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Versi 2 :
1. Gejala hipertiroid :
a. Intoleransi paans, berkeringat, haus, penurunan berat badan, peningkatan
stimulasi adrenergik seperti palpitasi, gugup, lemah, emosional, hiperaktif,
tremor, dan peningkatan gejala gastrointestinal seperti peningkatan bising usus,
diare.
Perempuan amenore, anfertil, peningkatan kejadian keguguran.
Anak-anak keterlambatan maturasi tulang
Orang tua gejala-gejala kardiovaskuler seperti atrial fibrilasi dan congestive
heart failure.
b. yang dikuatirkan saat tindakan operasi penderita jika kadar lab yang tinggi :
Pasien harus dalam keadaan eutiroid sebelum operasi dengan diberikan obat
antitiroid yang dilanjutkan sampai hari operasi. Lugol iodide atau jenuh kalium
iodida (SSKI) juga harus diberikan sebelum operasi-3 tetes dua kali sehari
selama10 hari sebelum operasi-untuk mengurangi vaskularisasi kelenjar dan
mengurangi risiko pencetus badai tiroid. Tindakan utama yodium dalam situasi
ini adalah untuk menghambat pelepasan hormon tiroid.
Symptoms common to most patients with hyperthyroidism include heat
intolerance, increased sweating and thirst, and weight loss despite adequate
caloric intake. Symptoms of increased adrenergic stimulation include
palpitations, nervousness, fatigue, emotional lability, hyperkinesis, and tremors.
The most common gastrointestinal symptoms include increased frequency of
bowel movements and diarrhea. Female patients often develop amenorrhea,
decreased fertility, and an increased incidence of miscarriages. Children
experience rapid growth with early bone maturation, whereas older patients
present with cardiovascular complications such as atrial fibrillation and
congestive heart failure.
On physical examination, weight loss and facial flushing may be evident. The
skin may be warm and moist and African American patients often note
darkening of their skin. Tachycardia or atrial fibrillation is present, with
cutaneous vasodilation leading to a widening of the pulse pressure and a rapid
fall off in the transmitted pulse wave (collapsing pulse). A fine tremor, muscle
wasting, and proximal muscle group weakness with hyperactive tendon
reflexes are often present.
Patients should be rendered euthyroid before operation with antithyroid drugs that
should be continued up to the day of surgery. Lugol’s iodide solution or
supersaturated potassium iodide (SSKI) should also be administered preoperatively—
3 drops twice daily beginning 10 days preoperatively—to reduce vascularity of the
gland and decrease the risk of precipitating thyroid storm.
Thyroid Storm
Thyroid storm is a condition of hyperthyroidism accompanied by fever, central
nervous system agitation or depression, cardiovascular dysfunction that may be
precipitated by infection, surgery, or trauma. Occasionally, thyroid storm may result
from amiodarone administration. This condition was previously associated with high
mortality rates, but can be appropriately managed in an ICU setting. Beta blockers are
given to reduce peripheralT4-to-T3 conversion and to decrease the hyperthyroid
symptoms. Oxygen supplementation and hemodynamic support should be instituted.
Nonaspirin compounds can be used to treat pyrexia, and Lugol’s iodine or sodium
ipodate (intravenously) should be administered to decrease iodine uptake and thyroid
hormone secretion. PTU therapy blocks the formation of new thyroid hormone and
reduces peripheral conversion of T4 to T3, and corticosteroids help to prevent adrenal
exhaustion. Corticosteroids also block hepatic thyroid hormone conversion.
2. Ada gambar tulang kaki patah
a. Diagnosis dari foto radiologi : Fraktur transversal os tibia
dekstra 1/3medial
b. Apa bukti bahwa ini adalah seorang anak :ada epifiseal
growth plate line
c. Kira2 berapa lama tulangnya sembuh : Lower limb anak 6-
8 minggu, dewasa 12-16 minggu, upper limb anak 5-6
minggu, dewasa 10-12 minggu
d. Apa syarat dilakukan terapi konservatif
Syarat Penanganan Konservatif/non operatif :
Non-operative management:
Simple fracture dengan Isolated injury
No clinical deformity (tidak ada angulasi maupun rotasi)
No involvement of growth plate
Minimal angulation or displacement
Shortening dan lengthening < 2 cm
Penyatuan tulang biasanya terjadi pada 16-18 minggu
bergantung pada usia pasien, lokasi fraktur, dan jenis fraktur.
b. Colon kiri : 2/3 distal colon transversum, flexura lienalis/splenica, colon descenden,
sigmoid, rectum dan anus. Klinis : konstipasi, tai kambing. Sigmoid ingin BAB terus