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Nodal Analysis
The basis of nodal analysis is Kirchhoff’s current law. Since KCL is
valid for phasors, we can analyze ac circuits by nodal analysis. The
following examples illustrate this.
Example 10.1 : Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 10.1 using nodal analysis.
Example 10.2
Compute V1 and V2 in the circuit of Fig. 10.4.
Solution:
Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode as shown in Fig. 10.5. Applying KCL
at the supernode gives
Mesh Analysis
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) forms the basis of mesh analysis. The
validity of KVL for ac circuits was shown in Section 9.6 and is illustrated in
the following examples. Keep in mind that the very nature of using mesh
analysis is that it is to be applied to planar circuits.
Example 10.3
Determine current in the circuit of Fig. 10.7 using mesh analysis.
Example 10.4
Solve for Vo in the circuit of Fig. 10.9 using mesh analysis.
Solution:
As shown in Fig. 10.10, meshes 3 and 4 form a supermesh due to the current
source between the meshes. For mesh 1, KVL gives
Superposition Theorem
Since ac circuits are linear, the superposition theorem applies to ac circuits
the same way it applies to dc circuits. The theorem becomes important if the
circuit has sources operating at different frequencies. In this case, since the
impedances depend on frequency, we must have
a different frequency domain circuit for each frequency. The total response
must be obtained by adding the individual responses in the time domain. It is
incorrect to try to add the responses in the phasor or frequency domain.
Why? Because the exponential factor is
implicit in sinusoidal analysis, and that factor would change for every
angular frequency It would therefore not make sense to add responses at
different frequencies in the phasor domain. Thus, when a circuit has sources
operating at different frequencies, one must add the responses due to the
individual frequencies in the time domain.
Example 10.5
Use the superposition theorem to find in the circuit in Fig. 10.7.
Solution:
Let
Example 10.7
Calculate in the circuit of Fig. 10.17 using the method of source
transformation.
Solution:
Solution:
T. Salam Ibrahim & A.T. Mohammed D. Altamemi
65
Middle Technical University Electrical Circuit Analysis
Electrical Engineering Technical College Second Stage
Electrical Power Technical Engineering Dept.
We find ZTh by setting the voltage source to zero. As shown in Fig.
10.23(a), the 8-Ω resistance is now in parallel with the -j6 reactance, so
that their combination gives
Similarly, the 4-Ω resistance is in parallel with the j12 reactance, and
their combination gives
To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. 10.23(b). Currents I1 and I2 are
obtained as
Example 10.9
Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 10.25 as seen from
terminals a-b.
Figure 10.26
Solution of the problem in Fig. 10.25: (a) finding VTh, (b) finding ZTh.
To obtain ZTh, we remove the independent source. Due to the presence of
the dependent current source, we connect a 3-A current source (3 is an
arbitrary value chosen for convenience here, a number divisible by the sum
of currents leaving the node) to terminals a-b as shown in Fig. 10.26(b). At
the node, KCL gives
Example 10.10
Obtain current Io in Fig. 10.28 using Norton’s theorem.