL-5.
Sample: ENI TL-12 dark grey organic-rich rich shale; ENI TL-13 grey
calcilutite; ENI TL-14 dark grey mudstone.
The first part of Day 3 was spent working in the Wailuli River valley near the schooll
of Mauchiga, 10 km north of Ainaro (Figure 3-25). Here calcilutites and mudstones
of the Middle to Late Triassic Aitutu Fm crop out (LOC TL-9a to d). Marl and
calcareous mudstone of the Jurassic Wailuli Fm are exposed along an eastern
tributary of the river (LOC TL-7, -8).
Later in the day, LOC TL-10 was visited on the slopes of Fatuk Fahe (‘pig rock’), a
short drive along the road to Same. Here a small outcrop of Triassic Aitutu Fm
calcilutites was investigated, where oil staining was observed (upon hammering) on
fresh surfaces of the limestone. The final locality of the day was a brief stop along
the road to Same (a rare road side outcrop) to view a poor exposure of Triassic
Babulu Fm sandstones (LOC TL-11).
T I M O R L EST E TIM OR
Day 14
Lautem Com
Moro
Tutuala
WESTERN Days 7-9
Day 6
AUSTRALIA
Laga
Perth
LOCALITY MAP
DILILiquica
Day 15
Dili
Laulara
Laclo
Manatutu
Laleia
Vemasse
Baucau
Luro
Lospalos
Remexio Quelicai
Maubara Cairui Baguia
Bazartete Venilale
Railaco
Lequidoe
Uato Carbau Iliomar
Fatubessi Gleno Aileu
Ermera Day 10
Orlalan Ossu
Sare
Day 5 Fly F ly
Atabae
Hatolia Lacluta Uatolari
Turiscai Aliambata
Letefoho Maubisse Dilor
Day 11 Barique
Cailaco Soibada Viqueque
Day 4
Day 1 Hato Builico
Batugade Atsabe
Motaain
AINARO
Balibo
Maliana
Bobonaro
Day 2
Ainaro Same
SAME
Day 3
Cnua Alas
Natarbora
Welaluhu
Days 12-13 9° 00'
Hato-Udo
Fatululik Mape/Zumalai
Lolotoe
Betano
Fatumean
Fohorem
Suai
Tilomar
3556.dgn
TL8
TL7a Wailuli TL7 to 8
TL7b River
Same
Ainaro
Figure 3-14: Day 3 Location, aerial photograph (E. McCartain) and geological maps
(Audley Charles, 1968).
Note that the Aitutu Fm of LOC TL-11 is not reported as outcropping on
geological map.
S08°55.947’
E125°34.641’
Figure 3-16: LOC TL-7 – Wailuli Fm. Sample and trace fossils.
Location of sample ENI TL-15 (left photo) and branching Chondrites
traces on a marl bedding surface (right photo).
S08°55.903’
E125°34.632’
S08°55.777’
E125°34.564’
LOC TL-9A
Sample: ENI TL-18 very fissile black shale; ENI TL-19 massive black
shale; ENI TL-20 massive grey calcilutite
Figure 3-25: Upper image: Zoophycos Ichnofacies (from Burns & Buatois, 2007);
Lower image: Shoreface model of soft ground ichnofacies successions
(Pemberton et al, 2001), the characteristic ichnofacies of the Aitutu Fm
is highlighted.
Before the next locality, a stop was made on top of ‘Telecom Tower Hill’, which has
panoramic views extending from the town of Maubisse (NW) to the Cablac Mountain
(SE).
Two possible very simplified NW-SE geologic sections are shown in Figure 3-26.
S08°53.574’
E125°36.874’
Samples: ENI TL-22 grey calcilutite with oil stain; ENI TL-23 calcareous
black shale; ENI TL-24, ENI TL-25 black shale with ammonites.
Figure 3-27: Panoramic view of LOC TL-10 taken from the Wailuli River Valley
S08°55.789’
E125°36.394’
LOC TL-11A
B C
The majority of Day 4 was spent in the Wailuli River valley, upstream of LOC TL-9,
to investigate Triassic deposits in the southern limb of the Aitutu anticline
(Figure 3-30). The sections comprised siliciclastics of the Babulu Fm (LOC TL-12)
and calcilutites and black shale of the Aitutu Fm (LOC TL-12 to 14).
Localities TL-12 through TL-14 were accessed from the small town of Airicalau, with
a 1-hour descent through coffee bean plantations into the Wailuli River Valley.
Climbing over steep rock faces was required to reach LOC TL-14 and a relatively
short but very steep ascent was necessary to reach the car pick-up point on the
Ainaro-Hato Builico road. The final stop of the day (TL-15) was a cliff of red
fossiliferous Maubisse Fm limestone on the outskirts of Hato Builico, a 10 km drive
from the previous car pick-up point.
Figure 3-30: Day 4. Locality map and geological (ESCAP 2003) map
showing position of LOC TL-12 to TL-15.
The fold axis of the Aitutu Anticline is marked in red.
S08°54.181’
E125°36.280’
Towards the base of the section is ~1.5 m of very poorly sorted matrix-supported
conglomerate (F.A.1). Towards the top of the section is a 5 m thick succession of
amalgamated carbonaceous well-sorted massive fine-grained sandstone, crudely
bedded on m-scale (F.A.2). Plant debris and clay chips are recognised in the
sandstone (Figure 3-31).
Figure 3-31: LOC TL-12 – Babulu Fm. Overview of some of the facies.
F.A.3 is the dominant facie association. Orange arrow shows way-up.
Sample: ENI TL-28 fine to very fine-grained sandstone, ENI TL-29 fine-
grained sandstone, ENI TL-30 medium-grained sandstone, ENI TL-31 grey shale,
ENI TL-32 medium-grained grey sandstone, ENI TL-33 fine-grained sandstone.
S08°53.872’
E125°35.947’
A B
S08°53.944’
E125°35.648’
No GPS coordinates.
Description: differing from LOC TL-14a only in the fact that within the
calcilutites, rare ammonites and rare trace fossils are recognised (low variety and
degree of bioturbation – B.I.1 - Thalassinoides? and Zoophycos?). On hammering,
oil staining can be observed on fresh limestone surfaces, which appears to be
associated with thin calcite veins. There is also a faint to strong petroliferous odour.
In the black shales pyrite nodules are present (Figure 3-35, Figure 3-36, Figure
3-37,).
Sample: ENI TL-37 black shale; ENI TL38 and ENI TL-39 oil-stained
calcilutite.
A B
Figure 3-36: LOC TL-14B - ?Aitutu Fm. Macro and trace fossils.
A – Light beige-weathered calcilutite with recrystallised ammonite;
B – Rare unidentified trace fossils (circled).
A B
S08°52.988’
E125°31.334’
Description: Crudely bedded (0.5-1 m), lensoid shaped outcrop (~150 m high
and ~500 m across) dominated by red fossiliferous calcarenite with rare thin
mudstones (Figure 3-38).
Due to time constraints only loose blocks at the base of the cliff were quickly
observed and sampled. Common lithofacies are (Figure 3-39):
Dominant fossils are crinoids (up to 10 cm long stems observed, Figure 3-40) and
bryozoan with subordinate ammonites, brachiopods (Spirifida), solitary rugose
corals, foraminifera and locally volcanic grains (McCartain, pers. comm., Figure
3-41).
Day 5 was spent in the Haemu River valley, east of Hato Builico to investigate
Triassic calcilutites and calcarenites of the Aitutu Fm (LOC TL-16, TL-18) and
Triassic Babulu Fm clastics (LOC TL-17; Figure 3-42). A 1-hour descent down a
steep path was required to reach the first outcrop. The last two outcrops required a
similarly long walk down valley and were not easily accessible.
S08°53.941’
E125°33.354’
a) b)
Sample: ENI TL-41 grey oolitic calcarenite, ENI TL-42 normally graded
calcarenite with brachiopods/bivalves, ENI TL-43 normally graded calcarenite, ENI
TL-44 grey calcilutite, ENI TL45 grey calcilutite.
S08°53.385’
E125°33.398’
The clastic section can be split into 3 main facies associations (Figure 3-46;):
Sample: ENI TL-46 HCS sandstone; ENI TL47 parallel to low angle
laminated fine-grained sandstone; ENI TL-48 silty grey shale; ENI TL-49 HCS
sandstone.
Figure 3-46: LOC TL-17 - ?Babulu Fm. Evidence for oscillatory wave action:
A - wave ripples with symmetrical crests;
B & C - Hummocky cross-stratified sandstone.
Orange arrow indicates way-up.
S08°54.403’
E125°37.465’
A B
Figure 3-47: LOC TL-18 - ?Aitutu Fm. Overview and main facies.
A – Overview of outcrop, with facies association, boundaries and sample
points highlighted;
B – Detail of F.A.2, interbedded wavy calcilutites and calcarenites;
C – Detail of F.A.1, trough cross-bedded calcarenite
Day 6 was spent investigating the geology around the town of Maubisse. The first
locality was 5 km to the west, near the settlement of Daisulu. Here Permian
Maubisse Fm macro-fossiliferous pink carbonates interbedded with basalts outcrop
along the Ernala river valley (LOC TL-19). The next localities visited comprised
outcrops of Wailuli Fm mudstones (LOC TL-20) and Triassic ?Aitutu/Babulu Fm
(LOC TL-21), ~30 km east of Maubisse, along the Asukai river bed (Figure 3-48).
Due to logistical constraints, only a short amount of time was available at these
localities.
S08°48.815’
E125°32.918’
Figure 3-49: LOC TL-19 – Maubisse Fm. Overview of outcrop and schematic lithofacies
succession.
The pink box represents the position of outcrop.
Stars and numbers refer to collected sample.
Figure 3-50: LOC TL-19 – Maubisse Fm. Macrofosils and Limestone-basal contact.
From left to right: - Macrofossils of Maubisse Fm; – overview of limestone-
basalt contact; – Close-up of country rock rip-off clasts entrained in basalt
S08°48.815’
E125°32.918’
Sample: ENI TL-56 & ENI TL-57 dark grey terrigenous shale; ENI TL-58
pale grey marl.
S08°50.457’
E125°40.170’
LOC TL-21A
Figure 3-53: LOC TL-21A - ?Aitutu Fm. Overview, sedimentary and biogenic structures.
A - Overview of outcrop and sample locations marked by a star;
B - Example of upward fining horizontally laminated sandstone;
C - Chondrites traces on upper bedding surface.
Samples: Listed in stratigraphic order: ENI TL-59 and ENI TL-60 silty grey
shale; ENI TL-61, ENI TL-62 and ENI TL-63 parallel laminated well indurated fine-
grained sandstone; ENI TL64 less indurated parallel laminated argillaceous fine-
grained sandstone; ENI TL-65 silty grey shale.
Description: LOC TL21A and A are separated by a heavily folded interval and
so the stratigraphic relationship between the two sections is unclear.
TL66
TL67
340
Following a ~50 km drive east of Dili, the entire day was spent around the town of
Manatutu, investigating the complex and heterogeneous siliciclastic deposits of the
Middle to Late Triassic Babulu Fm (Figure 3-65). In the Manatutu area, access to
the outcrop is easy but working conditions are hard due to the high temperature
coupled with extremely high humidity levels.
The first stop of the day (LOC TL-22A, B, C, D) comprised four small (few metre)
roadside outcrops of interbedded sandstone and mudstone and one carbonate
conglomerate, on the Sauhuhun Hill bordering the southern outskirts of Manatutu.
The next stop (LOC TL-23) was investigated on Domihuhun Hill, which rises to the
south east of the town. Here, a thick succession of conglomerates and coarse-
grained sandstone outcrops was observed. The final location (LOC TL-24)
comprised an excellent section of undeformed, amalgamated sandstones on the
east bank of the Laclo River. Because of low structural dip, the vertical section
exposed is not extensive but there is considerable lateral exposure. Further
geological fieldwork is strongly recommended in the Manatutu area as there was
insufficient time available to fully evaluate the outcrops.
Four (4) small outcrops were investigated along the road that winds up the side of
Sauhuhun Hill (Figure 3-56). They will be described in order of appearance. Visible
tectonic deformation and vegetation/scree cover has not made it possible to define
the relative stratigraphic position of the outcrops.
Locality TL-22A
S08°30.879’
E125°00.629’
This sandstone, in turn, is onlapped by two thin sandstone beds infilling the
topographic low to the side of the lobe. These pass up into a 1 m thick coarsening-
up and thickening-up succession of heterolithics to interbedded dm-thick fine-
grained sandstone and thin shale. The topmost sandstones are medium-grained
and are either massive or with sub-parallel to low angle lamination, presenting a
rippled top. Clay chips can be seen at base of beds or entrained along foresets. All
sandstones have sharp bases and some have (sub)horizontal burrows of 1 cm
diameter ?Planolites and ‘hand shaped’ Dactyloidies (Figure 3-58).
Lenticular sandstone
pinching out up-slope
Heterolithics infilling an
220
erosive scour, onlapping on
eroded sandstone &
thinning uphill.
S08°30.945’
E126°00.592’
Figure 3-61: LOC TL-22C. Babulu Fm. Overview and detail of conglomerate.
Matrix-supported conglomerate overlying fossiliferous grey shale in front
of Manatutu Poussada.
On a loose block of micaceous sandstone, large (20-5 cm) plant fragments are
observed.
Onlap of tabular medium sandstone beds on F.A.2: Tangential cross bedding and large clay
conglomerate mound (F.A.1 in red) chips in 50cm-1m thick medium- to fine-
grained sandstone
S 08° 31.059
E 126° 00.168
Figure 3-66: LOC TL-24 - Babulu Fm. Overview and details of uppermost studied section.
A – Cross-bedded micro-conglomeratic lens/lobe within laterally continuous
fine-grained sandstone beds;
B – Close-up of well-cemented micro-conglomerate, faint cross-bedding
highlighted by black dashed lines. Orange arrow indicates way up.
The lower fining-up cycle is constituted by F.A.2 with the cycles becoming
progressively thinner and finer-grained up-section. The second cycle begins with 3
conglomerates with deeply scoured bases (F.A.1), and is overlain by horizontally
laminated fine-grained sandstones of F.A.3. The third cycle is composed almost
entirely of F.A.3, with rippled and horizontally laminated sandstone becoming
progressively finer-grained up-section. Towards the top a well cemented, cross-
bedded conglomerate lens (F.A.1.c) is found embedded in the sandstone.
Note: the section continues both above and below studied interval. Stratigraphically
above, looking at the cliff from a distance, it appears more mudstone dominated.
Logging the entire exposed section is recommended.
The whole day was spent investigating outcrops along a western tributary of the
Sumasse River a few km SE of the town of Cribas (Figure 3-67). Three sections of
the Permian Cribas Fm (LOC TL-25a, b, c) were investigated in the morning. In the
afternoon small outcrops of Triassic Babulu sandstone (LOC TL-26) and Early
Triassic Niof Fm (LOC TL-27) were visited.
The geological map in this area appears to be incorrect (Figure 3-67) as it does not
show the Permian Cribas Fm outcropping at LOC TL-25, instead Triassic rocks
(Aitutu-Babulu-Niof Fms) are mapped.
Figure 3-67: Day 8. Location and geological (Audley Charles, 1968) maps.
Aerial photo provided by E. McCartain.
In the three localities where the Cribas Fm outcrops only selective observation of a
~500m section was performed due to time constraints. The outcrops form the river bed.
Locality TL-25A
S08°41.447’
E125°57.767’
Age: ? Permian
Sample: ENI TL-79 very fine-grained sandstone; ENI TL-80 very fine-
grained sandstone; ENI TL-81 bioclastic medium-grained sandstone; ENI TL-82 red
mudstone; ENI TL-83 very coarse-grained bioclastic sandstone
F.A. 2a
Fining-up granulestone to
medium/fine-grained sandstone
with abundant crinoid ossicles
defining horizontal lamination.
F.A.2b
Fining-up cycles of very
F.A. 1a fine-grained muscovite-
Pebbly mudstone rich purplish-grey
sandstone to silty
mudstone.
Locality TL-25B
S08°41.409’
E125°57.795’
F.A.2 Grey mudstone with cm interbedded light grey siltstone. The siltstone
can be present as starved ripples and streaks or horizontally laminated
and normally graded thin siltstone beds (max 1.5 cm thick). Locally there
is a low degree of bioturbation. One large (60 cm by 20 cm) calcite
cemented nodule parallel to bedding is observed.
Figure 3-70: LOC TL-25B – Cribas Fm. Physical and biogenic traces.
A - Detail of Chondrites traces on top surface of uppermost cycle.
B – Two (2) amalgamated fining-up cycles.
Orange dashed lines indicate base of cycles.
Samples: ENI TL-84 silty grey mudstone; ENI TL-85 and ENI TL-86 grey
very fine-grained sandstone
Locality TL-25C
S08°41.381’
E125°57.689’
TL87
Laminated m sst
Figure 3-71: LOC TL-25C – Cribas Fm. Overview of outcrops and facies details.
Orange arrow shows way up.
S08°41.557’
E125°58.391’
B C
Figure 3-74: LOC TL-26B – Babulu Fm. Sedimentary and biogenic structures.
A – 40 cm long sub-vertical burrow, possible Thalassinoides;
B – Subcritical climbing ripple becoming supercritical at top;
C – Detail of sub-vertical burrow infilled with coarse-grianed sandstone
(the latter is not observed in overlying section, which suggests that the coarse-grained
sandstone has been eroded and the burrow could represent a Glossifungites ichnofacies-
highlighting a discontinuity developed possibly at a Transgressive surface)
B
A
Figure 3-75: LOC TL-27 – Niof Fm. A – Overview of outcrop; B&C – Detail of variegated,
finely bedded claystone
Day 9 was spent investigating Permian sediments exposed in the Cribas anticline.
The outcrop was accessed via a 2 km descent into the Akraun River valley, starting
from the town of Cribas. The river trends N-S and cuts across the E-W fold axis of
the Cribas anticline (Figure 3-77). A 2.5 km walk downstream was undertaken to
observe the northern limb of the anticline as the closer southern limb was poorly
exposed. The northern limb presents an excellent, near continuous exposure of the
Permian succession (Atahoc and Cribas Fms) with relatively little structural
deformation. It is considered one of the best exposed outcrops in Timor-Leste.
In the core of the anticline, Early Permian (or possibly Late Carboniferous) HCS
sandstones outcrop. As yet, no ages have been successfully obtained for the
sandstones and dating comes from forams and ammonites in an Early Permian
(Sakmarian) calcarenite interval further up section below a very thick black shale
interval. Due to time constraints only this bottom section (~68 m) was investigated.
Further upsection, Early Permian Artinskian siliciclastics sandstones and shales
outcrop, followed by well dated Early Triassic sandstones and Middle to Late
Triassic siliciclastic and carbonate strata (E.McCartain pers. comm..).
studied
section
Dark-grey
mudstone Homogenous
black shale with
deep water traces
Figure 3-78: LOC TL-28 – Atahoc Fm. Studied section and overview
photos of main lithofacies.
Red rectangles link photographs to relevant section.
Chondrites??
Planolites?
Thalassinoides?
Figure 3-82: LOC TL-28 – Atahoc Fm. F.A.3. Potential Transgressive surface.
Cruziana Ichnofacies? B.I. 5. Way-up is to the top.
The sandstones coarsen-up slightly once more (upper fine- to medium-grained) but
remain argillaceous and bioturbated for another 10 m (F.A.3). Planolites burrows
are identified and a low angle oblique to parallel lamination is recognised. Towards
the top of this unit, the sandstones react to HCl acid indicating calcareous cement or
very small bioclasts fragments (Figure 3-83).
At the base of the cycle are interbedded calcarenites (with abundant crinoid
fragments and brachiopods) and muddy siltstones with molluscs and crinoid
fragments. These pass up into interbedded parallel laminated calcilutites and
calcareous siltstones becoming muddier towards the top. 16 m of dark grey to black
mudstone overlies the carbonate facies (F.A.4)
The first stop of the day was a roadside cutting of Late Triassic Aitutu Fm with
beautifully preserved trace fossils (LOC TL-29) on the road between Manatutu and
Orlalan (Figure 3-86). The second stop (LOC TL-30) was located on a small
tributary of the Mutin River that runs N-S parallel to the main road. Here, Triassic
calcilutites and Late Jurassic Wailuli red mudstone were investigated. Access was
relatively easy and only a short walk from the road. The last stop of the day was to
view the Pualaca oil seep on the Mutin River (LOC TL-31). Access to the seeps
was difficult, with a steep 2 km descent to the bottom of the river valley, through
thick vegetation and climbing over several bamboo fences.
S8°43.710’
E125°58.627’
A B
S8°45.683’
E125°58.138’
C
B
D
Locally the red mudstone is cross cut by a network of ?calcite filled fractures. The
nature of the contact between the two lithologies is not understood, and may be
transitional or faulted.
The light grey radiolarian-rich calcilutites located further upstream have an average
bed thickness of 20 cm and are interbedded with subordinate and thinner siliciclastic
mudstones 2-3 cm thick. The ichnological character is very similar to various Aitutu
outcrops as: Chondrites, Zoophycos and Thalassinoides traces are recognised, with
a bioturbation index of 2 to 3 and low traces fossil diversity (Figure 3-91).
Figure 3-91: LOC TL-30 –?Aitutu Fm. Overview and trace fossils.
A – Thinly bedded radiolarian-rich calcilutites;
B&C – Detail of well-developed trace fossils within calcilutite.
S8°48.787’
E125°57.214’
A km south of the town of Orlalan there is a small settlement that marks the start of
the track to reach the Pualaca oil seep in the Mutin River (Figure 3-92). The seep is
difficult to access, requiring a 2 km descent to the bottom of the Mutin valley. The
valley sides are steep and covered in thick vegetation and temperature and humidity
increase greatly towards the valley bottom. Note that a local guide led the group
down to the oil seep and close to the end of the track asked for an unofficial entry
fee of 40USD. The group refused to pay (this is a very large amount of money in
Timor-Leste) and managed instead to negotiate a payment per sample of 1US$.
The Pualaca oil seep consists of a number of pools of water and oil located in and
amongst boulders and gravel on the left bank of the Mutin River. The oil is brown in
colour and seeps from the river gravel into the river. The reservoir and source of the
oil is unknown but in the valley Middle Jurassic and Middle Triassic siliciclastic and
carbonate strata outcrop. Local people collect up to 20 litres/day using a home
made filtering device (a plastic bottle with a tiny hole at the base, from which the
denser water is filtered out). Oil is transported out of the valley by pony or hand
carried 2 km up hill to the road and used in lamps.
Day 11 was spent walking a southern transect along the Mutin River and one of its
western tributaries, just to the northeast of Soibada. Late Triassic carbonates of the
Aitutu Fm (LOC TL-32), Middle to Late Triassic siliciclastics of the Babulu Fm (LOC
TL-33a, b and TL-34) and carbonates of the Triassic to Jurassic transition (Aitutu to
Wailuli Fm) (LOC TL-35) were investigated (Figure 3-93).
Figure 3-93: Day 11 location map and geological map (ESCAP 2003).
S8°49.496’
E125°57.110’
Limestone
~20m
conglomerate
Calcarenites
Sampled section
(Fig.108)
006º
Figure 3-94: LOC TL-32A – Aitutu Fm. Overview of outcrop with main lithofacies.
Note that contact of conglomerate with the overlying calcilutites is not
exposed.
TL108 B
clast
~15m
dowstream
Shale lenses:
Large rip up clast?
1. Ripped up?
Tectonic deformation ?
2. Deposited over/ onlapping onto
the topographic mound formed by
lower conglomerate and then
partially eroded by overlying
conglomerate ?
S8°49.868’
E125°57.335’
m
>6
bioturbated TL112 cm-thick dark
very fine TL115 grey
sandstone mudstone
Figure 3-97: LOC TL-33A – Babulu Fm. Overview and main facies.
A – Overview of outcrop. Orange and yellow squares related to position of
detailed photos; Orange arrow shows way-up.
B – Close-up of clay chips at base of bed.
C – Horizontal lamination in fine-grained sandstone highlighted by
carbonaceous fragments;
D – Abundant carbonaceous fragments on bedding plane of loose block.
The stratigraphic relationship between LOC TL-33A and TL-33B unknown because
of vegetation but if the entire section was coherent, LOC TL-33B would be
stratigraphically below the section at LOC TL-33A.
A B
Samples: ENI TL-116 fissile silty grey claystone; ENI TL-117 well-sorted
fine-grained grey sandstone
S8°49.912’
E125°57.214’
TL11
Fining-up cycles from upper medium/coarse
to medium sandstone with faint
horizontal-low angle lamination at top. TL119
B
TL11 D
S08°50.026’
E125°57.477’
The transition area between Jurassic and Triassic is characterised by well preserved
trace fossils dominated by Zoophycos and Chondrites with subordinate Teichichnus
(Figure 3-103). Large horizontal 40-50 cm long, 4 cm diameter broad u-shaped
burrows were encountered on one bedding surface (Thalassinoides). Trace fossil
diversity is moderate with a Bioturbation Index of 3.
A B
Samples: ENI TL-120 bioturbated grey calcareous shale; ENI TL-121 dark
grey calcareous shale in transition zone
At the confluence of the western tributary with the Sahe River the field group were
picked up by helicopter to be flown to Viqueque. The helicopter was able to land
safely on the dry river bed.
S08°51.922’
E125°57.461’
S08°52.547’
E125°57.142’
AITUTU
Late Triassic
WAILULI
Early Jurassic
Ligth grey marl TL125
TL124
Calcilutite &
mudstone
East S8*52.547 Wavy bedded
E125*57.142 calcilutite
The contact between the Aitutu and Wailuli formations lies stratigraphically above
the wavy micritic limestone, within a ~6 m thick succession of moderately
bioturbated calcilutite and marls. In the transition zone, one limestone bed with
intense bioturbation is present (Figure 3-107). This bed has a B.I. of 5, traces
overlap and include Chondrites, Zoophycos and possibly ?Thalassinoides (Figure
3-108).
The interbedded calcilutites and marls of the transition zone gradually give way to
Jurassic Wailuli Fm light grey marl containing ammonites and belemnites (Figure
3-107). The variety and size of the trace fossils diminishes until only small
Chondrites and rare (0.7 cm long) Zoophycos are present (Figure 3-108).
12m
Ammonites (2cm) and belemnites
Early JURASSIC
Interbeded
calcilutite & marls;
Chondrites,
6m
Zoophycos,
Thalassinoides?
2m
(one oolitic grainstone bed)
AITUTU Fm
Interbedded moderately bioturbated calcilutite
(10cm beds) & light-grey calcareous mudstone
20m Late TRIASSIC
interlaminated with black non calc. claystone.
Teichichnus, Skolithos, Zoophycos B.I.2
Calcilutite
40-30cm thick beds
10cm
Figure 3-107: LOC TL-37 – Lithofacies and trace fossils of the transition from Aitutu to
Wailuli Fm.
Figure 3-108: LOC TL-37 – Aitutu and Wailuli Fm. Dominant trace fossils.
A&B – Variety of trace fossils in the Triassic Aitutu Fm;
C – Jurassic Wailuli Fm characterised by smaller and less varied traces.
Samples: ENI TL-125 dark grey shale and calcilutite; ENI TL-124 grey
calcareous shale
S08°53.956’
E125°55.005’
A B
S08°53.900’
E125°54.908’
A B
Figure 3-110: LOC TL-39 – ?Babulu Fm. Overviews of outcrop and facies associations.
[A – Downstream; B – Upstream.]
Red stars indicate sample locations, black arrows indicate extent of
main facies associations. Blue arrow is stream flow direction.
The way up was not defined.
A C
F.A.2: thinly bedded (10-2 cm thick) very fine to fine-grained sandstone, with
horizontal lamination and locally ?Planolites traces, interbedded with light
grey mudstone and siltstone. Soft sediment deformation and
Helminthoida traces (numerous meandering tunnel trails, very regular
spacing, and 1-3 mm wide; internal grazing trail of worm-like animal) are
recognised.
The morning of Day 13 was spent investigating the Plio-Pleistocene Viqueque Fm,
outcropping along the Cuha River, Viqueque (LOC TL-40). Here the Synorogenic
Megasequence of the Pliocene Viqueque Fm unconformably overlies the
Synorogenic Melange of the Tortonian (Miocene) Bobonaro Fm (Figure 3-112). The
next locality was the Aliambata oil and gas seep (LOC TL-41), a three hour drive
east of Viqueque. The final stops of the day (LOC TL-42, TL-43) were accessed by
traversing a small, dry stream just west of LOC TL-41 to view poor outcrops of
Triassic or Jurassic strata.
Figure 3-112: Day 13. Locality map and photos from lower section of LOC TL40 outcrops
A – Locality map; green arrow shows helicopter flight route taken on day 12.
B – Contact between the chalk of the lower section of the Pliocene
Viqueque Fm and near vertical beds of the Tortonian (Miocene)
Bobonaro Fm indicated by red line (way up is to the left of photo);
C – Pillow lava block within Bobonaro Fm.
S08°51.922’
E126°21.796’
Age: Pliocene.
The Pliocene section cropping out along the river bed is 230 m long but only
selected intervals were described, due to time constraints. The first 30 m comprises
regularly interbedded dm-thick (40-50 cm) off-white massive chalk and softer light
grey marls (Figure 3-113). Abundant small faults make it difficult to estimate the true
thickness. The chalk has good microporosity.
Figure 3-113: LOC TL-40 – Viqueuqe Fm. Overview of lower section of the Viqueque Fm
Dm-interbedded chalk and marls.
Moving up-dip, the section becomes more terrigenous and mud-dominated until the
first sandstone bed is encountered (~40 m up section). From here onwards the 4
studied intervals show an overall coarsening/thickening up sandstone trend. The
section comprises a series of fining-up cycles consisting of a lower sandy interval of
poorly consolidated, texturally and mineralogically immature sandstone fining-up to
mudstone (Figure 3-114).
Figure 3-114: LOC TL-40 – Viqueuqe Fm. Fining-up turbiditic sands and pelagic muds.
Orange arrow indicates way-up. Triangles indicate fining-up sandstone-marl
cycles.
Typically each sandstone bed presents a fining-up succession (0.5-1 m, rarely 0.1 m
thick) from medium-grained sandstone to mudstone with a sharp to erosive base.
The cycle can be broken into several section: (A) massive medium-grained
sandstone with angular pebbles of up to 4 cm diameter (lithic and calcareous
clasts), fining-up to (B) parallel laminated medium/fine-grained sandstone which
passes up to (C) fine-grained sandstone with climbing ripples (D) silty sand and
finally to (E) shale (Figure 3-125). The letters A to E refer to the five subdivisions of
a typical Bouma turbidite sequence. Not all units are always developed, sometimes
the uppermost units are missing.
In the uppermost section the fining-up cycles become thicker (1-1.5 m) and coarser-
grained: grading from pebbly sandstone to fine/medium-grained sandstone. The
base of each unit is erosive and the cycles start with poorly sorted argillaceous
pebbly sandstone with up to 20 cm long pebbles scattered in an argillaceous
medium-grained sandstone matrix. Climbing ripples may be present in the upper
fine/medium-grained sandstone at the top of the cycle.
Figure 3-116: LOC TL-40 – Viqueuqe Fm. Lithofacies. Coarse-grained fining-up cycles.
A&C – Coarse-grained sandstone to micro-conglomerate with erosive bases
(a large carbonaceous fragment is visible in upper right hand corner
of photo C);
B – Climbing ripples in fine-grained sandstone;
D – Pebbly argillaceous sandstone.
Samples: ENI TL-130 grey fissile marl; ENI TL-131 chalk; ENI TL-132
argillaceous very fine-grained sandstone; ENI TL-133 argillaceous poorly sorted
medium-grained sandstone; ENI TL-134 grey marl; ENI TL-135 argillaceous fine- to
medium-grained sandstone; ENI TL-136 poorly sorted medium-grained sandstone
S08°47.880’
E126°35.528’
The gas seep is a short walk from the road and identified by a barren patch of soil
and loose rocks on an otherwise grassy slope (Figure 3-117). The gas combusts
naturally as it seeps out of the ground (Figure 3-117). The age of the gas reservoir is
unknown. The gas seep is long-lived and was used to locate 3 petroleum wells,
which were drilled near-by between 1911 and 1957.
Samples: Two oil samples were recovered from the well head ENI TL-141A & B.
S08°47.668’
E126°36.137’
Gondwana Megasequence:
Late-Middle Triassic Babulu Fm? Jurassic Wailuli/Oe Baat Fm?
The first 2 m cycle begins with a 0.8 m thick carbonate-rich conglomerate (F.A.1),
passing up into 1 m or so of upper fine- to medium-grained, apparently massive
sandstone (F.A.2). The second cycle is a 1.2 m fining-up succession of cross-
bedded sandstone (F.A.3) passing part way up into cm-bedded siltstones and
rippled sandstones of F.A.4. This second cycle is overlain by cross-bedded fine-
grained sandstone with a rippled top and mm-scale clay chips (F.A.3). This unit
appears to fine-up into biogenically mixed mudstone and medium-grained
sandstone of F.A.5. The contact is not visible due to discontinuous exposure, so it
is unclear whether this mudstone caps the fining-up cycle or is part of another cycle.
The final cycle is ~0.6 m thick and composed of cm-dm thick micaceous sandstone
which is massive or has parallel lamination, interbedded with black silty mudstone
rich in carbonaceous fragments and cm thick rippled fine-grained sandstone (F.A.4).
The cycle is capped by moderately bioturbated (B.I.3) finely interlaminated black
mudstones and sandstone (F.A.5).
Figure 3-119: LOC TL-42 – Triassic or Jurassic sandstones. Summary table of LOC TL42.
Four upward fining-thinning cycles constituting a ?transgressive
succession. F.A.5 is believed to contain a transgressive surface.
S08°47.750
E126°36.140
Sample: ENI TL-141 dark grey black shale (note that this sample was
taken from a loose block at the base of the riverbank exposure, due to difficulty in
accessing the thin shales between the limestone units. It may well have come from
higher up the section than shown in Figure 3-120.
Figure 3-120: LOC TL-43 - ?Aitutu Fm. Interbedded calcilutites and shale
Following an early morning helicopter flight from Viqueque to the eastern peninsula
of the island, Day 14 was spent in and around the hilltop town of Tutuala. The first
locality (LOC TL-44) comprised two outcrops of Late Triassic fossiliferous limestone
on the hillside just below the Tutuala Poussada. The next stop (LOC TL-45) was
located on the bank of a minor stream near the village of Piti Leti, a short drive from
the town of Tutuala. Again Late Triassic calcarenites were investigated. The
limestones are very different from the Aitutu Fm observed elsewhere and have not
been attributed to any of the current lithostratigraphic units.
Figure 3-121: Day 14. Locality map and aerial views of the eastern end of the Island.
Helicopter flight highlighted (green bold line)
S08°23.494’
E127°15.455’
S08°23.710’
E127°15.855’
Description: Bioclastic limestone exposed in stream bed and along the valley
bottom. The outcrop is typically strongly weathered and karstified. A grey-brown
ammonite-rich floatstone with brachiopod fragments is observed. The ammonites
range in size from 2 to 30 cm (Figure 3-124). It is difficult to make geological
observations at this locality due to the extent of surface weathering.
The final stop of the trip was an outcrop of Triassic Babulu Fm on the Laleia River,
15 km west of Manatutu near the town of Laleia (Figure 3-125). The riverbank
outcrop was accessed via an unsealed road along the west bank of the river and a
short drive across the dry river bed.
Description: The outcrop is a well exposed 200 m thick section, but due to
time constraints only 1 hour was available at the site. Thus 3 key sections, which
are separated by mudstone dominated strata, were selected to be quickly sampled
and described. It is recommended to return to this excellent outcrop and carry out a
more extensive study.
The outcropping strata are composed of a lower section (LOC TL-46A) that
comprises channelised calcareous conglomerate, erosive based calcarenites and
calcareous mudstones; a middle section (LOC TL-46B) with yellow fine-grained
rippled sandstone and an upper section (LOC TL-46C) with conglomerates,
granulestones and very coarse-grained sandstone rich in volcanic fragments. No
similar outcrop was encountered during the fieldtrip and all facies appear different
from anything investigated previously.
LOC TL-46A
S08°37.009’
E127°08.501’
No specific vertical trends were identified. The investigated section passes updip
into a thick shale unit with less than 20 cm thick fine-grained sandstone interbeds.
LOC TL-46B
S08°37.056’
E126°08.581’
TL-150 TL-151
The sandstones are cm-bedded, very well-sorted fine- to very fine-grained with only
two medium-grained sandstone levels encountered, which were 20 and 6 cm thick.
No intervening mud layers are present. The sandstone is commonly present in
fining-up cycles and the dominant sedimentary structures are current and wave
ripples (Figure 3-128). Climbing current ripples and horizontal lamination are also
recognised. Two intervals with HCS are identified in the top of the section.
Common soft sediment deformation and horizontal to slightly oblique Planolites
burrows are observed.
A B
D
C
LOC TL-46C
S08°37.108’
E126°08.732’
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INDEX
APPENDIX A: LOCALITIES
APPENDIX A:
LOCALITIES
APPENDIX B:
COLLECTED SAMPLES
Sampled for
Geochemistry
Micropaleon-
Palynology /
Petrology
Sample Locality Formation Description
tology
ENI TL-1 TL-1 Babulu Grey, argillaceous fg sandstone x
ENI TL-2 TL-1 Babulu Grey slightly silty shale x x
ENI TL-3 TL-2 Babulu Grey, crystalline vf-fg sandstone x
ENI TL-4 TL-2 Babulu Bioclastic grey sandstone x
ENI TL-5 TL-2 Babulu Dark grey micro-micaceous shale x x
ENI TL-6 TL-3 Kolbano Group Light grey foraminiferal limestone x x
ENI TL-7 TL-4 Aitutu Purple-grey siliceous limestone x
ENI TL-8 TL-4 Aitutu Dark grey to black claystone x x
ENI TL-9 TL-5 Aitutu Triassic bivalve x
ENI TL-10 TL-5 Aitutu Dark grey-black organic rich shale x x
ENI TL-11 TL-5 Aitutu Dark grey-black organic rich shale x x
ENI TL-12 TL-6 Aitutu Dark grey-black organic rich shale x x
ENI TL-13 TL-6 Aitutu Grey, crystalline limestone x
ENI TL-14 TL-6 Aitutu Bioclastic, dark grey mudstone x x
ENI TL-15 TL-7 Wailuli Grey, bioturbated limestone x x
ENI TL-16 TL-7 Wailuli Mid grey bioturbated calcareous mudstone x x
ENI TL-17 TL-8 Indeterminate Dark grey shale x x
ENI TL-18 TL-9a Aitutu Very fissile black shale x x
ENI TL-19 TL-9a Aitutu Massive black shale x x
ENI TL-20 TL-9a Aitutu Massive grey limestone x x
ENI TL-21 TL-9c Aitutu?Babulu? Brown, fg sandstone x
ENI TL-22 TL-10 Aitutu Dark grey limestone with oil staining x x
ENI TL-23 TL-10 Aitutu Fissile, calcareous shale x x
ENI TL-24 TL-10 Aitutu Fissile, dark grey mudstone x x
ENI TL-25 TL-10 ?Aitutu Ammonoids in Triassic mudstone x
ENI TL-26 TL-11a Babulu Vfg sandstone x
ENI TL-27 TL-11b Babulu Mg grey sandstone x
ENI TL-28 TL-12 Babulu F-vfg sandstone, fining upwards x
ENI TL-29 TL-12 Babulu Fg parallel laminated sandstone, bioturbation at base x
ENI TL-30 TL-12 Babulu Mg parallel laminated sandstone, mod sorted x
ENI TL-31 TL-12 Babulu Fissile grey mudstone x
ENI TL-32 TL-12 Babulu Grey sandstone from base of massive unit x
ENI TL-33 TL-12 Babulu Fg sandstone from top of massive unit x
ENI TL-34 TL-13 Aitutu Fissile grey shale x x
ENI TL-35 TL-14A Aitutu Fissile black shale x x
ENI TL-36 TL-14A Aitutu Dark grey limestone x x
ENI TL-37 TL-14B Aitutu Dark grey to black shale x x
ENI TL-38 TL-14B Aitutu Oil stained grey limestone x x
ENI TL-39 TL-14B Aitutu Oil stained vein in grey limestone x x
ENI TL-40 TL-15 Maubisse Pink, fossiliferous bioclastic limestone x
ENI TL-41 TL-16 Aitutu Grey, oolitic limestone x
ENI TL-42 TL-16 Aitutu Fining up, bioclastic limestone with brachiopods x
ENI TL-43 TL-16 Aitutu Normally graded limestone x
ENI TL-44 TL-16 Aitutu Grey micritic limestone ~3m above ENI TL-43 x
Sampled for
Geochemistry
Micropaleon-
Palynology /
Petrology
Sample Locality Formation Description
tology
ENI TL-45 TL-16 Aitutu Grey micritic limestone ~1.5m above ENI TL-43 x
ENI TL-46 TL-17 Babulu HCS sandstone x
ENI TL-47 TL-17 Babulu Parallel to LAL fg sandstone x
ENI TL-48 TL-17 Babulu Silty, sandy grey shale x x
ENI TL-49 TL-17 Babulu HCS to LAL fg sandstone x
ENI TL-50 TL-18 Aitutu XB calcarenite x
ENI TL-51 TL-18 Aitutu XB and wavy bedded calcarenite to calcilutite x
ENI TL-52 TL-18 Aitutu Stylotised calcilutite x
ENI TL-53 TL-18 Aitutu XB, parallel and wavy bedded calcarenite-calcilutite x
ENI TL-54 TL-19 Maubisse Dark grey, fg vesicular basalt x
ENI TL-55 TL-19 Maubisse Fossiliferous limestone x
ENI TL-56 TL-20 Wailuli Dark grey, deformed shale x x
ENI TL-57 TL-20 Wailuli Dark grey, deformed shale x x
ENI TL-58 TL-20 Wailuli Pale grey calcareous shale x x
ENI TL-59 TL-21 ?Babulu/Aitutu Fissile, silty grey shale x x
ENI TL-60 TL-21 ?Babulu/Aitutu Fissile, silty grey shale x x
ENI TL-61 TL-21 ?Babulu/Aitutu Parallel laminated, brown, well indurated fg sandstone x
ENI TL-62 TL-21 ?Babulu/Aitutu Parallel laminated, brown, well indurated fg sandstone x
ENI TL-63 TL-21 ?Babulu/Aitutu Parallel laminated, brown, well indurated fg sandstone x
ENI TL-64 TL-21 ?Babulu/Aitutu Shaly, parallel laminated fg sst, less indurated x
ENI TL-65 TL-21 ?Babulu/Aitutu Silty grey shale at top of section x x
ENI TL-66 TL-21 ?Babulu/Aitutu 30cm thick orange weathered sandstone x
ENI TL-67 TL-21 ?Babulu/Aitutu Grey silty shale below sandstone x x
ENI TL-68 TL-22A Babulu Lensoidal, fg grey sandstone x
ENI TL-69 TL-22C Babulu Fissile grey shale x x
ENI TL-70 TL-23 Babulu F-mg pale brown sandstone x
ENI TL-71 TL-23 Babulu Mg grey sandstone, well indurated x
ENI TL-72 TL-23 Babulu Vf-fg pale brown sandstone x
ENI TL-73 TL-23 Babulu F-mg parallel laminated sandstone x
ENI TL-74A TL-23 Babulu Fg sandstone, between 2 conglomeratic layers x
ENI TL-74B TL-23 Babulu Loose cobble of micritic conglomerate x
ENI TL-75 TL-24A Babulu F-mg, parallel laminated sandstone x
ENI TL-76 TL-24A Babulu Pebble conglomerate x
ENI TL-77 TL-24B Babulu Poorly sorted mg sandstone with granules x
ENI TL-78 TL-24B Babulu Mg sandstone within massive sandstone unit x
ENI TL-79 TL-25A Cribas TXB vfg sandstone x
ENI TL-80 TL-25A Cribas Purple weathered vfg sandstone x
ENI TL-81 TL-25A Cribas Bioclastic f-mg sandstone x
ENI TL-82 TL-25A Cribas Red mottled mudstone x x
ENI TL-83 TL-25A Cribas Vcg bioclastic sandstone x
ENI TL-84 TL-25B Cribas Silty grey mudstone x x
ENI TL-85 TL-25B Cribas Fg grey sandstone x
ENI TL-86 TL-25B Cribas Fg grey sandstone x
ENI TL-87 TL-25C Cribas Green, vcg to granular sandstone x
Sampled for
Geochemistry
Micropaleon-
Palynology /
Petrology
Sample Locality Formation Description
tology
ENI TL-88 TL-26A Babulu Silty, grey-brown mudstone x x
ENI TL-89 TL-26A Babulu Mg, orange-brown sandstone x
ENI TL-90 TL-26A Babulu Fg, finely laminated sandstone x
ENI TL-91 TL-26B Babulu Grey, silty shale x x
ENI TL-92 TL-27 Lower Triassic Variegated black and green shale x x
ENI TL-93 TL-27 Lower Triassic Variegated black and green shale x x
ENI TL-94 TL-28A Atahoc Mg ripple and XL sandstone x
ENI TL-95 TL-28B Atahoc Mg, well indurated XL sandstone x
ENI TL-96 TL-28B Atahoc Argillaceous, bioturbated fg sandstone x
ENI TL-97 TL-28C Atahoc Well indurated, calcareous sandstone x
ENI TL-98 TL-28C Atahoc Calcarenite x
ENI TL-99 TL-28C Atahoc Calcareous, bioclastic grey siltstone x
ENI TL-100 TL-28C Atahoc Dark grey-black shale x x
ENI TL-101 TL-28C Atahoc Dark grey-black shale x x
ENI TL-102 TL-28C Atahoc Bioclastic wackestone x
ENI TL-103 TL-28C Atahoc Dark grey-black shale x x
ENI TL-104 TL-29B Late Triassic? Bioturbated grey calcareous claystone x
ENI TL-105 TL-30 Late Jurassic? Grey, bioturbated radiolarite x
ENI TL-106 TL-30 Late Jurassic? Non-calcareous red mudstone x x
ENI TL-107 TL-31 NONE Oil sample from oil seep on bank of Mutin River x
ENI TL-108 TL-32 Aitutu Ooidal grey crystalline limestone x
ENI TL-109 TL-32 Aitutu Clast supported calcareous breccia x
ENI TL-110 TL-32 Aitutu Bioclastic packestone x
ENI TL-111 TL-32 Aitutu Dark grey fissile shale x x
ENI TL-112 TL-33A Babulu Mg, well sorted grey sandstone x
ENI TL-113 TL-33A Babulu Fg, well sorted grey sandstone x
ENI TL-114 TL-33A Babulu Fissile grey siltstone x x
ENI TL-115 TL-33A Babulu Vfg grey, very well sorted sandstone x
ENI TL-116 TL-33B Babulu? Fissile, silty grey claystone x x
ENI TL-117 TL-33B Babulu? Fg, grey well sorted sandstone x
ENI TL-118 TL-34 Babulu Mg, grey well sorted sandstone x
ENI TL-119 TL-34 Babulu Mg, grey well sorted sandstone x
ENI TL-120 TL-35 Wailuli Bioturbated grey calcareous shale x x
ENI TL-121 TL-35 Aitutu Dark grey calcareous shale x x
ENI TL-122 TL-36 Babulu M-cg sandstone, moderately sorted with clay chips x
ENI TL-123 TL-36 Babulu Mg, well sorted bioturbated grey sandstone x
ENI TL-124 TL-37 Wailuli Grey calcareous shale x x
ENI TL-125 TL-37 Aitutu Dark grey shale and micritic limestone x x
ENI TL-126 TL-38 Babulu Grey-green f-mg well sorted sandstone x
ENI TL-127 TL-39 Babulu Grey silty claystone x x
ENI TL-128 TL-39 Babulu Base of massive f-mg sandstone x
ENI TL-129 TL-39 Babulu Strongly laminated fg sandstone x
ENI TL-130 TL-40A Viqueque Grey, fissile marl x
ENI TL-131 TL-40A Viqueque White, massive chalk x x
Sampled for
Geochemistry
Micropaleon-
Palynology /
Petrology
Sample Locality Formation Description
tology
ENI TL-132 TL-40A Viqueque Argillaceous vfg sandstone x
ENI TL-133 TL-40A Viqueque Argillaceous poorly sorted mg sandstone x
ENI TL-134 TL-40A Viqueque Grey marlstone x
ENI TL-135 TL-40A Viqueque Argillaceous f-mg sandstone x
ENI TL-136 TL-40A Viqueque Poorly sorted mg sandstone x
ENI TL-137 TL-41 NONE Oil sample from Aliambata-1 well head x
ENI TL-138 TL-42 Babulu? Fg, well sorted sandstone x
ENI TL-139 TL-42 Babulu? Silty, dark grey mudstone x x
ENI TL-140 TL-42 Babulu? Fg, well sorted grey sandstone x
ENI TL-141 TL-43 Aitutu Dark grey-black shale x x
ENI TL-142 TL-44A Late Triassic Pale grey grainstone limestone x
ENI TL-143 TL-44A Late Triassic Pale grey grainstone with ooids x
ENI TL-144 TL-44B Late Triassic Mid grey-brown floatstone x
ENI TL-145 TL-45 Late Triassic Bioclastic grey-brown floatstone x
ENI TL-146 TL-46A Babulu Calcareous silty grey shale x x
ENI TL-147 TL-46A Babulu Grey, fg well sorted calcarenite x
ENI TL-148 TL-46A Babulu Well indurated, grey pebble conglomerate x
ENI TL-149 TL-46A Babulu Silty grey shale x x
ENI TL-150 TL-46B Babulu Very well sorted, f-mg sandstone x
ENI TL-151 TL-46B Babulu Very well sorted fg sandstone x
ENI TL-152 TL-46B Babulu Mid grey shale x x
ENI TL-153 TL-46C Babulu Granulestone, poorly sorted x
ENI TL-154 TL-46C Babulu Vcg laminated poorly sorted sandstone x
ENI TL-155 TL-46C Babulu Dark grey shale x x
ENI TL-156 TL-46C Babulu Mg parallel laminated sandstone x
ENI TL-157 TL-47 NONE Oil sample from Matai1/1A oil seep (collected by E. McCartain) x
.o0o.
APPENDIX C:
DAILY DIARY/ACCOMMODATION
Day 2, 18/09/2008
Atsabe: c/o private house owned packed lunch Ainaro: at the Rosalia Pereira Ainaro: Here the team was split in two B&B in this pretty
by Zeraldo De Silva Gomez. Poussada. Rua Ainaro Vila. mountain town. The Eni and medic personnel stayed in
the small but cosy Rosalia Pereira Poussada. 1 double
room with bathroom. 1 single room and 1 double room
with no bathroom. 1 shared bathroom available. Hot
and stuffy rooms.
The main ‘hotel’ in Ainaro was booked up by an ENI
sponsored conference: a teaching programme on ‘Baby
feeding’ for health workers
Day 3, 19/09/2008
Ainaro: at the Rosalia Pereira packed lunch Same: Hotel Same Same: the night is spent in a relatively big and new
Poussada hotel Same in this lively town. Numerous double rooms
with 'ensuite'.
Day 5, 21/09/2008
Hato Builico: packed lunch Maubisse: Maubisse: team split in two. Eni personnel in the small
Poussada Alecrim Namrau Restaurant Sarah, just below Poussada Aimen. Three Private rooms with basic en-
guest house. suite bathrooms.
Day 6, 22/09/2008
Maubisse: packed lunch Dili: Discovery Inn Dili: Discovery Inn
Restaurant Sarah, just below
guest house.