HIBOK-HIBOK VOLCANO

Alert Level Monitoring Network

Hazard Map Volcano Observatory

NAME OF VOLCANO: HIBOK-HIBOK

LOCATION: Camiguin Island, located at the northwestern end of the Island
(9°12.2'N, 124°40.5’E)

PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 1.332 km
Base Diameter: 10 km
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano and dome complex
Hotsprings: Ardent Spring, Tangob, Bugong, Tagdo, Naasag, Kiyab
Crater Lakes/Maars:
CRATERS: Kanangkaan Crater (site of 1948 eruption)
Itum Crater (site of 1949 eruption)
 Ilihan Crater (site of 1950 eruption)
MAAR: Taguines Lagoon (located between Binone and Maac)
Adjacent Volcanic Edifice: Mt. Vulcan ( 671 m high asl, NW of Hibok-Hibok ), Mt. Mambajao (center of
Ginsiliban (581 m high asl, southernmost Camiguin), Mt. Uhay (N of Mount Ginsiliban); Domes and cones:
Minokol Hill, Tres Marias Hill, Mt. Carling, Mt. Tibane, Piyakong Hill

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Hornblende andesite and dacite
Tectonic Setting: Central Mindanao Arc

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 5
Latest Eruption/Activity: 1948 Sept. 31 - 1953 July
Eruption Type:
1. Pelean (e.g. 1948-1952)
2. Dome building with nuee ardente (e.g. 1871, 1949-1953)
3. Solfataric activity with subterranean sounds ( e.g. 1897-1902)
Eruption Sites during the 1948-1952 eruptions: Kanangkaan Crater (1948), Itum Crater (1949) and c)
(1950).
Eruption Pattern observed during the 1948-1952 eruptions (a cycle of four phases):
1. A short period of emission of considerable amount of steam from the crater and avalanches of vol
2. Explosions or steam blast with emission of heavy clouds of steam, ash and other fragmentary volc
with a strong possibility of the development of nuee ardente;
3. Eruption of incandescent meterials, emission of ash and steam in large amounts, formation of flow
occasional minor crateral outburst, and
4. Decrease in amount of steam and other ejecta from the crater.
Precursors to Eruptions:
1. Increasing number of volcanic quakes/tremors
2. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area not attributable to heavy rains
3. Appreciable increase in steam emission
 4. Progressive ground deformation (tilting, inlfation, etc.
5. Presence of crater glow
6. Appearance of solfataras

VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Type of Hazards: Steam blasts, Glowing avalanches, Lava flows, Lahars
Permanent Danger Zone: Three (3) km radius from the summit
Other Buffer Zones:
POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS AREA: Camiguin Island and north of line connecting Tangaro, Catarm
(all in Mambajao)

MONITORING ACTIVITY
Volcano Observatory: Quiboro Volcano Observatory, Mambajao, 4.7 km NE of Hibok-Hibok (, 9° 14.0'N,
Monitoring Methods:
1. Seismic (number of recorded volcanic quakes and tremors)
2. Ground deformation – Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
3. Visual observations (steaming activity, and other phenomena)
Monitoring Stations
A - Seismic Network
· Hibok-Hibok Observatory
· Upper Southeast Slope
· Napo, Catarman
· Vulcan Peak Observation Point
· Vulcan Peak Repeater Station
· Lawigan, Catarman
· Mainit, Catarman Observation Point
· Baylao
B - Ground Deformation
· PRECISE LEVELING LINE - Quiboro to Hibok-Hibok slope
 PINATUBO VOLCANO

Alert Level Monitoring Network

Hazard Map Volcano Observatory

Historical Eruptions

NAME OF VOLCANO: PINATUBO

LOCATION: Boundaries of Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales
(15°08.4’ N, 120°21’ E)
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 1.445 km (height before eruption was 1.745 km)
Base Diameter: 40 km
Type of Volcano: Compound
Caldera Lake: Pinatubo Crater Lake (2 km in diameter and depth of 600 to 800 meters)
Adjacent Volcanic Edifice: Quadrado, Malasimbo, Balakibok, Negron

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Dacite with andesitic xenoliths, inclusions
Tectonic Setting: Western Bataan Lineament
Age of Deposits: 1.10+0.09 Ma; 635+80 B.P; 1991;1992

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 2
Eruption dates:
1991 June 9 to Sept. 4 - Plinian, calderagenic
1992 July 9 to Aug. 16 - Dome building, phreatic
Eruption Type:
1. Plinian (e.g. 1991 eruption)
2. Dome formation (e.g. 1992 eruption)
3. Phreatic (e.g. 1992 eruption)
Precursors to Eruptions:
1. increase in sulfur dioxide flux
2. increase in seismic activity
3. Increase steaming activity
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Type of Hazards: pyroclastic flows, airfall tephra and ashfall, lahars, secondary explosions,
secondary pyroclastic flows
Permanent Danger Zone: ten (10) km radius from the summit
Other Buffer Zones: 20-40 km radius (Alert Level 5)

MONITORING ACTIVITY
Volcano Observatory: Pinatubo Volcano Observatory, Clark Air Base (PVO-CAB) - located at
120°31.69’E, 15°11. 18’N
Monitoring Methods: Seismic and visual observations, sulfur dioxide flux measurement
Monitoring Stations:
PIN (PVO-CAB) Receiving & Central Recording Station)
VPCZ Remote Seismic Station
CRAT R Repeater Site
VPOD (Odonnel) Repeater Site
MAPAGLA R (Upper Tarukan) Repeater Site
VPP2 Remote Seismic Station & Repeater Site
MIDWAY R Repeater Site
DELTA 5 R Repeater Site
BOCOY R (Upper Mactan) Repeater Site
PDMZ (Mt. Cutuno) Remote Seismic Station
 TAAL VOLCANO

Alert Level Monitoring Network

Hazard Map Volcano Observatory

Historical Eruptions

NAME OF VOLCANO: TAAL

LOCATION: Batangas (14°00.1' N, 120°59.1' E)

PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 0.311 km
Type of Volcano: Complex
Crater Lakes/Caldera/Maars:
MAIN CRATER LAKE - 1.9 km in diameter; blue-green in color, 4 m above sea level, deepest point:
Taal Volcano Island has 47 craters and 4 maars
TAAL CALDERA - 25 km across and formed between 140,000 to 5,380 BP
TAAL LAKE - inside the caldera; 267 sq. km and 2 m above sea level
Adjacent Volcanic Edifice: Makiling (NE) Malepunyo (E), Batulao (W) and Macolod (SE)

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Olivine basalt, Andesite
Tectonic Setting: Macolod Corridor
Age of Deposits: 5380+_ 170 ybp (Radiocarbon age, Listanco, 1994)

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 33
Latest Eruption/Activity: 1977 Oct. 3
Eruption Type:
1. Phreatic (e.g. 1878,1970)
2. Phreatomagmatic (e.g. 1749, 1965, 1966)
3. Strombolian (e.g. 1968, 1969)
4. Plinian (e.g. 1754,1911)
Precursors to Eruptions:
1. Increase in frequency of quakes with occasional felt events accompanied by rumbling sounds
2. Increase in temperature and level of Main Crater Lake
3. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones
4. Ground swells or inflation and ground fissuring
5. Increase in temperature of ground probe holes at Mt. Tabaro
6. Sulfuric odor and acrid fumes
7. Fish kills and drying up of vegetation

VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Type of Hazards:
1. Base surges
 2. Ashfalls and ballistic projectiles
3. Lava flows
4. Volcanic Tsunamis and flooding
5. Lakeshore landslide
6. Fissuring and ground subsidence
Permanent Danger Zone: Entire Volcano Island
Other Buffer Zones: Lakeshore barangays of Talisay, Agoncillo, San Nicolas and Laurel
Areas To be Evacuated:
In case of an eruption similar in nature and magnitude to:
1965 ACTIVITY - entire Volcano Island and four lakeshore barangays of Agoncillo and Laurel
1911 ACTIVITY - entire Volcano Island and lakeshore barangays of Talisay, Tanauan, Agoncillo, Ba
Nicolas and Laurel

Additional areas to be evacuated shall be determined based on the development in eruptive style an
monitored parameters.

MONITORING ACTIVITY
Volcano Observatory: Taal Volcano Observatory, Buco, Talisay - 9.7 km N of Main Crater
(120°59.06’E, 14°05.10’N)
Monitoring Methods:
1. Seismic monitoring (number of volcanic quakes and tremors)
2. Visual observations
3. Ground deformation (EDM, precise leveling, tilt)
4. Main Crater Lake chemistry, temperature and level
Monitoring Stations
A – Seismic Network

 Central Receiving & Processing Station: Taal Volcano Observatory, Buco, Talisay

 Seismic stations: Binintiang Munti, Calauit, Main Crater and Pira-piraso

 Repeater stations: Tagbakin, Napayung and Daang Kastila

B – Ground Deformation Network

 EDM lines: Tagbakin (instrument site) to Calauit (2 lines), . Buco (instrument site) to Pira-piraso (2 li
Bilibinwang (instrument site) to Saluyan, Eruption Site (Tabaro), Alas-as

 Precise leveling lines: Calauit, Kaygabok Alas-as, Pira-piraso

 Electronic tilt: Daang Kastila, Calauit

MAYON VOLCANO

Alert Level Monitoring Network

Hazard Map Volcano Observatory

Historical Eruption
NAME OF VOLCANO: MAYON
LOCATION: Albay, 300 km southeast of Manila
(13°15.4'N, 123°41.1’E)

PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 2.46 km
Base Diameter: 20 km
Base Circumference: 62.8 km (reckoned from 10-km radius) encompassing the towns of Camalig, Malilip
Domingo
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano
Adjacent Volcanic Edifice: Mt. Malinao, Lignon Hill and Balong Gloria Hill

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Basalt to Olivine-bearing Pyroxene Andesite
Tectonic Setting: Bicol Volcanic Chain

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 51
Latest Eruption/Activity:
12 August 2014 (lava dome growth)
Eruption Type:
1. Strombolian (e.g.. 1978, 1st phase of 1984 eruption)
2. Vulcanian (e.g. 1st phase of 1968 eruption, 2nd phase of 1984 eruption)
3. Plinian (e.g. 1814)
Precursors to Eruptions:
1. Increase in seismicity level (Background: 0-10 volcanic quakes per day)
2. Ground tilt due to magma intrusion.
3. Change in color of steam emission from white to gray due to entrained ash
 4. Increase in the volume of steam emission
5. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater.
6. Rumbling sounds due to gas explosions, wall fracturing, landslides

VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Type of Hazards:
1. Airfall tephra
2. Lava flows
3. Pyroclastic flows
4. Lahars
Permanent Danger Zone: six (6) km radius from the summit

MONITORING ACTIVITY

Volcano Observatory: Lignon Hill Observatory (LHO) - 12 km SSE of the summit (123°43.56’ E, 13°09.
Monitoring Methods:
1. Seismic monitoring (number of volcanic quakes and tremors)
2. Ground deformation (precise leveling, electronic tiltmeter, GPS)
3. Visual observations (telemetered ip Cameras)
4. Sulfur dioxide emission (by COSPEC/Flyspec/NOVAC)
5. Carbon Dioxide emission (Gasbox)
6. Water well monitoring

Monitoring Stations
A - Seismic Network
Digital Permanent: Lignon Hill Observatory, Upper Anoling, Sta. Misericordia, Mayon Rest House, B
Muladbucad, Masarawag, Guinobatan, Calbayog and Golf Course
with repeater sites at Mt. Bariw, Upper Sto. Domingo and Tabaco
·
B - Ground Deformation
· PRECISE LEVELING LINES: Buang Junction to Mayon Rest House (20 benchmarks); L
benchmarks)
· GPS STATIONS: Legazpi (Lignon Hill), Sto. Domingo (San Andres),Sto. Domingo (Lidong), S
(Bical), Sto.Domingo (Sta. Misericordia), Camalig (Upper Anoling), Tabaco (MRH), Tabaco (Buang)
(Nabonton) and Camalig (Upper Anoling)

· PERMANENT ELECTRONIC TILTMETER STATIONS: Upper Anoling, Buang, Calbayog, Dan

(between Buang & MRH), and Mayon Rest House (MRH)
·

Updated 21-Mar-2017
 BULUSAN VOLCANO

Alert Level Monitoring Network

Hazard Map Volcano Observatory

Historical Eruptions

NAME OF VOLCANO: BULUSAN

LOCATION: Sorsogon Province, 70 km southeast of Mayon Volcano and approx
km SE of Manila (12°46.2'N, 124°03'E)

PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 1.559 km
Base Diameter: 15 km
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano formed inside a caldera
Hotsprings: San Benon Springs, Mapaso Springs, San Vicente Springs, Masacrot Springs
Craters and Fissure:
1. Crater No. 1 or Blackbird Lake - 20 m in diameter and 15 m deep
2. Crater No. 2 - roughly oval in shape, 60 m by 30 m and 15 m deep
 3. Crater No. 3 - approximately 90 m in diameter and 20 m deep
4. Crater No. 4 - near the NE rim, opened during the 1981 eruption
Fissure - located below Crater No. 4, measuring 5 to 8 m wide and about 100 m long
Adjacent Volcanic Edifice: Mt. Homahan, Mt. Binitacan, Mt. Batuan, Mt. Calungalan, Mt. Calaunan, M
Tabon, Mt. Juban and Mt. Jormajan

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Two-pyroxene andesite in Bulusan, dacite associated with caldera
Tectonic Setting: Bicol Volcanic Chain
Date of eruptive deposits:

a) 1500 - 5800 years based on material from pyroclastic deposits

b) 30K+ for caldera deposits

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 18
Latest Eruption/Activity: 2017 March 02 01:57 PM - 02:23 PM
Eruption Type:
1. Phreatic (e.g. 1918-1922, 1980)
2. Strombolian (e.g. 1918-1919)
3. Caldera-forming (e.g. 40,000 YBP)
Precursors to Eruption:
1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds
2. Increased steaming activity
3. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes
4. Variation in the temperature of hot springs at San Benon
5. Rumbling sound
6. Increased amount of whitish to yellowish deposits of sulfur sublimates at NNW portion of the crate
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Type of Hazards:
1. Pyroclastic flows (hot blasts, hot avalanche)
2. Lava flows
3. Lahars
4. Ashfall
Permanent Danger Zone: Four (4) km radius from the summit
Other Buffer Zones: 4 to 10 km from the summit (Probable Danger Zone)

MONITORING ACTIVITY
Volcano Observatory: Bulusan Volcano Observatory, Cabid-an, Sorsogon City
Monitored Methods:
1. Seismic
2. Ground deformation – precise leveling, electronic distance measurement (EDM), tilt
3. Hotspring temperature and flow rate measurements
5. Visual observations – steaming activity and other visually observed phenomena
Monitoring Stations:
A - Seismic Network
· Bulusan Volcano Observatory, Sorsogon City (VBN)
· Upper Inlagadian Hill Seismic Station (VBIH)
· Upper Mayong Payong Hill Seismic Station (VBMH)
· Mt. Jormajan Repeater Site (VBRJJ)
· Upper San Roque Seismic Station (VBSR)
· Salvacion Slope Repeater Site (VBSS)

B - Ground Deformation Network

· EDM : Survey lines at Salvacion-Hinde and Aniog-Lower Slope
· PRECISE LEVELING: Survey line at Mapaso
· TILT MEASUREMENT (wet) - San Benon
 KANLAON VOLCANO

Alert Level Monitoring Network

Hazard Map Volcano Observatory

Historical Eruptions

NAME OF VOLCANO: KANLAON

LOCATION: Negros Oriental, approximately 36 km southeast of Bacolod City
(10°24.7'N, 123°7.9'E)

PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 2.435 km
Base Diameter: 30 km
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano
Hotsprings: Mambucal Hot Springs ( NW slope of KV), Bucalan Hot Spring, Bungol Hot Spring
Adjacent Volcanic Edifice: Mt. Silay and Mt. Mt. Mandalagan (N of Kanlaon)

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Pyroxene andesite with minor amounts of basalt and dacite
Tectonic Setting: Negros Volcanic Belt

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 30
Latest Eruption/Activity: 2016 June 18 09:19 AM
Eruption Type:
1. Phreatic (e.g. 1985, 1992, 1993)
2. Phreatomagmatic (e.g. 1884)
3. Strombolian (e.g. 1902)
Precursors to Eruption:
1. Increase in frequency of volcanic tremors/quakes
2. Inflationary trend for geodetic measurements
3. Increased steaming activity
4. Sulfur stench observed at Cabagnaan and Mambucal
5. Increased chloride concentration and lowering of pH at Mambucal hot springs

VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Type of Hazards: tephra falls, pyroclastic flows and base surges, lava flows, lahar, debris avalanche and
collapse
Permanent Danger Zone: Four (4) km radius from the summit
Other Buffer Zones:
ZONE A - area to be evacuated for Alert Level 3 covering 6 km SE-NW from the crater
ZONE B - area to be evacuated for Alert Level 4, covering 8 km SE-NW from the crater
ZONE C - area to be evacuated when eruption becomes very explosive and hazardous, covering 12
NW from the crater
 MONITORING ACTIVITY
Volcano Observatory: Kanlaon Volcano Observatory, La Carlota City College Campus, Bgy. Cubay, La C
Negros Occidental
Monitoring Methods:
1. Seismic monitoring
2. Ground Deformation – precise leveling, electronic distance measurement (EDM), global positio
system (GPS), tilt
3. Gas chemistry – sulfur dioxide measurement by Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC)
4. Visual observation
Monitoring Stations:
A – Seismic Network
· Digital: Canlaon City, Manghumay, Sto. Bama, Calvary Hill, Pinamintigan HIll
· Analog – Guintubdan, Cabagnaan, Canlaon City
B – Ground Deformation Network
· EDM Lines:
1. Cabacungan (inst. Site) to Cabagnaan
2. Kanlaon Volcano Observatory (KVO), Canlaon City (inst. Site) to Kanlaon Volcano (KV) upper slo
3. KVO (inst. Site) to KV middle slope
· Precise leveling line: Guintubdan
· GPS: Canlaon City, Guintubdan
· Dry tilt: Bgy. Pula, Canlaon City (ESE of KV), Bgy. Old Fabrica, La Castellana (S of KV)

U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97

 The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount
Pinatubo, Philippines

The second-largest volcanic eruption of this

century, and by far the largest eruption to affect a
densely populated area, occurred at Mount
Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 15, 1991. The
eruption produced high-speed avalanches of hot
ash and gas, giant mudflows, and a cloud of
volcanic ash hundreds of miles across. The
impacts of the eruption continue to this day.

A huge cloud of volcanic ash and gas rises above Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, on June 12,
1991. Three days later, the volcano exploded in the second-largest volcanic eruption on
Earth in this century. Timely forecasts of this eruption by scientists from the Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and the U.S. Geological Survey enabled people
living near the volcano to evacuate to safer distances, saving at least 5,000 lives.

Precursors to the 1991 Eruptions

On July 16, 1990, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake (comparable in size to the great
1906 San Francisco, California, earthquake) struck about 60 miles (100 kilometers)
northeast of Mount Pinatubo on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, shaking and
squeezing the Earth's crust beneath the volcano. At Mount Pinatubo, this major
earthquake caused a landslide, some local earthquakes, and a short-lived increase
in steam emissions from a preexisting geothermal area, but otherwise the volcano
seemed to be continuing its 500-year-old slumber undisturbed. In March and April
1991, however, molten rock (magma) rising toward the surface from more than 20
miles (32 kilometers) beneath Pinatubo triggered small earthquakes and caused
powerful steam explosions that blasted three craters on the north flank of the
volcano. Thousands of small earthquakes occurred beneath Pinatubo through April,
May, and early June, and many thousand tons of noxious sulfur dioxide gas were
also emitted by the volcano.

Following Mount Pinatubo's cataclysmic June 15,

1991, eruption, thousands of roofs collapsed under
the weight of ash made wet by heavy rains (see
example in photo above). Ash deposits from the
eruption have also been remobilized by monsoon and
typhoon rains to form giant mudflows of volcanic
materials (lahars), which have caused more
destruction than the eruption itself (photo at right
shows village buried by lahars). (Photo above courtesy
of Peter Baxter, University of Cambridge.

The Eruptions
From June 7 to 12, the first magma reached the surface of Mount Pinatubo.
Because it had lost most of the gas contained in it on the way to the surface (like a
bottle of soda pop gone flat), the magma oozed out to form a lava dome but did not
cause an explosive eruption. However, on June 12 (Philippine Independence Day),
millions of cubic yards of gas-charged magma reached the surface and exploded in
the reawakening volcano's first spectacular eruption.

When even more highly gas charged magma reached Pinatubo's surface on June
15, the volcano exploded in a cataclysmic eruption that ejected more than 1 cubic
mile (5 cubic kilometers) of material. The ash cloud from this climactic eruption
rose 22 miles (35 kilometers) into the air. At lower altitudes, the ash was blown in
all directions by the intense cyclonic winds of a coincidentally occurring typhoon,
and winds at higher altitudes blew the ash southwestward. A blanket of volcanic
ash (sand- and silt-size grains of volcanic minerals and glass) and larger pumice
lapilli (frothy pebbles) blanketed the countryside. Fine ash fell as far away as the
Indian Ocean, and satellites tracked the ash cloud several times around the globe.

Huge avalanches of searing hot ash, gas, and pumice fragments (pyroclastic flows)
roared down the flanks of Mount Pinatubo, filling once-deep valleys with fresh
volcanic deposits as much as 660 feet (200 meters) thick. The eruption removed so
much magma and rock from below the volcano that the summit collapsed to form a
large volcanic depression (caldera) 1.6 miles (2.5 kilometers) across.

Much weaker but still spectacular eruptions of ash occurred occassionally through
early September 1991. From July to October 1992, a lava dome was built in the
new caldera as fresh magma rose from deep beneath Pinatubo.

Continuing Hazards
Even after more than 5 years, hazardous effects from the June 15,1991, climactic
eruption of Mount Pinatubo continue. The thick, valley-filling pyroclastic-flow
deposits from the eruption insulated themselves and have kept much of their heat.
These deposits still had temperatures as high as 900°F (500°C) in 1996 and may
retain heat for decades. When water from streams or underground seepage comes
in contact with these hot deposits, they explode and spread fine ash downwind.
Since the climactic 1991 eruption, ash deposits have also been remobilized by
monsoon and typhoon rains to form giant mudflows of volcanic materials (lahars).
 The June 15, 1991, explosive eruption of
Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, was the
second largest volcanic eruption of this
century and by far the largest eruption to
affect a densely populated area. The
eruption produced high-speed
avalanches of hot ash and gas
(pyroclastic flows), giant mudflows
(lahars), and a cloud of volcanic ash
hundreds of miles across. (U.S. bases
have reverted to Philippine control since
1991.)

Impacts of the Eruptions

Fortunately, scientists from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
and the U.S. Geological Survey had forecast Pinatubo's 1991 climactic eruption,
resulting in the saving of at least 5,000 lives and at least $250 million in property.
Commercial aircraft were warned about the hazard of the ash cloud from the June
15 eruption, and most avoided it, but a number of jets flying far to the west of the
Philippines encountered ash and sustained about $100 million in damage. Although
much equipment was successfully protected, structures on the two largest U.S.
military bases in the Philippines--Clark Air Base and Subic Bay Naval Station--were
heavily damaged by ash from the volcano's climactic eruption.

Nearly 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide were injected into the stratosphere in
Pinatubo's 1991 eruptions, and dispersal of this gas cloud around the world caused
global temperatures to drop temporarily (1991 through 1993) by about 1°F
(0.5°C). The eruptions have dramatically changed the face of central Luzon, home
to about 3 million people. About 20,000 indigenous Aeta highlanders, who had lived
on the slopes of the volcano, were completely displaced, and most still wait in
resettlement camps for the day when they can return home. About 200,000 people
who evacuated from the lowlands surrounding Pinatubo before and during the
eruptions have returned home but face continuing threats from lahars that have
already buried numerous towns and villages. Rice paddies and sugar-cane fields
that have not been buried by lahars have recovered; those buried by lahars will be
out of use for years to come.

Chris Newhall, James W. Hendley II, and Peter H. Stauffer

Graphics by Susan Mayfield and Sara Boore

Banner design by Bobbie Myers

Web design and layout by Carolyn Donlin

For more information or paper copies of this fact sheet contact:

U.S. Geological Survey
Cascades Volcano Observatory
5400 MacArthur Blvd.
Vancouver, WA 98661
Tel: (360) 993-8900, Fax: (360) 993-8980

Also, visit the Cascade Volcano Observatoryon the Web.

COOPERATING ORGANIZATIONS
Armed Forces of the Philippines
National Disaster Coordinating Council, Philippines
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
U.S. Agency for International Development
United States Air Force
United States Navy

Related Fact Sheets

What Are Volcano Hazards? (USGS Fact Sheet 002-97)

Benefits of Volcano Monitoring Far Outweigh Costs--The Case of Mount Pinatubo (USGS Fact
Sheet 115-97)

Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (USGS Fact Sheet 114-97)

See a list of other volcano-related fact sheets published by the U.S. Geological
Survey

PDF version of this fact sheet (284 KB)

 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY—REDUCING THE RISK FROM
VOLCANO HAZARDS

Learn more about volcanoes and the hazards they pose at the USGS Volcano
Hazards Program website

URL of this page: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/

Maintained by: Michael Diggles
Last modified: February 28, 2005 (mfd)

TAAL VOLCANO

Alert Level Monitoring Network

Hazard Map Volcano Observatory

LOCATION:

BATANGAS PROVINCE, 60 km South of Manila (14°00.1'N - 120°59.6'E)

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Type of Volcano: A complex cinder and tuff cones formed inside a large caldera
Main Rock Type: Olivine Basalt
Area of Volcano Island: 23 sq km
 Highest Point of the Volcano Island: 311 m asl - SW rim of the Main Crater
Area of Taal Lake: 267 sq km; 2 m asl(lake level); depth: 100 m (N portion) 150-160 m
(S portion)
Cones and Craters: 35 identified cones (26 tuff cones, 5 cinder cones, 4 maars) and 47 craters
Main Crater: 1.9 km in dia.; blue-green in color; 4 m asl; deepest point: 76 m pH 2.3-2.5, site of
12 historical eruptions from 1749 to 1911 (1749, 1754, 1790, 1808, 1825, 1842,
1873, 1874, 1878, 1903, 1904 and 1911)
Taal Caldera: 25 km across; formed between 140,000 to 5,380 B.P.
Major Adjacent Volcanic Edifices: Mt. Makiling, Mt. Batulao, Mt. Sungay,
Mt. Malepunyo, Mt. Macolod
HISTORICAL ERUPTIONS:

No. of Recorded Eruptions: 33 since 1572

Latest Eruption: 03 September 1977 (Phreatic eruption)

Destructive Eruptions: 1749 - destroyed the entire Volcano Island and the towns of Taal, old Sala
and part of old Tanauan 1754 - destroyed towns of Sala, Lipa, Tanauan and
Talisay 1911 - devastated Volcano Island; killed 1334 people; ashes reached
Manila 1965 - affected the entire Volcano Island; ashfall covered an area of
60 sq. km killed 200 people.

Historical Eruption Centers:

Main Crater (e.g. 1749, 1754, 1911 eruptions)
Binitiang Malaki (e.g. 1767, 1715 eruptions)
Binintiang Munti (e.g 1709, 1731 eruptions)
Pira-piraso (1731 eruption)
Off Calauit (1716 eruption)
Mt. Tabaro Eruption Site (1965-1970, 1976-1977 eruptions)

Eruption Types:
Strombolian - quiet emission of lava (e.g. 1968, 1969)
Plinian - eruption of great violence characterized by voluminous explosive ejections of pumice
and ash flows (1754 eruption)
Phreatic - steam-driven explosion (e.g. 1878, 1911, 1970)
Phreatomagmatic - steam-driven with magma involved (e.g. 1749, 1965, 1966)

Known Precursors to Historical Eruptions:

Increase in frequency of quakes with occasional felt events accompanied by rumbling sounds
Increase in temperature and level of Main Crater Lake
Development of new thermal areas/reactivation of old ones
Ground swells or inflation and ground fissuring
Increase in temperature of ground probe holes at Mt. Tabaro
Sulfuric odor and acrid fumes
Fish kills and drying up vegetation

Phenomena Associated with Eruption:

Base surges - rapidly moving mixtures of volcanic debris and steam
Ashfalls and ballistic projectiles
Lava flows
Seiches/Tsunamis and flooding
Fissuring and ground subsidence
Lakeshore Landslide
MONITORING TECHNIQUES:
Monitoring Methods:
A. Geophysical Method
 Seismic monitoring - telemetered seismic network; seismographs at Buco &
Pira-piraso
B. Geodetic Methods
Electronic Distance Measurement
Precise leveling
Tilt measurements (wet and dry)
C. Visual Observations
D. Geochemical geothermal methods (pH, silica, chloride, MG/Cl ratio)
E. Multiparameter digital telemetry - seismic, tilt temperature, acoustics, radon, conductivity
F. Gas chemistry - monitoring of sulfur dioxide emission using Correlation Spectrometer
(COSPEC)
G. Water Well Monitoring

Monitoring Stations:
Pira-piraso Observatory - 4.5 km N of Main Crater
Buco Observatory - 9.7 km N of Main Crater
Tagaytay Observatory - 11.3 km NW of Main Crater
EVACUATION SCHEME/HIGH DANGER ZONES:

Areas to be evacuated in case of eruption similar (in nature and magnitude) to:

1965 activity - entire Volcano Island with 5,800 inhabitants or 960 families, and 4 lakeshore
barangays of
Agoncillo and Laurel with a total population of 4,913 persons or about 845
families*
1911 activity - entire Volcano Island; and lakeshore barangays of Talisay, Tanauan, Agoncillo,
Balete,
San Nicolas and Laurel with a total population of 132,921 or 22,981 families*
The Volcano Island is under the jurisdiction of two (2) municipalities.
Talisay (northern sector) and San Nicolas (southern sector).
The barangays under these municipalities are:

TALISAY SAN NICOLAS

Balantoc Alas-as
San Isidro Saluyan
Bignay Pulang Bato
Tabla Calauit-Tuoran
Look
Pira-piraso
Additional areas to be evacuated shall be detrmined based on the development in eruptive style
and location of the monitored parameters. *1991 Census

Planet Earth

Philippines' Mayon Volcano Shoots Out Lava Fountains,

Violent Eruption Imminent
by Jeanna Bryner, Live Science Managing Editor |January 24, 2018 10:38am ET
Mayon volcano experienced a second explosion on the morning of Jan. 24, 2018, sending out volcanic
ash plumes and lava fountains. Original Image

Credit: Gregorio B. Dantes Jr./Pacific Press/LightRocket/Getty

Update: Jan. 24, 10:35 a.m. EST — Between yesterday morning and this morning (Jan. 24), the
Mayon volcano has launched five intense lava fountains from the summit crater, with these
events lasting from 7 minutes to an hour and 24 minutes, according to the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). The fountains shot up 1,640 to 2,000 feet (500 to
600 meters) above the crater and generated ash plumes that were up to 3 miles (3 to 5
kilometers) high. Alert Level 4 remains in effect over the volcano. "The public is strongly advised
to be vigilant and desist from entering the eight (8) kilometer-radius [5 miles] danger zone, and
to be additionally vigilant against pyroclastic density currents, lahars [fast-moving volcanic flows]
and sediment-laden streamflows along channels draining the edifice. Civil aviation authorities
must also advise pilots to avoid flying close to the volcano’s summit as ash from any sudden
eruption can be hazardous to aircraft."
---
Explosions shook the Mayon volcano, while fountains of lava spewed from its summit today
(Jan. 22), causing the Philippines government to raise the hazard level from 3 to 4, indicating a
violent eruption is imminent.
"Because of this, the Danger Zone is extended to an 8-kilometer [5 miles] radius from the
summit vent. The public is strongly advised to be vigilant and desist from entering this danger
zone," the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) said in a statement.
"Civil aviation authorities must also advise pilots to avoid flying close to the volcano's summit as
ash from eruptions can be hazardous to aircraft."
A giant mushroom-shaped cloud rises into the air from the Mayon volcano, seen from the highway in
the town of Camalig, near Legazpi City in Albay province, south of Manila on Jan. 22, 2018. Original
Image
Credit: AFP/Getty

The ground around the summit has also been shaking, PHIVOLCS said. [5 Colossal Cones:
Biggest Volcanoes on Earth]
Renato Solidum of PHIVOLCS and other officials said that the explosion, which occurred
around noon local time, "sent superheated lava, molten rocks and steam cascading down
Mount Mayon's slopes and shrouded nearby villages in darkness," the Guardian reported.
More than 27,000 residents in Albay Province have fled since Mayon began erupting a few
weeks ago, according to the Guardian report. Just last week, an eruption sent red-hot lava from
the volcano's mouth, so much that it gave the mountain a face-lift of sorts — the lava repaired
damage to the southern side of the volcano from previous eruptions, restoring its iconic cone
shape.
The Mayon volcano — which rises some 8,077 feet (2,462 meters) above the Albay Gulf — is
the Philippines most active volcano, according to the U.S. Geological Society (USGS). Its steep
upper slopes make it a popular, albeit dangerous, climbing spot.
In 2013, with no warning, the volcano burst to life in a so-called phreatic explosion, due to water
seeping into the volcano's magma chamber and blasting out as steam. The explosion killed
five climbers and injured seven. After several climbing fatalities on Mayon in the 1990s, the
International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior crafted safety
guidelines for individuals on active volcanoes, Live Science previously reported.
Pyroclastic flows, or fast-moving surges of lava and other molten material, have commonly
raced down Mayon's flanks from its summit, often devastating populations below, according to
the Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program. Its most violent eruption, in 1814,
killed more than 1,200 people.

Original article on Live Science.

Editor's Recommendations
 Big Blasts: History's 10 Most Destructive Volcanoes
  The World's Five Most Active Volcanoes
 Mount Etna: Photos of the Largest Active Volcano in Europe
Author Bio

Jeanna Bryner, Live Science Managing Editor

Before becoming managing editor, Jeanna served as a reporter for Live Science and
SPACE.com for about three years. Previously she was an assistant editor at Scholastic's
Science World magazine. Jeanna has an English degree from Salisbury University, a
Master's degree in biogeochemistry and environmental sciences from the University of
Maryland, and a science journalism degree from New York University. Follow Jeanna
on Google+.

Jeanna Bryner, Live Science Managing Editoron

FOLLOW US

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NEWS

NDRRMC: Mt. Bulusan explosion affects

108,699
Published February 21, 2011 8:41pm

The explosion of restive Bulusan Volcano in Sorsogon province in Bicol on Monday

affected at least 108,699 people in areas around the volcano, the National Disaster
Risk Reduction Management Council said.

In its 6 p.m. update, the NDRRMC said the explosion affected 17 villages in Irosin
town, five in Juban town, and 19 villages in Bulan town. Classes in all levels were
suspended in Irosin town and in Masbate City, even as no village in Bulusan was
affected since the ash drifted southwest.

On the other hand, ash affected Daang Maharlika and Gate-Bulan Airport Road but
these road sections remained passable, the NDRRMC said.

advertisement

Bulusan exploded for 19 minutes starting at 9:12 a.m. Monday, spewing ash three
kilometers into the air.

Among the affected areas and population were:

 Irosin: 17 barangays (San Pedro, Bagsangan, Tinampo, Cogon, Bolos, Gulang–

Gulang, Monbon, Gabao, Bulawan, Tongdol, Gumapla, Batang, San Isidro, Casini,
Salvacion, Buenavista and Macawayan) were affected. Estimated affected population
is 32,309 people. Of these, 75 families or 319 people were evacuated to Gallanosa
National High School.

 Juban: 5 barangays (Guruyan, Sipaya, Maala, Calmayon and Puting Sapa) were
affected. Children and pregnant women from Brgy Puting Sapa who evacuated
Monday morning returned home in the afternoon.

 Bulan: 59 barangays with 76,390 people were affected.

Sorsogon provincial disaster management teams provided nebulizers, cough syrup
and vitamins to affected towns.

The Philippine National Police (PNP) in Irosin and Sorsogon proceeded to the
affected barangays for possible search-and-rescue operations.

All units and stations in Sorsogon are continuously monitoring the situation ready to
respond to any eventualities, the NDRRMC said.

Philippine Army trucks are assisting in the evacuation of villagers affected by ash
falls. The Army's 9th Infantry Division used M35 trucks during the evacuation of
affected residents in Juban.

The 49th Infantry Battalion evacuated families from Puting Sapa village in Juban to
Gallanosa National High School.

For its part, the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) deployed
roadside workers and maintenance crew to clear affected roads and man a motorist
assistance center. It also provided signages in affected road sections.

The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) coordinated with local residents in conducting
ash clearing/flushing at the Maharlika Highway and roads. - KBK, GMA News

Show comments

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Kanlaon Volcano | John Seach

(Canlaon)
Negros Island, Negros Occidental Province,
Western Visayas, Philippines

10.41 N, 123.13 E
summit elevation 2435 m
stratovolcano

The volcano is located 36 km southeast of Bacolod City, and west of Canlaon, Negros Island,
Philippines. Kanlaon volcano is one of the most active in the Philippines. It is part of Negros
Volcanic Belt. The volcano is located in Kanlaon National Park.

The summit of Kanlaon volcano contains two craters: Lugad crater in the north and the active
crater in the south. The southern crater is 250 m wide and 150-200 m deep. The base of Kanlaon
covers an area of 30 km x 14 km. The SW sector of the volcano near the settlement of La
Castellana contains numerous cinder cones.

Eruption types are phreatic, phreatomagmatic and strombolian.

2015 Eruptions
Ash emissions occurred at Kanlaon volcano in December 2015. A 4 km radius permanent
exclusion zone exists around the volcano.

2009 Earthquakes
There has been a large increase in volcanic earthquakes at Kanlaon volcano, Philippines. Between
23rd August and 1st September there were 257 earthquakes measured. This seismic activity is
higher than the background levels, which usually varies from 0 to 4 events in 24 hour period.
Two earthquakes were felt by residents surrounding the volcano. At 5:26 PM on August 23, 2009
one earthquake was felt at Intensity II in Barangay Ara-al, La Carlota City. A second earthquake
at 10:27 PM on August 30, 2009 was felt at Intensity III in La Castellana and Intensity IV in La
Carlotta City and Bago City. Epicenters of the earthquakes clustered at the north-west slope of
the volcano. These earthquakes may indicate movements of an active local fault which may be
caused by magma movement beneath the volcano. Surface observations did not indicate
significant change in the steam emission from the crater. The status of Kanlaon Volcano is
maintained at Alert Level 0.

2008 Earthquakes
There was a significant increase in earthquakes at Kanlaon volcano between 7-10 February 2008.
The public was reminded not to enter the 4-km Permanent Danger Zone.

2006 Eruptions
Eruptions began on 3rd June 2006, and 23 ash eruptions occurred until 25th July. The eruptions
were phreatic, and emitted ash and steam 2 km above the crater. No significant seismic activity
occurred before or after the ash emissions, indicating the explosions were near surface
hydrothermal events.

2005 Eruptions
A brief ash emission began at Kanlaon volcano on 21st January 2005. The emissions reached 500
m above the crater. The eruption was phreatic. On 20th March ashfall was reported in the town of
Guintubdan 5 km west of the volcano. During 24th March to 4th April, occasional ash emissions
reached 1 km above the volcano. Ashfall was reported in the towns of La Castellana (16 km SW
of the crater), Upper Sag-ang, Yubo (5-6 km SW), and Guintubdan (5-6 km WNW). Ash eruptions
stopped after 25th May 2005.

2003 Eruptions
On 17th March 2003, a gray volcanic plume was observed at Kanlaon volcano. Small eruptions of
ash and steam reaching 100 m above the active crater were observed in the first week of June.
On 8th June, ashfall occurred at Canlaon City. After 23rd July only weak steam emission was
noted, and seismic activity returned to low levels.

2002 Eruption
An increase in seismicity during January 2002 was followed by a small ash emission on 28th
November.

1996 Eruption and Fatalities

A phreatic explosion at Kanlaon volcano killed three people on 10th August 1996. Two climbing
groups were at the summit at the moment of the explosion. Eighteen people were hospitalized
due to injuries caused mainly by falling ejecta.

1993 Eruptions
A small phreatic explosions occurred at Kanlaon volcano on 25th August and 3rd September
1993.

1992 Eruption
A minor earthquake, ash emission and ashfall occurred at Kanlaon volcano on 10th June 1992.

1989 Eruption
Ash emissions occurred at Kanlaon volcano between October and December 1989. on 3rd
 November an eruption reached a height of 1200 m above the crater. Ground inflation occurred a
few hours before ash emissions.

1988 Eruption
Ash emissions occurred in June 1988. Traces of ash fell in the village of Mananawin on the SE
slope at 980 m elevation. On 27th June ash emissions reached a height of 500 m above the
crater, and ash fell on SW flank.

1987 Eruptions
Eruptions of Kanlaon volcano in April 1987 were preceded by an increase in Sulphate
concentration at Mambucal Aquapool, Mudpool, and Sulfur Spring, 9.75 km NNW of Kanlaon's
summit.

1986 Eruptions
As emissions occurred at Kanlaon volcano in June 1986. On 21st June ash reached a height of
4000 m above the summit and was accompanied by a felt earthquake over 8 km from the
summit. Booming and hissing noises accompanied the ash ejection.

Kanlaon Volcano Eruptions

2015, 2006, 2005, 2003, 2002, 1996, 1993, 1992, 1989, 1988, 1987, 1986, 1985, 1980, 1978,
1970, 1969, 1932-33, 1927, 1905-06, 1904, 1902, 1894, 1893, 1884, 1883, 1866.

2. Volcanoes of Philippines.

Quick Links

3. Breaking News
4. World Volcanoes
5. Adventure Travel
6. Film and Television
7. Photos
8. Volcanology
9. Live Cams
10. Contact

© John Seach. volcanolive.com

All Rights Reserved.

Volcano Live
volcanolive.com

 Home
 About
 News
 Travel
 Contact
Kanlaon Volcano | John Seach

(Canlaon)
Negros Island, Negros Occidental Province,
Western Visayas, Philippines

10.41 N, 123.13 E
summit elevation 2435 m
stratovolcano

The volcano is located 36 km southeast of Bacolod City, and west of Canlaon, Negros Island,
Philippines. Kanlaon volcano is one of the most active in the Philippines. It is part of Negros
Volcanic Belt. The volcano is located in Kanlaon National Park.

The summit of Kanlaon volcano contains two craters: Lugad crater in the north and the active
crater in the south. The southern crater is 250 m wide and 150-200 m deep. The base of Kanlaon
covers an area of 30 km x 14 km. The SW sector of the volcano near the settlement of La
Castellana contains numerous cinder cones.

Eruption types are phreatic, phreatomagmatic and strombolian.

2015 Eruptions
Ash emissions occurred at Kanlaon volcano in December 2015. A 4 km radius permanent
exclusion zone exists around the volcano.

2009 Earthquakes
There has been a large increase in volcanic earthquakes at Kanlaon volcano, Philippines. Between
23rd August and 1st September there were 257 earthquakes measured. This seismic activity is
higher than the background levels, which usually varies from 0 to 4 events in 24 hour period.
Two earthquakes were felt by residents surrounding the volcano. At 5:26 PM on August 23, 2009
one earthquake was felt at Intensity II in Barangay Ara-al, La Carlota City. A second earthquake
at 10:27 PM on August 30, 2009 was felt at Intensity III in La Castellana and Intensity IV in La
Carlotta City and Bago City. Epicenters of the earthquakes clustered at the north-west slope of
the volcano. These earthquakes may indicate movements of an active local fault which may be
caused by magma movement beneath the volcano. Surface observations did not indicate
significant change in the steam emission from the crater. The status of Kanlaon Volcano is
maintained at Alert Level 0.

2008 Earthquakes
There was a significant increase in earthquakes at Kanlaon volcano between 7-10 February 2008.
The public was reminded not to enter the 4-km Permanent Danger Zone.

2006 Eruptions
Eruptions began on 3rd June 2006, and 23 ash eruptions occurred until 25th July. The eruptions
were phreatic, and emitted ash and steam 2 km above the crater. No significant seismic activity
occurred before or after the ash emissions, indicating the explosions were near surface
hydrothermal events.

2005 Eruptions
A brief ash emission began at Kanlaon volcano on 21st January 2005. The emissions reached 500
m above the crater. The eruption was phreatic. On 20th March ashfall was reported in the town of
Guintubdan 5 km west of the volcano. During 24th March to 4th April, occasional ash emissions
reached 1 km above the volcano. Ashfall was reported in the towns of La Castellana (16 km SW
of the crater), Upper Sag-ang, Yubo (5-6 km SW), and Guintubdan (5-6 km WNW). Ash eruptions
stopped after 25th May 2005.

2003 Eruptions
On 17th March 2003, a gray volcanic plume was observed at Kanlaon volcano. Small eruptions of
ash and steam reaching 100 m above the active crater were observed in the first week of June.
On 8th June, ashfall occurred at Canlaon City. After 23rd July only weak steam emission was
noted, and seismic activity returned to low levels.

2002 Eruption
An increase in seismicity during January 2002 was followed by a small ash emission on 28th
November.

1996 Eruption and Fatalities

A phreatic explosion at Kanlaon volcano killed three people on 10th August 1996. Two climbing
groups were at the summit at the moment of the explosion. Eighteen people were hospitalized
due to injuries caused mainly by falling ejecta.

1993 Eruptions
A small phreatic explosions occurred at Kanlaon volcano on 25th August and 3rd September
1993.

1992 Eruption
A minor earthquake, ash emission and ashfall occurred at Kanlaon volcano on 10th June 1992.

1989 Eruption
Ash emissions occurred at Kanlaon volcano between October and December 1989. on 3rd
November an eruption reached a height of 1200 m above the crater. Ground inflation occurred a
few hours before ash emissions.

1988 Eruption
Ash emissions occurred in June 1988. Traces of ash fell in the village of Mananawin on the SE
slope at 980 m elevation. On 27th June ash emissions reached a height of 500 m above the
crater, and ash fell on SW flank.

1987 Eruptions
Eruptions of Kanlaon volcano in April 1987 were preceded by an increase in Sulphate
concentration at Mambucal Aquapool, Mudpool, and Sulfur Spring, 9.75 km NNW of Kanlaon's
summit.
 1986 Eruptions
As emissions occurred at Kanlaon volcano in June 1986. On 21st June ash reached a height of
4000 m above the summit and was accompanied by a felt earthquake over 8 km from the
summit. Booming and hissing noises accompanied the ash ejection.

Kanlaon Volcano Eruptions

2015, 2006, 2005, 2003, 2002, 1996, 1993, 1992, 1989, 1988, 1987, 1986, 1985, 1980, 1978,
1970, 1969, 1932-33, 1927, 1905-06, 1904, 1902, 1894, 1893, 1884, 1883, 1866.

11. Volcanoes of Philippines.

Quick Links

12. Breaking News

13. World Volcanoes
14. Adventure Travel
15. Film and Television
16. Photos
17. Volcanology
18. Live Cams
19. Contact

© John Seach. volcanolive.com

All Rights Reserved.
