Unit Operations in Food Processing

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX 2

UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Length 1 inch = 0.0254 m

1 ft = 0.3048 m
Area 1 ft2 = 0.0929m2
Volume 1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3
1 gal Imp = 0.004546 m3
1 gal US = 0.003785 m3 = 3.785 litres
1 litre = 0.001 m3
Mass 1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 mole molecular weight in kg
Density 1 lb/ft3 = 16.03 kg m-3
Velocity 1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m s-1
Pressure 1 lb/m2 = 6894 Pa
1 torr = 133.3 Pa

1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa

= 760 mm Hg
= 1 N m-2
1 Pa
= 1 kg m-1 s-2

Force
1 Newton = 1 kg m s-2
1 lb ft s-2 = 1.49 kg m s-2

Viscosity 1 cP = 0.001 N s m-2 = 0.001 Pa s

= 1.49 N s m-2
1 lb/ft sec
= 1.49 kg m-1 s-2

Energy 1 Btu = 1055 J

1 cal = 4.186 J
1 kW = 1 kJ s-1
Power
1W = 1 J s-1

1 horsepower = 745.7 W = 745.7 J s-1

= 0.746 kW
1 ton refrigeration = 3.519 kW
Temperature units (°F) = 5/9 (°C) = 5/9 (K)
Heat-transfer coefficient 1 Btu ft-2 h-1 °F-1 = 5.678 J m-2 s-1 °C
Thermal conductivity 1 Btu ft-1 h-1 °F-1 = 1.731 J m-1 s-1 °C-1
Constants p 3.1416
s 5.73 x 10-8 J m-2s-1K-4
e (base of natural logs) 2.7183
R 8.314 kJ mole-1 K-1
or 0.08206 m3 atm mole-1 K-1
(M) Mega = 106,
(k) kilo = 103,
(H) Hecto = 102
(m) milli = 10-3
(m) micro = 10-6

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Unit Operations in Food Processing. Copyright © 1983, R. L. Earle. :: Published by NZIFST (Inc.)