Chetan Sharma

G-mail: sharmach1912@gmail.com
November 28, 2018
To

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 Training report on PTCUL substation

November 28, 2018

1 INTRODUCTION
PTCUL 400kV substation at Khandukhal – Srinagar (Garhwal), is a modern
substation, with modern technics of control, monitor. This substation is con-
nected with two 400 kV GVK line, two 400 kV kashipur line, and two 400kV
pipalkoti line, among them only 400 kV GVK line are currently working. The
other line are for future purpose to get the hydro power.
Then substation feed the power to one 132 kV Srinagar line, one 132 kV
Rishikesh line, and two 132 kV Simli line. Simli line are currently not working,
and when need 132 kV rishikesh line can give supply to khandukhal substation
also.

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1.1 SINGLE LINE DIGRAM OF 400 KV PTCUL SUB-
STATION SRINAGAR(GARHWAL)

Figure 1: Line diagram of 400 kV Srinagar substation

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1.2 POWER MAP OF UTTARAKHAND

Figure 2: power map of Uttarakhand

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2 MAJOR PART OF SUBSTATION
2.1 SWITCHYARD
2.1.1 LIGHTING ARRESTAR
Lighting arrester (surge diverter) is a device which is used for the protection
of equipment at substation. This is the first device in the substation which is
connected in parallel to main line. In other words, we can say lighting arrester
diverts the abnormal high voltage to the ground without affecting the continuity
of supply.
A travelling wave may cause that following damages to the substation equip-
ment:
1.) The High peak or crest voltage of the surge may cause flash over in the
internal winding and there by spoil the winding insulation.
2.) The external flashover between the terminal of the transformer may be cause
by the steep wave fronts of the surge.
3.)external flashover between the electrical equipment may cause damages to
the insulater.
Working of Lightning Arrester:- When a travelling wave reaches the ar-
restor, its sparks over at a certain prefixed voltage as shown in the figure below.
The arrestor provides a conducting path to the waves of relatively low impedance
between the line and the ground. The surge impedance of the line restricts the
amplitude of current flowing to ground.
The lightning arrester provides a path of low impedance only when the travelling
surge reaches the surge diverter, neither before it nor after it. The insulation of
the equipment can be protected if the shape of the voltage and current at the
diverter terminal is similar to the shape shown below.
An ideal lightning arrester should have the following characteristics ;

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1 ) It should not draw any current during normal operating condition, i.e., it
sparks-over voltage must be above the normal or abnormal power frequency
that may occur in the system.
2) Any transient abnormal voltage above the breakdown value must cause it to
break down as quickly as possible so that it may provide a conducting path to
ground.
3) When the breakdown has taken place, it should be capable of carrying the
resulting discharge current without getting damaged itself and without the volt-
age across it exceeding the breakdown value.
4) The power frequency current following the breakdown must be interrupted
as soon as the transient voltage has fallen below the breakdown value
5) There are many types of lightning arrester which are used to protect the
power system. The choices of the lightning arrester depend on the factor like,
voltage and frequency of the line, cost, weather condition and reliability.

Location of Lightning Arrester

• The lightning arrester is located close to the equipment that is to be protected.
They are usually connected between phase and ground in an AC system and
pole and ground in case of the DC system. In an AC system, separate arrester
is provided for each phase.
• In an extra-high voltage AC system the surge diverter is used to protect the
generators, transformers, bus bars, lines, circuit breakers, etc. In HVDC system
the arrester is used to protect the buses, valves converter units reactors, filter,
etc.

Instrument Transformers :-
The line in sub-station operate at high voltage and carry current of thousands
of amp. The measuring instrument and protective devices are designed for low
voltage (generally 110v) and current (about5a). Therefore, they will not work
satisfactory if mounted directly on the power lines. This difficulty is overcome
by installing instrument transformer, on the power lines. There are two types
of instrumenttransformer.

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2.1.2 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER(CVT)
WORKING OF CVT:
A Capacitive Voltage transformer works on Capacitor Voltage Divider principle.
For better understanding, assume a simple circuit of CVT which is connected
between a line of 400 kV and ,inline Earth.
As the CVT is connected between the line and earth, therefore phase voltage
(400/1.732 = 230 kV) will be applied.
Therefore,

Figure 3: capacitive voltage transformer

Voltage across the Capacitor C1 = (230C2)/(C1+C2)

Voltage across the Capacitor C2 = (230C1)/(C1+C2)

Thus if an Electromagnetic Unit is connected across the C2 then its voltage

rating will reduce. The output secondary voltage will depend on the impedance
of EMU unit as below Secondary Terminal Voltage = (Zm Voltage across the
Capacitor C2)/(Z1+Z2+Zm)
Where Zm = magnetizing Reactance of EMU unit.
Z1 = Primary impedance of EMU unit.
Z2 = Secondary impedance of EMU unit.

Capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected

in series. This pr ovides a large voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small

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voltage drop across C2. As the majority of the voltage drop is on C1, this re-
duces the required insulation level of the voltage transformer. This makes CVTs
more economical than the wound voltage transformers under high voltage (over
100 kV), as the latter one requires more winding and materials.
Construction of CVT (CCVT)
Capacitor Voltage Transformers consist of two primary assemblies,

1. the high voltage capacitor sections and

2. the base box, housing the electromagnetic components.

The General arrangement of a capacitor voltage transformer is given below,

Figure 4: General Arrangement of capacitive voltage transformer

Series connected capacitor elements, housed in porcelain shells, each hermet-

ically (in airtight manner) sealed, are referred to as capacitor sections. The
dielectric of the capacitor elements is made up of high quality polypropylene
film/paper and impregnated with highly processed synthetic fluid.

Each capacitor section is equipped with a stainless steel below which will

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allow the synthetic fluid to expand and contract with changes in ambient op-
erating temperature while maintaining the hermetic sealing. It is over these
capacitor sections that most of the high voltage will be dropped.

Figure 5: General Arrangement of capacitive voltage transformer

Application: The CVT is also useful in communication systems. The CVT is

installed at a point after Lighting arrester and before Wave trap.CVTs in com-
bination with wave traps are used for filtering high-frequency communication
signals from power frequency, forms a carrier communication network through-
out the transmission network, to communicate between substations.

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2.1.3 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Current transformers perform the following functions:

1). Current transformers are used to supply the current to the protective
relays , with the magnitude reduce to sufficient value and proportional to those
of power circuit.
2). We can’t connect the measuring devices directly to high magnitude supply,
so here current transformers are used to supply those devices with current of
magnitude proportional to those of power.
3). A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from high
voltage circuits.

Figure 6: (a) Current transformer (b) Basic symbol of CT and CVT

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2.1.4 PLCC(Power line carrier communication:)
for large power system power line carrier communication is used for data trans-
mission as well as protection of transmission lines. Carrier current has a fre-
quency range of 30 to 200 kHz in USA and 80 to 500 kHz in UK.

PLCC in modern electrical power system substation is mainly used

for following purpose:

1. Carrier protection relaying of transmission line so that:

• Inter trip command can be issued by relay due to tripping of circuit breaker
at any one end.
• To trip the line circuit breaker nearest to the fault, this is done by:
a) Distance protection relay (V/I characteristics)
b) Differential comparison method
c) Phase comparison method

2. Station to station communication between operating personnel

3. Carrier telemetring, electrical quantities that are telemetered are kW, kVA,
kVAR, Voltage and Power factor etc.

Main Components of PLCC:

1. Coupling Capacitor
2. Line trap Unit
3. Transmitters and Receivers
4. Hybrids and Filters
5. Line Tuners
6. Master Oscillator and Amplifiers
7. Protection and earthing of coupling equipment

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 Figure 7: internal working diagram of PLCC

2.1.5 WAVE TRAP

A wave trap is a maintenance free parallel resonant circuit ,which is mounted
inline on high – voltage AC transmission power line. It prevent the transmission
of high frequency (40 kHz to 1000 kHz) carrier signals of power line communi-
cation to unwanted destination.

Figure 8: Line Trap in parallel LC circuit

1. Design : wave trapper consist of three major components that are:

(1)The main coil :

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It is the outer part of the line trap made from stranded aluminum cable. The re-
actor coil, depending on the device, can be made up of several aluminum wires,
allowing equal distribution amongst the parallel wiers. The standard aluminum
coil is wound in one layer. However, when the application of more than one
layer is necessary, separation between layer is required to provide a cooling duct
between them to avoid overheating. The cooling duct is created with spacer
bars made out of epoxy resin and fiberglass. The coil carries rated continuous
power frequency current, therefor this is the power inductor in this system. It
provides a low impedance path for the electricity flow. Since the power flow is
rather large at times, the coil used in a line trap must be large in terms of phys-
ical size. Hence, a line trap unit is inserted between the busbar and connection
of coupling capacitor to the line.
2) The Tunning device :
it is installed inside the main coil. It adjust blocking frequency or bandwidth,
and consist of coils, capacitance and resistor. Its purpose is to create a blocking
circuit which provides high impedance. There are three types of tuning devices:
wideband tuning, single frequency tuning, and double frequency tuning. The
tuned circuit is usually a dual-circuit broadband type. If the traps are self
tuned, they do not require the use of any tuning devices. With the use of a
tuning device, a line trap can be tuned to a frequency of 1000 Hz 3)protective
device: protective device are connect in parallel with main coil and tunning de-
vice. It protect the main coil and tunning device by lowering the over- voltage
levels. The bandwidth of a line trap is the frequency range over which a line
trap can provide a certain specified minimum blocking impedance. Line traps
are connects in series with power line and thus their coil are rated to carry the
full line current. The impedance of a line trap is very low at the power frequency
and will not cause any significant voltage drop.

2.1.6 CIRCUIT BREAKER(CB):

circuit breaker is an automatically operated electoral switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload
or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is
detected. Unlike fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit
breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal op-
eration.

Types of circuit breaker :

a) Low- Voltage circuit breaker

b) Magnetic circuit breaker
c) Thermal magnetic circuit breaker
d) Magnetic- hydraulic circuit breakers
e) Common trip breakers

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f) Medium- voltage circuit breakers
g) High- voltage circuit breakers: it have sub devided
g.1) sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) high – voltage circuit breakers
g.2) disconnecting circuit breakers (DVB)
g.3) carbon dioxide (CO2 ) high- voltage circuit breakers
sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) high – voltage circuit breakers:

Figure 9: Maintanence on SF6 circuit breaker at PTCUL srinagar

A circuit breaker in which the current carrying contacts operate in sulfur hex-
afluoride (SF6) is known as an SF6 circuit breaker.
SF6 has excellent insulating property. SF6 has high electro-negativity. That
means it has high affinity of absorbing free electron. Whenever a free electron
collides with the SF6 gas molecule, it is absorbed by that gas molecule and
forms a negative ion. The attachment of electron with SF6 gas molecules may
occur in two different ways, These negative ions obviously much heavier than a
free electron and therefore over all mobility of the charged particle in the SF6
gas is much less as compared to other common gases.

SF6 + e = SF6-

SF6 + e = SF5- + F

As we know that mobility of charged particle is majorly responsible for

conducting current through a gas. Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged
particles in SF6 gas, it acquires very high dielectric strength.
With a good dielectric strength SF6 gas also have the unique property of fast
recombination after the source energizing the spark is removed. The gas has
also very good heat transfer property. Due to its low gaseous viscosity (because

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of less molecular mobility) SF6 gas can efficiently transfer heat by convection.
So due to its high dielectric strength and high cooling effect SF6 gas is approx-
imately 100 times more effective arc quenching media than air. Due to these
unique properties of this gas, SF6 circuit breaker is used in complete range of
medium voltage and high voltage electrical power system. These circuit break-
ers are available for the voltage ranges from 33KV to 800 KV and even more.

Disadvantages of SF6 circuit breakers:

SF6 is a greenhouse gas, so we need to prevent its release in atmosphere. Puffer
type design of SF6 CB needs a high mechanical energy which is almost five
times greater than that of oil circuit breaker.
Types of SF6 Circuit Breaker:
There are mainly three types of SF6 CB depending upon the voltage level of
application-
1. Single interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 245 KV(220 KV) system.
2. Two interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 420 KV(400 KV) system.
3. Four interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 800 KV(715 KV) system.
Working of SF6 circuit breaker: SF6 gas was compressed and stored in
a high pressure reservoir. During operation of SF6 circuit breaker this highly
compressed gas is released through the arc in breaker and collected to relatively
low pressure reservoir and then it is pumped back to the high pressure reservoir
for re utilize.
SF6 gas was compressed and stored in a high pressure reservoir. During oper-
ation of SF6 circuit breaker this highly compressed gas is released through the
arc in breaker and collected to relatively low pressure reservoir and then it is
pumped back to the high pressure reservoir for re utilize.

Figure 10: Puffer type circuit breaker

Here the breaker is filled with SF6 gas at rated pressure. There are two
fixed contact fitted with a specific contact gap. A sliding cylinder bridges these
to fixed contacts. The cylinder can axially slide upward and downward along

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the contacts. There is one stationary piston inside the cylinder which is fixed
with other stationary parts of the SF6 circuit breaker, in such a way that it
cannot change its position during the movement of the cylinder. As the piston
is fixed and cylinder is movable or sliding, the internal volume of the cylinder
changes when the cylinder slides. During opening of the breaker the cylinder
moves downwards against position of the fixed piston hence the volume inside
the cylinder is reduced which produces compressed SF6 gas inside the cylinder.
The cylinder has numbers of side vents which were blocked by upper fixed
contact body during closed position. As the cylinder move further downwards,
these vent openings cross the upper fixed contact, and become unblocked and
then compressed SF6 gas inside the cylinder will come out through this vents
in high speed towards the arc and passes through the axial hole of the both
fixed contacts. The arc is quenched during this flow of SF6 gas during closing
of the circuit breaker, the sliding cylinder moves upwards and as the position
of piston remains at fixed height, the volume of the cylinder increases which
introduces low pressure inside the cylinder compared to the surrounding. Due
to this pressure difference SF6 gas from surrounding will try to enter in the
cylinder. The higher pressure gas will come through the axial hole of both
fixed contact and enters into cylinder via vent and during this flow; the gas will
quench the arc.

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2.1.7 INSULATORS:
The metal which does not allow free movement of electrons or electric charge is
called as an insulator. Hence, insulators resist electricity with their high resist-
ing property. There are different types of insulators such as suspension type,
strain type, stray type, shackle, pin type and so on. A few types of insulators
are shown in the above figure. Insulators are used for insulation purpose while
erecting electric poles with conductors to avoid short circuit and for other insu-
lation requirements.

Types of insulator:
1. Pin type Insulators:

Figure 11: pin type insulator with internal structure

The pin type insulator is secured to the cross-arm on the pole. There is a
groove on the upper end of the insulator for housing the conductor. The con-
ductor passes through this groove and is bound by the annealed wire of the
same material as the conductor.
Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power
at voltages upto 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insu-
lators become too bulky and hence uneconomical.
2. suspension type:

For high voltages (¿33 kv), it is a usual practice to use suspension type in-
sulators shown in figure. Consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in
series by metal links in the form of a string. The conductor is suspended at
the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string is secured to the
cross-arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is designed for low voltage, say 11
kv. The number of discs in series would obviously depend upon the working

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 Figure 12: suspension type insulator with internal structure

voltage. For instance, if the working voltage is 66 kv, then six discs in series
will be provided on the string.
3. Strain type insulator :

Figure 13: strain type insulator with internal structure

When there is a dead end of the line or there is corner or sharp curve, the line
is subjected to greater tension. In order to relieve the line of excessive tension,
strain insulators are used. For low voltage lines (¡ 11 kv), shackle insulators are
used as strain insulators. However, for high voltage transmission lines, strain
insulator consists of an assembly of suspension insulators as shown in figure.
The discs of strain insulators are used in the vertical plane. When the tension

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in lines is exceedingly high, at long river spans, two or more strings are used in
parallel.
4. Shackle type insulators:

Figure 14: Shackle type insulator with internal structure

In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain insulators. But now
a days, they are frequently used for low voltage distribution lines. Such insula-
tors can be used either in a horizontal position or in a vertical position. They
can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.

2.1.8 ISOLATORS
Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty sec-
tion or the section of a conductor or a part of a circuit of substation meant for
repair from a healthy section in order to avoid occurrence of more severe faults.
Hence, it is also called as a disconnector or disconnecting switch. There are
different types of isolators used for different applications such as single-break
isolator, double-break isolator, bus isolator, line isolator, etc.

Unlike load switches and circuit breakers, disconnector lack a mechanism for
suppression of electric arcs, which occurs when conductors carrying high cur-
rents are electrically interrupted. Thus, they are off-load devices, intended to
be opened only after current has been interrupted by some other control device.

Isolators have provisions for a lockout-tagout so that inadvertent operation

is not possible. In high-voltage or complex systems, these locks may be part
of a trapped-key interlock system to ensure proper sequence of operation. In

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 Figure 15: (a) High-voltage isolator (b) Isolators

some designs, the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated
circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply
to circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where both ends of
the circuit need to be isolated.

2.2 BUS BARS:

Figure 16: Bus bars

The conductor carrying current and having multiple numbers of incoming

and outgoing line connections can be called as bus bar, which is commonly used
in substations. These are classified into different types like single bus, double
bus and ring bus.

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2.2.1 TRANSFORMERS
Electrical power transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy
from one circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with
the help of mutual induction between two winding. It transforms power from
one circuit to another without changing its frequency but may be in different
voltage level.

Working Principle of Transformer:

The working principle of transformer is very simple. It depends upon Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction. Mutual induction between two or more wind-
ing is responsible for transformation action in an electrical transformer.
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction : According to these
Faraday’s laws, ”Rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time is directly
proportional to the induced EMF in a conductor or coil”
INTERCONNECTED CIRCUIT TRANSFORMERS (ICT):
ICT is interconnecting transformers which are used to connect two EHV line at
different voltages. The interconnecting transformers are auto transformer which
can step up step down the voltages for synchronization of two grid voltages.
The function of the inter-connecting transformer is - as the name suggests - to
inter-connect two systems at different voltages.
They are normally auto-transformers and they will have a delta connected ter-
tiary winding of about 33kV voltage rating, for providing a circulating path for
the zero-sequence currents.

On the Other hand Power transformers are used in the transmission of the
power in higher voltage networks. These are used in step up and step down
application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV). Power transformers are
generally rated above 200 MVA.
Power transformers are used for the transmission of the high power, which is
above 33 KV, and they also require 100 present efficiency. Power transformers
are used as the set up device. They are designed to use the maximum core and
can operate near to knee point of B-H curve. The maximum iron and copper
loss in these transformers is recorded at the time of peak load. They work gen-
erally on full load, thus these are designed in such a manner that copper loss is
minimum.

2.3 CONTROL ROOM

2.3.1 RELAY
2.3.2 Numerical relays:-
Numerical relays are based on the use of microprocessors. The first numerical
relays were released in 1985. A big difference between conventional electrome-
chanical and static relays is how the relays are wired.

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Electromechanical and static relays have fixed wiring and the setting is manual.
Numeric relays, on the other hand, are programmable relays where the char-
acteristics and behavior can be programmed. Most numerical relays are also
multifunctional.
The following types of protective relays are used in the sub-station-
1.1) Over current and earth fault relay-: These relays are of following
types-: a) Directional over current and earth fault relay
b) Non- directional over current and earth fault relay
Applications-: These are used for the selective short-circuit and time over-
current protection of radial feeders in distribution networks. The relays are also
used for feeder earth-fault protection in isolated neutral networks and networks
with resistively earthed neutral. Both the overcurrent unit and the earth-fault
unit feature two stages: a high-set stage and a low-set stage.
1.2) Differential relay-: Differential relays are basically used for the protec-
tion of transformer winding. It checks the difference between input and output
currents of the transformer. The difference amongst the currents may also be
in phase angle or magnitude or in each. For normal operation, this difference
must be zero. Principle operation of the Differential relay-: For an example
in a power transformer the transformation ratio is 1:1 and (Y-Y) connection,
CT1 and CT2 are connected accordingly. The current flows within the primary
and secondary side of the transformer are equal. Thus a net zero current flows
through the operating coil thus it doesn’t operate. During external fault con-
dition the net current through the operating coil is zero hence differential relay
will not operate for an external fault. An internal fault causes a difference in
the CT currents and a net current flow through the operating coil and thus the
relay operates.
A numerical differential relay consists of a microprocessor based system which
serves the function of a protective relay for the winding of transformer.
Main functions of numerical differential relay-:

a) Differential protection
1) Matching to the vector group.
2) Stabilization under inrush.
3) Stabilization under over fluxing conditions
b) Thermal overload protection.
c) Over/under voltage protection.
d) Over/under frequency protection.
e) Over excitation protection.
1.3) Distance Relay-: Distance relay is used for the protection of trans-
mission lines. It uses the principle that, whenever a fault occurs it changes
the impedance of the transmission line, for its operation. It actually measures
the impedance of the line from the fault point to the point it is connected and
according to the per km. impedance of the line it calculates the total length of
the transmission line up to the fault point. This relay is also a microprocessor
based numerical relay having different types of indications such as-:

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 Figure 17: pin type insulator with internal structure

Advantages-: a) Improves dependability and security.

b) Has self-checking facilit
c) Offers very low burden.
d) More flexible due to programmable capability.
e) Adaptive relaying schemes.
f) Permit historical data storage.
g) Separate connections are not required, zero sequence voltages and currents
can be derived inside the processor.

Main functions of numerical distance relay-:

a) Distance protection.
b) Power swing blocking.
c) Switch on to fault.
d) Phase fault over-current protection.
e) Directional earth fault protection.
f) Sensitive earth fault protection.
g) Overvoltage and under voltage protection.
h) Broken conductor detection.
i) Circuit breaker failure protection.
Other important functions of numerical distance relay-:
a) Control
1) Auto reclosing. 2) Check synchronizing.
b) Monitoring
1) Voltage transformer supervision.
c) System data
1) Sequence of event records. 2) Fault records. 3) Disturbance recorder.

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2.4 BATTRY ROOM:
Battery room consist of battery panels for the operation of relay and controlling
panels as they all requires D.C. supply for their operation. A battery room must
be designed for proper air ventilation to prevent any explosion.

Figure 18: Battery (Front and Side View)

Battery Panels: Battery panel has two group of batteries one of 48 V and
one of 110 V. It consists of several batteries connected in series so that they
add up to 110 volt or 48 V. These are Ni-Cd batteries, which are rechargeable
and also known secondary batteries. Sulphuric acid is used as an electrolyte in
these batteries and it is mixed with dilute water. Each battery has the same
ratings as below: Voltage=2 Volts Ampere Hours=500 Ah A battery charger is
used for the charging of batteries. Battery charger is nothing but it is a A.C.
to D.C. converter. Two battery chargers are used for 110 V one charger is used
as a backup.

2.5 REFRENCES:
i). T. Davies Protection of industrial power systems second edition, Butterworth-
Heinemann, 1996 ISBN 0-7506-2662-3 page 55
2)Jump upS tanleyH.Horowitz, ArunG.P hadkeP owersystemrelayingthirdedition, JohnW ileyandSons, 2008I
470 − 05712 − 2pages64–65
3)”T utorialACHV CircuitBreakers”(P DF ).ewh.ieee.org.July2017.RetrievedOctober21, 2017.
4)StudyElectrical.Com(July2014).”SulphurHexaf luoride(SF 6)CircuitBreakers−
Construction, W orkingandAdvantages”.StudyElectrical.Com.usamayou.RetrievedJuly7, 2015.
5)T hree−phaseshort−circuittestingof high−voltagecircuitbreakers, P resentedbyD.Duf ournetG.M ontilleta
6)wikipedia(www.wikipedia.org)

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