Example of typical symbols used

Symbol Description

∫ , ∫∫ , ∫∫∫ Single, double, triple integrals

MULTIPLE ∫ C , ∫∫ R , ∫∫∫ G Integrals over a specific domain
INTEGRALS ∫
b
Definite integral
a

b d
∫∫
a c
Iterated double integrals
b d f
∫∫ ∫
a c e Iterated triple integrals

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Multiple integrals Projection

Double integrals Triple integrals

Cartesian coordinate Cartesian coordinate

polar coordinate cylindrical coordinate

spherical coordinate
In this topic we will consider

Projection on xy plane
Applications
Projection on xz plane
Area, volume, surface area, mass
Projection on yz plane

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Cartesian coordinate
Rectangular regions

Iterated integrals :
Assume that we are integrating over
the rectangle R = [a,b] x [c,d]
Double integrals
b d d b
∫∫ f ( x, y )dA = ∫a ∫c f ( x, y ) dydx = ∫c a ∫ f ( x, y ) dxdy
R

Example (Rectangular)

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 Non-rectangular regions Changing order
Two type of region that we need to look at In fact there will be times when it will not even be possible
to do the integral in one order while it will be possible
Type I Type II
to do the integral in the other order.
If this situation happens, we need to reverse (or switch)
the order of integration.
R R The best way to reverse the order of integration

Sketch the region given by the original limits of integration.

Determine new limits.

b g2 ( x) d h2 ( y )
∫∫ f ( x, y ) dA = ∫a ∫g1 ( x ) f ( x, y ) dydx ∫∫ f ( x, y ) dA = ∫c ∫h1 ( y ) f ( x, y ) dxdy
Write the integral with the reversed order.
R R

Example (Switch)
Example (Non-rectangular)

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Interpretation Polar coordinate

Area of region, A Volume, V Cartesian coordinate system at point is given by the coordinate
(x,y). This define the point by starting at the origin and then
When the integrand of double When the integrand of double
moving x units horizontally followed by y units vertically.
integrals is 1, it can be integrals is top surface, z1 = f ( x, y )
interpreted as, AREA in minus bottom surface, z2 = g ( x, y )
double integrals it can be interpreted as
VOLUME in double integrals
A = ∫∫ 1 dA = ∫∫ dA
V = ∫∫ f ( x, y ) − g ( x, y ) dA
R R
R

Example (Area) Example (Volume)

However this is not the only way to define a point in 2D!

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Instead of moving vertically and horizontally from the origin, Polar coordinate is preferred to avoid tedious integration
we could go straight out of the origin to the point and then in Cartesian coordinate.
determine the angle this lines makes with the positive x-axis.
Conversion formula

x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ x 2 + y 2 = r 2

Polar coordinate used the distance of the point from the origin,
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
r and the angle, θ as the coordinates of the point.
∫∫ f ( x, y ) dA = ∫∫ f (r , θ ) r drd θ
R R

Example (Polar)

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 Interpretation Interpretation
Double integrals as surface area
Area of region, A Volume, V
Projection on xy plane
When the integrand of double When the integrand of double 2 2
integrals is 1, it can be integrals is top surface, z1 = f ( r , θ )  ∂z   ∂z 
minus bottom surface, z2 = g (r , θ ) ∫∫   +   + 1 dA
 ∂x 
interpreted as Surface R  ∂y 
it can be interpreted as
Projection on xz plane
A = ∫∫ 1 dA = ∫∫ rdrdθ VOLUME in double integrals
2 2
R R
V = ∫∫ f ( r , θ ) − g ( r , θ ) dA  ∂y   ∂y 
∫∫   + 1 +   dA
 ∂x   ∂z 
Example (PArea) R R

Example (PVolume) Projection on yz plane

2 2
 ∂x   ∂x 
Example (Surface) ∫∫ 1 +   +   dA
R  ∂y   ∂z 

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Cartesian coordinate
Rectangular box

Iterated integrals :
Assume that we are integrating
over the box G = [a,b] x [c,d] x [p,q]
Triple integrals
b d q
∫∫∫ f ( x, y, z) dV = ∫ ∫ ∫
G
a c p
f ( x, y , z ) dzdydx

Example (Rectangular)

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Non-rectangular solid Interpretation

Type I Type II Type III Volume, V
When the integrand of triple
integrals is 1 it can be
R R interpreted as
V = ∫∫∫ 1 dV
G
R
Example (Volume)
When R is the region
in xy-plane, in yz-plane, in xz-plane,
u2 ( x , y ) u2 ( y , z ) u2 ( x , z )
∫∫ ∫
R
u1 ( x , y )
f ( x, y, z ) dz dA ∫∫ ∫
R
u1 ( y , z )
f ( x, y, z ) dx dA ∫∫ ∫
R
u1 ( x , z )
f ( x, y, z ) dy dA

Example (Non-rectangular)

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 Cylindrical coordinate Interpretation
Cylindrical coordinate are identical to polar coordinate in the Volume, V
xy-plane and identical to Cartesian coordinate in the z-direction.
When the integrand of triple
Conversion formula integrals is 1 it can be
x = r cos θ interpreted as
y = r sin θ x 2 + y 2 = r 2 V = ∫∫∫ 1 dV
z=z G

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π Example (CVolume)

∫∫∫ f ( x, y, z )dV = ∫∫∫ f (r ,θ , z ) rdzdrdθ

G G

Example (Cylindrical)

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Spherical coordinate Interpretation

Spherical coordinate were used to find an integral of solid which Volume, V
has a spherical shape.
When the integrand of triple
Conversion formula integrals is 1 it can be
x = ρ cos θ sin φ interpreted as
y = ρ sin θ sin φ 2 V = ∫∫∫ 1 dV
z = ρ cos φ x + y + z = ρ
2 2 2 G

Example (SVolume)
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π 0≤φ ≤π

∫∫∫ f ( x, y, z )dV = ∫∫∫ f ( ρ , φ ,θ ) ρ sin φ d ρ dφ dθ

2

G G
Example (Spherical)

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MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Double integration

Evaluate double integrals (Module: Refer Example 2.1)

Evaluate
y
3 4 5 1 x
(a) ∫∫
1 2
40 − 2xy dydx (b) ∫∫
1 2
2
6 x 2 y dxdy (c) ∫∫
0 0
y x 2 − y 2 dydx

Rectangular
(a) If R = {( x, y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2,1 ≤ y ≤ 4} , evaluate ∫∫ 6 x + 4 xy 3 dA
2

(b) If R = [0, 2] × [−1,1] , evaluate ∫∫ x + 2 y dA

2

R
Non-rectangular (Module: Refer Example 2.2, 2.8, 2.9(a))
Evaluate each of the following integrals over the given region R
(a)
y = x+1 y = x2
∫∫ y
2
, evaluate x dA
R

∫∫ e dA, R = {( x, y ) :1 ≤ y ≤ 2, y ≤ x ≤ y 3 }
y
(b)
R

∫∫ 4 xy − y dA, R is the region bounded by y = x and y = x3

3
(c)
R

(d) ∫∫ 6 dA,
R
R is the triangle with vertices (0,3), (1,1) and (5,3)

Switch order (Module: Refer Example 2.9(b))

Evaluate the following integrals by first reversing the order of integration.
3 9 8 2
∫∫ ∫∫
3
(a) 2
x3 e y dydx (b) 3
x 4 + 1 dxdy
0 x 0 y

Area and volume by using double integrals in Cartesian coordinate

(Module: Refer Example 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7)
1. By using double integrals, find the area of the regions enclosed by
(a) x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = x
1
(b) y = 1, y = 2, x = y and x = y 2
4
2
(c) y = x and 3 y + x = 4
(d) xy = 1, y = x and y = 2 x

2. By using double integrals, find the volume of

(a) Tetrahedron bounded by plane 3x + 6 y + 4 z = 12 and three coordinate planes
(b) The solid enclosed by x = y 2 , x = 1, z = 0 and z = 1 .
(c) Paraboloid z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 , bounded by z = 0. (Answer: 127.235)

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* For polar coordinate, in the module please skip graph on page 66, Skip Example 2.12, 2.13

Polar coordinate (Module: Refer Example 2.10, 2.11(a,b and c), Skip 2.11 (d))
By changing to polar coordinate, evaluate these double integrals
∫∫ e
− ( x2 + y2 )
(a) dA , where R is the disk x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1
R
2 4 − x2
(b) ∫ ∫
−2 − 4 − x 2
x 2 + y 2 dydx
1 1− x 2
(c) ∫∫
0 0
xy dydx

Area and volume by using double integrals in polar coordinate (Module: Refer Example 2.14)
1. By using double integrals, find the area of the regions enclosed by
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 25 , second quadrant
(b) Inside x 2 + y 2 = 9 and outside x 2 + y 2 = 4 , first quadrant

2. By using double integrals, find the volume of

(a) Paraboloid z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 , bounded by z = 0 (Answer:127.235)
(b) Cone z = 5 − x 2 + y 2 , bounded by z = 1 (Answer: 67.021)
(c) Paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 , bounded by z = 4 (Answer: 25.133)
(d) Solid bounded by z = x 2 + y 2 , above z = 0 and inside x 2 + y 2 = 9 (Answer: 127.235)
(e) Cut out the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 by the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 and above z = 0 (Answer: 9.158)
(f) Solid bounded by x 2 + y 2 = 4 , z = 1 and z = 4.

* For double integrals as surface area (Module: Subsection 2.1.3 – Double Integrals as Surface Area) will
not been asked in quiz, test and final exam. But very important for your assignment. (Skip Example 2.15-
2.17)

Triple integration

Rectangular
(a) If G = {( x, y, z ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, −2 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 2} , evaluate ∫∫∫ 2 x + y − z dV
G
(Answer: 16)

 171
(b) If G = [0,3] × [−2,1] × [1, 2] , evaluate ∫∫∫ 2 x 2 + y 3 dV Answer : 
G
 4 
Non-rectangular
Evaluate each of the following integrals over the given solid
 8
(a) ∫∫∫ 4 dV , G is the tetrahedron bounded by x + 2 y + z = 2 and the coordinate planes Answer : 
 3
G

 128 
(b) ∫∫∫ 2 dV , G is bounded by plane y = 1 − x 2 , y = −3 , z = 1 and z = −1 Answer : 
G
 3 

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Volume by using triple integrals in Cartesian coordinate
(Module: Refer Example 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22)
By using triple integrals, find the volume of the given solid
 32 
(a) Tetrahedron bounded by plane 3x + 6 y + 4 z = 12 x = 0, y = 0 and z = 1 Answer : 
 27 
 8
(b) z = x2 , z = 1, y = 0 and y = 2 Answer : 
 3
Cylindrical coordinate (Module: Refer Example 2.23)
By changing to cylindrical coordinate, evaluate these triple integrals
(a) ∫∫∫ 3 dV , where G is the solid inside z = −
G
4 − x 2 − y 2 and outside x 2 + y 2 = 2 (Answer: −4π 2 )

1 1− x 2 1  3 
(b) ∫ ∫ ∫ 3z 2 dzdydx Answer : π 
−1 − 1− x 2 2
x +y 2
 5 

Volume by using triple integrals in cylindrical coordinate

(Module: Refer Example 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.28, 2.29, Skip Example 2.27)
By using triple integrals, find the volume of the given solid.
 5 9 
(a) G is the solid inside z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 and x 2 + y 2 = 4 in the first octant Answer : − π 5 + π
 6 2 
(b) G is the solid between x 2 + y 2 = 16 and x 2 + y 2 = 9 , then bounded by z = −1 and z = 1 . (Answer : 14π )

Spherical coordinate (Module: Refer Example 2.31, 2.33)

By changing to spherical coordinate, evaluate these triple integrals
 486 
∫∫∫ x + y 2 + z 2 dV , where G is the solid bounded by z = 0 and z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 Answer :
2
(a) π
G
 5 
(b) ∫∫∫
G
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dV , where G is the solid bounded by z = x 2 + y 2 and z = 4 − x 2 − y 2

(Answer :− 4π 2 + 8π )
 1 
(x + y2 + z2 )
1 1− y 2 1− x 2 − y 2 3/2
(c) ∫∫ ∫
2
dzdxdy . Answer : π
0 − 1− y 2
− 1− x − y 2 2
 3 

Volume by using triple integrals in spherical coordinate

(Module: Refer Example 2.30, Skip Example 2.32)
By using triple integral, find the volume of the given surface
 8 16 
(a) G is the solid bounded above by x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 and z = x 2 + y 2 at below. Answer : − π 2 + π 
 3 3 
 224 
(b) G is the solid between the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16 and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 . Answer : π
 3 

* For application of multiple integrals (Module: Section 2.3 - Application of Multiple Integrals), will not
been asked in quiz, test and final exam. But very important for your assignment. (Skip Example 2.34-
2.40)

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