Site Engineering Programs

User Manual

CASIO fx-7400G PLUS POWER GRAPHIC

www.simukai.com

Valentine Shambira © 2004

Phone 07960986483
v_shambira@hotmail.com

1
 Table of Contents

Cover Page 1
List of Contents 2
Calculating the distance between 2 points (Program DISTANCE) 3
Whole Circle Bearing Calculation (Program WCB+DIST) 4
Coordinates calculation 1 (Program SETOUT) 5
Coordinates calculation 2 (Program COOR-CAL) 6
Checking if three points are co-linear (Program LINEST) 7
Checking the three-dimensional co-linearity of three or more points (LINEST3D) 8
Checking if a point falls on the circumference of a circle (Program TURNRAD) 9
Local coordinate calculation (Program LOCALCOO) 10
Checking if three given points fall on the same straight line (Program ARC-X) 11
Calculating the coordinates of a new station (Program NEWSTATN) 12
Determining the coordinates of an offset from a circular curve (Program OFFCIRCLE) 13
Determining the coordinates of an offset from a straight baseline (Program OFFLINE) 14
Determining the area in side a polygon whose vertices are known (Program AREA) 15
Determining intersection point of two lines (INTERSECT) 16
Determining profile levels for a road with camber (CAMBER) 17
Calculation of embankment batter rail levels (EMB BATT) 18
Calculation of embankment cut rail levels (CUT BATT) 19
Calculation of traverse station coordinates (TRAVERSE) 20
Calculation of as-built column centre co-ordinates (CENTRECT) 21
Level book (LEVELS) 22
Calculation of levels along a slope (SLOPE) 23

2
Theory: Calculating the distance between 2 points Using the program DISTANCE
(DISTANCE)

Fig 1 1. Switch on Casio FX7400G

Plus Calculator.
2. Select programs by pressing
N 6 or scrolling to highlight the
Point 2 programs option on the
(E2,N2) screen and then pressing
b exe.
3. Choose the program called
DISTANCE by scrolling to it
Point 1 on the screen, then pressing
(E1,N1) exe.
4. Enter the easting E1 of the
point 1, then press exe.
5. Enter the northing N1of
Problem. point 1, then press exe.
Given the following: 6. Enter the easting E2 of the
• The coordinates of point 1 and point 2. point 2, then press exe.
Calculate the distance between point 1 and point 2. 7. Enter the northing N2of
point 2, then press exe.
Solution 8. The program returns the
distance between point 1 and
1. Use the given coordinates and Pythagora’s point 2.
theorem to calculate the distance, b, between the 9. If the distance of another
two points as follows: point, relative to point 1, is
needed press exe, then enter
b = ( E1 − E 2) 2 + ( N1 − N 2) 2 .
new values for E2 and N2.

3
Theory: Whole Circle Bearing Calculation (WCB) Using The Program WCB
1. Switch on Casio FX7400G
Plus Calculator.
Fig 2 N 2. Select programs by pressing 6
or scrolling to highlight the
c
programs option on the screen
a and then pressing exe.
Point 1 A
3. Choose the program called
(E1,N1)
b WCB by scrolling to it on the
Point 2 screen, then pressing exe.
(E2,N2) 4. Enter the easting E1 for point 1
then press exe. Enter northing
E N1 for point 1 then press exe.
(NB. E1 and N1 should be the
Problem: coordinates of the station from which
Given the following: the whole circle bearing of other
• The coordinates of point 1 and point 2 points will be calculated and sighted).
calculate the whole circle bearing, A, and distance
,b, between Point 1 and point 2. 5. Enter the easting E2 for point 2
Solution. then press exe. Enter northing
1. Using Pythagora’s theorem, the distance N2 for point 2 then press exe.
between point 1 and 2 equals (NB. E2 and N2 should be the
b = ( E1 − E 2) 2 + ( N1 − N 2) 2 . coordinates for the point whose whole
2. The same formula is used to calculate distances circle bearing and distance from point
a & c. 1 is required.)
3. The Whole Circle Bearing (WCB) of point 2
(E2,N2) from point 1 (E1,N1) is measured 6. The program returns the
clockwise positive from north (N), and is equal whole circle the whole circle
to A. bearing and distance between
4. If E1=E2 and N1 ≤N2 then WCB=360o , else: point 1 and point 2.
5. Using the Cosine rule, If E1≤E2 then 7. If the whole circle bearing of
another point is needed press
b2 + c 2 − a 2 
WCB = Cos −1   exe, then enter new values for
 2bc  E2 and E2.
6. If E1>E2 then
b2 + c2 − a2 
WCB = 360 − Cos −1  
 2bc 

4
Theory: Coordinates calculation 1 (SETOUT) Using the program SETOUT

Fig 3 10. Switch on Casio FX7400G

Plus Calculator.
11. Select programs by pressing
N 6 or scrolling to highlight the
programs option on the
screen and then pressing
exe.
12. Choose the program called
Point 2 SETOUT by scrolling to it
(E2,N2) on the screen, then pressing
WCB
exe.
d 13. Enter the easting E1 of the
Point 1 point 1, then press exe.
(E1,N1) 14. Enter the northing N1of
Problem. point 1, then press exe.
Given the following: 15. Enter the distance from point
• The coordinates of point 1 (E1,N1), the whole 1 to point 2, then press exe.
circle bearing (WCB) to point 2 form 1 and the 16. Enter the whole circle
distance (d) from point 2 to 1, bearing from point 1 to point
Calculate the coordinates of point 2 (E2,N2). 2, then press exe.
17. The program returns the
Solution coordinates of point 2.
18. If the coordinates of another
1. E2 = E1 + d.Sin(WCB) point are required press exe,
2. N2 = N1 + d. Cos(WCB) then enter new values for
distance and whole circle
bearing to that point.

5
Theory: Coordinates calculation 2 (COOR-CAL) Using The Program COOR-CAL

Fig 4 1. Switch on Casio FX7400G

N Plus Calculator.
c 2. Select programs by pressing 6
f A or scrolling to highlight the
a programs option on the screen
g D and then pressing exe.
e Point 1
3. Choose the program called
(E1,N1) b Point 2
c COOR-CAL by scrolling to it
Point 3 (E2,N2) on the screen, then pressing
(E3,N3) exe.
4. Enter the easting E1 for point 1
Problem. E then press exe. Enter northing
Given the following: N1 for point 1 then press exe.
• coordinates of point 1 and point 2 (NB. Point 1 must be located at a
• the distance, e, between point 1 and point 3 known distance from the point 3
(which has unknown coordinates) whose coordinates are required ).
• and the angle, D, (measured clockwise positive) 5. Enter the easting E2 for point 2
made by the lines between point 2, 1 & 3 then press exe. Enter northing
(departing from point 2) N2 for point 2 then press exe.
Calculate the coordinates of point 3. 6. Enter the distance between
Solution point 1 and the point whose
1. The whole circle bearing A of point 2 relative coordinates are needed, the n
to point 1 is calculated as illustrated in fig 1. press exe.
2. The whole circle bearing of point 3 relative to 7. Enter the angle between point
point 1 equals the sum of A and D. 2, point 1 and the point whose
WCB = A + D coordinates are needed, then
3. The partial easting, f, of point 3 relative to point press exe.
1 equals the product of the distance, e, and the (NB. This angle is measured
sine of the whole circle bearing clockwise positive starting from point
f = e. sin(WCB ) 2 moving towards the point whose
4. The partial northing, g, of point 3 relative to coordinates are needed).
point 1 equals the product of the distance, e, 8. The program returns the
and the cosine of the whole circle bearing easting and northing of the
g = e. cos(WCB ) point whose coordinates were
required.
5. The easting and northing of point 3 equal the
9. If the coordinates of another
sum of point 3’s partial easting and northing
point are needed press exe,
and point 1’s easting and northing, respectively.
then enter new values for
E 3 = f + E1
distance and angle.
N 3 = g + N1

6
Theory: Checking if three points are co-linear Using the program LINEST
(LINEST)

1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus

Figure 5 Calculator.
N 2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
scrolling to highlight the
a programs option on the screen
c d
and then pressing exe.
A 3. Choose the program called
D
b LINEST by scrolling to it on the
Point 1 Point 2 Point 3
(E1,N1) (E2,N2) (E3,N3) screen, then pressing exe.
4. Enter the easting E1 for point 1
then press exe. Enter northing
N1 for point 1 then press exe.
Problem. E 5. Enter the easting E2 for point 2
Given the following: then press exe. Enter northing
• The coordinates of point 1, point 2 and point N2 for point 2 then press exe.
3. 6. Enter the easting E3 for point 3
Check if point 3 forms a straight line with points then press exe. Enter northing
1 and 2. N3 for point 3 then press exe.
Solution (NB Point 3 must be point for which
1. Calculate distances a, b and c using the you wish check that it lies on the same
coordinates of points 1, 2 and 3 and line as points 1 and 3.)
Pythagora’s theorem. 7. The program returns the
2. Use the cosine rule to evaluate angle A as perpendicular distance and
follows: direction (left or right) between
b2 + c2 − a2  point 3 and the straight line
A = Cos −1   defined by points 1 and 2. If this
 2bc  perpendicular distance equals 0,
3. Calculate distance d as follows: then points 1, 2 and 3 lie on a
straight line.
If A>90, then d= c. Cos D, where D = 180 – A 8. If you need to check if another
If A≤90, then d = c.Cos A point lies on the same line as
points 1 and 2, press exe, then
4. If d=0, then points 1, 2 & 3 are colinear. enter new values for E3 and N3.
5. To determine which direction point 3 must
move to approach the straight line, calculate
the difference in whole circle bearings ∆wcb
between point 1&3 and points 1&2,
respectively.
6. If 0< ∆wcb<180, then point 3 must move right
of the vector measured from point 1 to point
2, if 180< ∆wcb<360 point 3 must move left.

7
Theory: Checking if three points are co-linear Using the program LINEST3D
(LINEST3D)

1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus

Point 3
Figure 6 (E3,N3,LVL3)
Calculator.
N 2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
scrolling to highlight the programs
a option on the screen and then
c d pressing exe.
A 3. Choose the program called
D LINEST3D by scrolling to it on the
b Point 2
screen, then pressing exe.
Point 1 (E2,N2,LVL2) 4. Enter the easting E1 for point 1 then
(E1,N1,LVL1) press exe. Enter northing N1 for
point 1 then press exe. Enter the
level LVL1 for point 1 and press
Problem. E exe.
Given the following: 5. Enter the easting E2 for point 2 then
• The coordinates and levels of point 1, point 2 and press exe. Enter northing N2 for
point 3. point 2 then press exe. Enter the
Check if point 3 forms a straight line with points 1 and level LVL2 for point 2 and press
2. exe.
Solution 6. Enter the easting E3 for point 3 then
7. Calculate distances a, b and c using the press exe. Enter northing N3 for
coordinates of points 1, 2 and 3 and Pythagora’s point 3 then press exe. Enter the
theorem. level LVL3 for point 3 and press
8. Use the cosine rule to evaluate angle A as follows: exe.
(NB Point 3 must be point for which you
b2 + c2 − a2 
A = Cos −1   wish check that it lies on the same line as
 2bc  points 1 and 2.)
9. Calculate distance d as follows: 7. The program returns the
perpendicular distance and direction
If A>90, then d= c. Cos D, where D = 180 – A (left or right) between point 3 and
If A≤90, then d = c.Cos A the straight line defined by points 1
and 2. If this perpendicular
10. If d=0, then points 1, 2 & 3 are colinear. distance equals 0, then points 1, 2
11. To determine which direction point 3 must move and 3 lie on a straight line.
to approach the straight line, calculate the 8. Press exe again and the program
difference in whole circle bearings ∆wcb between returns the vertical alignment of
point 1&3 and points 1&2, respectively. point 3 relative to the vertical line
12. If 0< ∆wcb<180, then point 3 must move right of between points 1 and 2, and tells
the vector measured from point 1 to point 2, if you whether to move up or down if
180< ∆wcb<360 point 3 must move left. there is a discrepancy.
13. Calculate slope per unit distance between points 1 and 9. If you need to check if another
2, then use linear interpolation to calculate the required point lies on the same line as points
level at point 3. Compare this level to actual measured on 1 and 2, press exe, then enter new
site and determine if the measured point should be raised values for E3 and N3 and LVL3.
or lowered in order to be colinear with points 1 & 2.

8
Theory: Checking if a point falls on the
circumference of a circle (TURNRAD)
Fig 7
TP2
N option on the screen and then
Point 1
(E2,N2)
Radius,R
Centre of radius TP1
(E1,N1)
Problem.
Given the following:
• Method (1) The radius and centre of a
circular curve and the coordinates of any
arbitrary point 1, or alternatively,
Method (2) the radius, R, and 2 tangent points
along the curve, TP1 and TP2
Check if point 1 lies on the locus of the
circular curve.
Solution
1. Method (1) Calculate the distance between
the centre of the circle and point 1 using the
given coordinates and Pythagora’s theorem.
If this distance equals radius R, then point 1
lies on the circular curve defined by the
given radius and centre.
2. Method (2) Find the WCB and Distance from
TP1 to TP2. The line from TP1 to TP2 forms a
triangle with the 2 radii from the centre to s TP1
and TP2; from this the sine rule can be used to
find the angle at TP1. Add or subtract this angle
to the WCB between TP1 and TP2 to find the
WCB between TP1 and the centre. Hence
calculate the coordinates of the centre from the
new WCB and radius. Then follow stage 1,
above.
9
Using the program TURNRAD
1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus
Calculator.
2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
scrolling to highlight the programs
pressing exe.
3. Choose the program called
TURNRAD by scrolling to it on the
screen, then pressing exe.
4. Enter the radius of the circular curve,
then pres exe.
5. Choose option [1] to define the curve
by centre and radius only or option [2]
to define the circle by 2 tangent points
and radius.
6. If using option [1], enter the easting
E1 for the centre of the radius, then
press exe. Enter northing N1 for the
centre of the radius,then press exe. Go
to stage 8 below.
7. If using option [2] enter coordinates
for TP1, then TP2, and then assuming
that you are standing at TP1 looking
towards TP2, choose option [1] if the
centre of the circle lies to the right,
and option [2] if the centre lies to the
left. Go to stage 8 below.
8. Enter the easting E2 for point 1, then
press exe. Enter northing N2 for point
1, then press exe.
9. The program returns the difference in
length between the given radius, and
the calculated distance between the
centre of radius and point 1. If this
difference equals 0, then point 1 lies
on the circular curve defined by
radius R, and the centre of radius.
10. If you need to check if another point
lies on the same curve, press exe,
then enter new values for E2 and N2.
Theory: Local coordinate calculation (LOCALCOO) Using The Program LOCALCOO

Figure 8 1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus

N Calculator.
c 2. Select programs by pressing 6
f A or scrolling to highlight the
a programs option on the screen
g D b
e and then pressing exe.
c
c Point 1 Point 2
3. Choose the program called
[E1(global), LOCALCOO by scrolling to it
Point 3 N1(Global)] [E2(global), N2(Global)] on the screen, then pressing
(E3,N3) [E1(local), [E2(local), N2(local)]
N1(local)]
exe.
4. Enter the global easting
Problem. E E1(Global) and northing
Given the following: N1(Global) for point 1.
• Both Global and Local Coordinates of point 1 and 5. Enter the global easting
point 2 E2(Global) and northing
• Global coordinates of point 3 N2(Global) for point 2.
Calculate the local coordinates of point 3. 6. Enter the local easting
Solution E1(Local) and northing
N1(Local) for point 1.
1. The whole circle bearing of point 2 form point 1 7. Enter the local easting
(WCBGLOB2) is calculated using global coordinates. E2(Local) and northing
2. The whole circle bearing (WCBLOC2) of point 2 from N2(Local) for point.
point 1 is calculated using local coordinates. 8. The program checks if the
3. The angle between the Global and Local axes, ∆θ, is distances between points 1&2
calculated as follows: are equal in the global and
∆θ = WCBLOG2-WCBLOC2 local systems. If not a warning
4. The global whole circle bearing of point 3 from point is printed together with the
1 is calculated, and the local whole circle bearing of level of error. Press 2to accept
point 3 from point 1 is determined from it by the error and continue, or 1 to
substracting ∆θ from the global whole circle bearing. restart with new coordinates.
WCBLOC3= WCBGLOB3- ∆θ 9. Enter the global easting
5. The distance between point 3 and point 1 is calculated E3(Global) for point 3 then
as follows, using Pythagora’s theorem: press exe. Enter the global
2 2 northing N3(Global) for point 3
e = ( E1 − E 3) + ( N1 − N 3)
6. The local partial easting, f, of point 3 relative to point 1
then press exe.
equals the product of the distance, e, and the sine of the (NB: Point 3 is the point whose known
global coordinates need conversion to
whole circle bearing f = e. sin( WCBLOC 3 )
local coordinates)
7. The local partial northing, g, of point 3 relative to 10. The program returns the local
point 1 equals the product of the distance, e, and the easting E3(local) and northing
cosine of the whole circle bearing N3(local) for point 3.
g = e. cos( WCBLOC 3 ) 11. If you need to convert another
8. The local eastings and northings are given by: point’s global coordinates to
E 3 = f + E1 local coordinates, press exe,
then enter new values for
N 3 = g + N1 E3(Global) and N3(Global).

10
Theory: Checking if three given points fall on Using the program ARC-X
the same straight line. (ARC-X)

Fig 9 1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus

Y Calculator.
2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
B y E B scrolling to highlight the programs
2 x 2 option on the screen and then
Yx
A D Radius,R pressing exe.
3. Choose the program called ARC-
X by scrolling to it on the screen,
then pressing exe.
O X 4. Enter the radius of the arch.
Problem. 5. Enter the length of the chord
Given the following: between the two ends of the arch.
• The length of a chord, ‘B’, which connects 6. Enter the horizontal offset distance
end points of a circular arch. from the centre of radius of the
• The radius of the circular arch. arch to the point whose height is
• A horizontal distance, x, from the cenctre of desired.
the arch along the chord B. 7. The program returns the height of
the arch at the specified point.
Calculate the corresponding distance (or height)
, ‘y’, between the chord and the arch.

Solution

1. The equation of a circle whose centre is at

the origin is given by X2+Y2=R2 , hence at a
horizontal offset ‘x’ from the centre of the
circle, the height of the arch above O is
given by, Y = R 2 − X 2
2. The distance between O and the chord
which defines the arch is found from
distance A (which equals radius R), and half
B
of the chord length , using Pythagora’s
2
theorem.
3. The distance between the chord and top of
the arch is given by, y = Yx-D

11
Theory: Calculating the coordinates of a new station Using the program
(NEWSTATN) NEWSTATN

Fig 10 1. Switch on Casio

Point 1 FX7400G Plus
(E1,N1) Calculator.
N 2. Select programs by
c Point 2 pressing 6 or scrolling to
B (E2,N2)
a highlight the programs
C b option on the screen and
then pressing exe.
3. Choose the program
New Station called NEWSTATN by
(E3,N3) scrolling to it on the
screen, then pressing exe.
4. Enter the coordinates of
point 1, ie E1(Left) and
Problem. N1(Left) ,then press exe.
Given the following: [Please note that point 1
• Two points, Point 1 and Point 2 whose coordinates must always be selected
are known. as that point which falls
• Horizontal distance between point 1 and 2 and the left of the new station
new station, ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively. (see figure 8)]
5. Enter the coordinates of
Calculate the coordinates of the new station. point 2, ie E1(Right) and
N1(Right) ,then press
Solution exe.
6. Enter the distance to
1. The whole circle bearing and distance of point 2 point 1 from the new
from point 1 is calculated. station, Dist(Left) ,then
2. Angle B is found from distances ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ using press exe.
the Cosine rule. 7. Enter the distance to
3. The whole circle bearing of the new station from point 1 from the new
point 1 is the sum of angle ‘B’ and the whole circle station, Dist(Right).
bearing of point 2 from point 1. 8. The program returns the
4. The partial easting and partial northing of the new easting and northing of
station relative to point 1 are, respectively, the the new station.
products of distance ‘a’ and the Sine and Cosine of 9. The program also returns
the whole circle bearing calculated in stage 3. the angle C, between
5. The easting ‘E3’ and northing ‘N3’ of the new point 1, the new station
station are the sum of easting ‘N1’ and northing ‘N1’ and point 2 which can be
of point 1 and the partial easting and partial northing compared against
calculated in stage 4. measured values on site.

12
Theory: Determining the coordinates of an offset from a Using the program OFFCIRCLE
circular curve (Offcircle)
1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus
Fig 11 (E3,N3) Calculator.
TP2 2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
E2a, N2a Y scrolling to highlight the programs
option on the screen and then
N pressing exe.
3. Choose the program called
X OFFCIRCLE by scrolling to it on
the screen, then pressing exe.
4. Choose option [1] to define the
ά
θ curve by centre and one tangent
R point only or option [2] to define the
TP1 circle by 2 tangent points and
Centre of radius (E2,N2) radius.
5. If using option [1], enter the
(E1,N1) coordinates of the centre followed
E by the tangent point, ie E(CHNG
Problem. =0) and N(CHNG=0). Go to stage 7
Given the following: below.
• Method (1) Centre of radius coordinates, [E1,N1] and the starting 6. If using option [2] enter coordinates
point (TP1) of the curve, [E2,N2], or alternatively for TP1, then TP2, and then
Method (2) the radius, R, and 2 tangent points along the curve, TP1 assuming that you are standing at
and TP2 TP1 looking towards TP2, choose
• A chainage, X, along the curve, measured from [E2,N2] option [1] if the centre of the circle
• A desired offset distance, Y, perpendicular to the tangent at the lies to the right, and option [2] if the
chainage specified centre lies to the left. Then enter the
Calculate the coordinates of the offset point [E4,N3] coordinates of zero chainage ie,
Solution E(CHNG =0) and N(CHNG=0),
1. Method (1) Calculate the radius R from coordinates, [E2,N2] and which could be TP1 or TP2 or
[E1,N1]. another point.. Go to stage 7 below.
2. Method (2) Find the WCB and Distance from TP1 to TP2. The line 7. Enter the chainage of the desired
from TP1 to TP2 forms a triangle with the 2 radii from the centre to offset along the curve. For the
s TP1 and TP2; from this the sine rule can be used to find the angle clockwise direction enter a positive
at TP1. Add or subtract this angle to the WCB between TP1 and TP2 figure, and a negative figure for a
to find the WCB between TP1 and the centre. Hence calculate the chainage in the anti-clockwise
coordinates of the centre from the new WCB and radius. direction.
X .360 8. Enter an offset distance from the
3. Calculate angle, θ, using the chainage and radius θ= curve. If the desired offset is inside
2πR the circle defined by the curve, enter
4. The whole circle bearing of [E2,N2] form [E1,N1] is found. a negative figure. If the desired
5. By turning through angle θ away from the line connecting [E1,N1] offset is outside the circle, enter a
& [E2,N2], the whole circle bearing of [E3,N3] from [E1,N1] is positive figure.
found. 9. The program, returns coordinates
6. The partial easting and partial northing of [E2,N3] from [E1,N1] are for the offset point.
respectively given by the following expressions.
10. Press exe to enter a new chainage
and desired offset distance.
∆E = ( R + Y ).Sinα
∆N = ( R + Y ).Cosα
E 3 = E1 + ∆E
7.
N 3 = N1 + ∆N

13
Theory: Determining the coordinates of an offset Using the program OFFLINE
from a straight baseline (Offline)
Fig 12
(E2,N2)
X option on the screen and then
N (E3,N3)
Z Y
ά 5. Enter coordinates for the end of
(E1,N1)
Problem
Given the following:
• Beginning of baseline [E1,N1]
• End of baseline, [E2,N2]
• A chainage, Y, along the curve, measured from
[E1,N1]
• A desired offset distance, X, perpendicular to
the baseline.
Calculate the coordinates of the offset point [E3,N3]
Solution.
1. Find angle, θ, from distances X and Y.
2. Calculate distance, Z, from distances X and Y.
3. Calculate the whole circle bearing of E2,N2
form E1, N1.
4. By turning through angle θ away from the
baseline, the whole circle bearing of [E3,N3] 9. Press exe to enter a new chainage
from [E1,N1] is found.
5. The partial easting and partial northing of
[E2,N3] from [E1,N1] are respectively given by
the following expressions.
1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus
Calculator.
2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
scrolling to highlight the programs
pressing exe.
3. Choose the program called
OFFLINE by scrolling to it on the
screen, then pressing exe.
4. Enter coordinates for the
beginning of the baseline
E1(baseline) and N1(baseline).
the baseline E2(baseline) and
N2(baseline)
6. Enter the desired chainage
distance from point 1. Enter a
positive distance if the chainage is
in the same direction coming
[E1,N1] to [E2,N2]. Enter a
negative figure for the opposite
direction.
7. Enter the desired offset distance.
Enter a positive number, if the
offset is on the right side of the
vector from [E1,N1] to [E2,N2].
Enter a negative number if the
offset is on the left side of the
vector from [E1,N1] to [E2,N2].
8. The program returns coordinates
for the offset point, E(offset) and
N(Offset)
and desired offset distance.

∆E = ( R + Y ).Sinα
∆N = ( R + Y ).Cosα

E 3 = E1 + ∆E
N 3 = N1 + ∆N

14
Theory: Determining the area in side a polygon Using the program AREA
whose vertices are known (AREA)
1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus
Fig 13 Calculator.
2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
scrolling to highlight the programs
option on the screen and then
pressing exe.
N 3. Choose the program called AREA
by scrolling to it on the screen, then
pressing exe.
(En,,Nn) 4. Enter the eastings and northings for
corner the first corner, second
corner, etc. These points must be
(E1,N1) (E3,N3) entered in the same sequence that
they are linked to form the polygon.
(E2,N2) 5. After entering the last point, either
enter the coordinates of the first
point or (more quickly) press
Problem ALPHA then A, followed by
Given the following: ALPHA then B.
• The coordinates of all the vertices of a 6. The program returns a value for the
polygon, area bound by the lines that link the
Calculate the area of the polygon. corner coordinates entered.

Solution.
The area of the polygon is given by
n n

0.5∑ En.N ( n + 1) − ∑ NnE ( n + 1) 
1 1 
Where n=number of vertices on the polygon, and
E1=En+1 and N1=Nn+1

15
Theory: Determining intersection point of two Using the program INTERSCT
lines (INTERSECT)
1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus
Fig 14 Calculator.
2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
scrolling to highlight the programs
(E4,N4) option on the screen and then
pressing exe.
N (E3,N3) 3. Choose the program called
INTERSCT by scrolling to it on the
screen, then pressing exe.
4. Enter the eastings and northings for
(En,,Nn) (E1,N1) and (E2,N2) which lie on
the first line.
(E1,N1) 5. Enter the eastings and northings for
(E3,N3) and (E4,N4) which lie on
(E2,N2) the second line.
6. The program returns the eastings
and northings of the intersection
Problem point (En,Nn)
Given the following:
• Points (E1,N1) and (E2,N2) which lie on
one line, and points (E3,N3) and (E4,N4)
which lie on another line.
Calculate the intersection point (En,Nn) of the two
line..

Solution.
1. The equation of each of the two straight
lines is determined from the two coordinates
on each line using the formula (y-y1)=m(x-
x1) where the ‘y’ and ‘x’ axis are
respectively synonymous with the
‘northings’ and ‘eastings’, and ‘m’ is the
slope of each line.
2. The simultaneous equations determined
above are then solved using the substitution
method to evaluate the intersection point
(En,Nn)

16
Theory: Determining profile levels for a road Using the program CAMBER
with camber (CAMBER)
1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus
Fig 15 Calculator.
Right channel 2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
top profile
Left channel
scrolling to highlight the programs
top profile option on the screen and then
Left channel Right channel pressing exe.
bottom profile bottom profile 3. Choose the program called
Crown
Left channel level CAMBER by scrolling to it on the
level Traveller Left channel screen, then pressing exe.
level
4. Enter the level of the left channel
and press exe.
Left Centre line to Centre line to Right Channel 5. Enter the level of the right channel
Channel to left channel right channel to right stake
left stake
and press exe.
6. Enter the level of the crown and
press exe.
7. Enter the distance from the left
channel to the centre line and press
Problem exe.
Given the following: 8. Enter the distance from the right
• The left channel, right channel and crown channel to the centre line and press
levels and horizontal positions of a road, exe.
9. Enter the traveler length and press
Calculate the levels of the profiles which are exe.
required to form the left and right cross-falls. 10. Enter the offset distance of the
profile stake from the left channel
Solution. press exe.
1. The level difference between the crown and 11. Enter the offset distance of the
channels, and the horizontal positions are profile stake from the right channel
used to evaluate the left and right cross- press exe.
falls. 12. The program returns the level of the
2. Linear interpolation and the traveler length bottom profile adjacent the left
are used to determine the profile levels at channel.
the desired stake positions. 13. Press exe again and the program
returns the level of the top profile
adjacent the left channel.
14. Press exe again and the program
returns the level of the bottom
profile adjacent the right channel.
15. Press exe again and the program
returns the level of the top profile
adjacent the right channel.
16. Press exe to restart the program.

17
Theory: Calculation of embankment batter rail
levels. (EMB BATT)
Fig 16
Top level
Batter rail
levels Traveler
Bottom length
level
Slope
specification
Offsets from toe 1
IN
Problem
Given the following features of an embankment :
• Top and bottom levels, slope, traveler length,
and offset position of batter rail stake from the
toe,
Calculate the levels of the batter rail at desired offset
positions from the toe.
Solution.
1. The bottom level plus the traveler length equals
the level of the cross-piece on the traveler when
the latter is positioned at the toe of the
embankment.
2. At a given offset from the toe, the level of the
batter rail is lower than the traveler level at the
toe by an amount equal to the offset distance
divided the slope specified, ie “1 in”.
3. The horizontal distance of the embankment
equals the difference between the bottom and
top levels multiplied by the slope specified, ie
“1 in”.
4. The slope distance is found by applying
Pythagora’s theorem to the horizontal and
vertical distances between the batter rail (at the
desired offset position ) and the top of the
traveler when placed at the top of the
embankment.
Using the program EMB BATT
1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus
Calculator.
2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
scrolling to highlight the programs
option on the screen and then
pressing exe.
3. Choose the program called EMB
BATT by scrolling to it on the
screen, then pressing exe.
4. Enter the bottom level and press exe.
5. Enter the top level and press exe.
6. Enter the slope “1 in” and pres exe.
(nb. This is the horizontal distance
corresponding to one unit in vertical
dimension along the slope)
7. Enter the traveler length and press
exe.
8. Enter the offset distance form the toe
and press exe.
9. The program returns the horizontal
distance between the top and bottom
of the embankment.
10. Press exe again and the program
returns the batter rail level at the
specified offset distance.
11. Press exe again program returns the
sloping distance between the batter
rail at the specified offset distance
and the top of the traveler when the
latter is positioned at the top of the
embankment.
12. Press exe again to enter a new offset
distance and obtain the
corresponding batter rail level

18
Theory: Calculation of embankment cut rail
levels. (CUT BATT)
Fig 17
Batter rail
levels
Top
level
Traveler
Offsets from toe length
Bottom
level
Slope specification 1
IN
Problem
Given the following features of a cut:
• Top and bottom levels, slope, traveler length,
and offset position of batter rail stake from the
top,
Calculate the levels of the batter rail at desired offset
positions from the top.
Solution.
5. The top level plus the traveler length equals the
level of the cross-piece on the traveler when the
latter is positioned at the top of the cut.
6. At a given offset from the top, the level of the
batter rail is higher than the traveler level at the
top by an amount equal to the offset distance
divided the slope specified, ie “1 in”.
7. The horizontal distance of the embankment
equals the difference between the bottom and
top levels multiplied by the slope specified, ie
“1 in”.
8. The slope distance is found by applying
Pythagora’s theorem to the horizontal and
vertical distances between the batter rail (at the
desired offset position ) and the top of the
traveler when placed at the bottom of the
embankment.
19
Using the program CUT BATT
1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus
Calculator.
2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
scrolling to highlight the programs
option on the screen and then
pressing exe.
3. Choose the program called CUT
BATT by scrolling to it on the
screen, then pressing exe.
4. Enter the bottom level and press exe.
5. Enter the top level and press exe.
6. Enter the slope “1 in” and pres exe.
(nb. This is the horizontal distance
corresponding to one unit in vertical
dimension along the slope)
7. Enter the traveler length and press
exe.
8. Enter the offset distance from the
top and press exe.
9. The program returns the horizontal
distance between the top and bottom
of the cut.
10. Press exe again and the program
returns the batter rail level at the
specified offset distance.
11. Press exe again and the program
returns the sloping distance between
the batter rail at the specified offset
distance and the top of the traveler
when the latter is positioned at the
bottom of the cut.
12. Press exe again to enter a new offset
distance and obtain the
corresponding batter rail level.
Theory: Calculation of traverse station Using the program TRAVERSE
coordinates (TRAVERSE)

Fig 18 1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus

Calculator.
Reference 2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
Object [RO] scrolling to highlight the programs
option on the screen and then
Forward pressing exe.
North Bearing 3. Choose the program called
[FWD WCB] TRAVERSE by scrolling to it on the
screen, then pressing exe.
Horizontal 4. Enter the easting for STATION1 and
angles [HZ] pres exe
5. Enter the northing for STATION1 and
pres exe
STARTING 6. Choose whether to specify reference
STATION object coordinates by pressing 1 then
E(STATION1) NEW STATION exe, or reference object whole circle
N(STATON1) E(NEW STN) bearing by pressing 2 then exe
N(NEW STN 7. If you have chosen 1 form step 6,
FORWARD enter E(RO), then press exe followed
DISTANCE by N(RO) then press exe again. If you
FWD DIST have chosen 2 from step 6, enter
Problem WCB(RO) then press exe.
Given the following features of a theodolite traverse: 8. The program now displays the
• Coordinates of the starting station, coordinates sequence number of the point (or new
or a whole circle bearing (relative to the starting station) along the traverse whose
station) of the reference object [RO], and a coordinates will be calculated next.
series of horizontal angles and forward Press exe to progress program
distances for new stations along the traverse, execution.
Calculate the co-ordinates of the new stations. 9. Enter the measured horizontal angle
Solution. HZ, then press exe
1. The whole circle bearing of the reference point 10. Enter the forward distance, then press
relative to the starting station (ie the backsight) exe.
is added to the horizontal angle of measured 11. The program returns the forward
after turning to the new station (ie the foresight), whole circle bearing to the new
to give the forward whole circle bearing of the station.
new station. 12. Press exe again to display the easting
2. The forward whole circle bearing (from step 1) of the new station.
and measured forward distance are used to 13. Press exe again to display the northing
calculate coordinates for the new station. of the new station.
3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated, using STATION1 as 14. Press exe again to begin data entry for
the backsight and the second new station as the the next new station.
foresight. The process can be repeated for as
many new stations as is desired.

20
Theory: Calculation of as-built column centre Using the program CENTRECT
co-ordinates (CENTRECT)

Fig 19 1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus

Calculator.
E2(Baseline) 2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
N2(Baseline) scrolling to highlight the programs
E(centre)
N(Centre)
option on the screen and then
pressing exe.
3. Choose the program called
CENTRECT by scrolling to it on the
E1(Baseline) screen, then pressing exe.
N1(Baseline) 4. Enter E1(baseline) and press exe
5. Enter N1(baseline) and press exe
Width 6. Enter E2(baseline) and press exe
7. Enter N2(baseline) and press exe
Problem 8. Enter the columns with and pres exe.
Given the following: 9. The program returns easting for the
• Coordinates for two adjacent corners of a centre of the column E(centre).
structural element such as a column, and the 10. Press exe again and the program
perpendicular width of the structural element, returns northing for the centre of the
(relative to the baseline defined by the given column N(centre).
coordinates),
11. Press exe to restart the program.
Calculate the coordinates of the centre of the
column.

Solution.
1. The distance and whole circle bearing between
the two corners that define the baseline is
calculated from the given co-ordinates.
2. The angle between the baseline and the centre
of the column is evaluated since the ratio of half
the column width to half the baseline distance
equals ‘tan’ of this angle.
3. The whole circle bearing of [E(centre),
N(centre)] from [E1(baseline), N1(baseline])
equals the sum of the angles calculated in stages
1 and 2.
4. Using the whole circle bearing from stage 3 and
the distance from E(centre), N(centre) to
E1(baseline), N1(baseline), the coordinates of
the centre are found.

21
Theory: Level book (LEVELS)
Fig 20
Date ....................................................
.................. ...................
From ....................................................
.................. ...................
BACK INTER- FORE- COLLIMATION
SIGHT MEDIATE SIGHT or H.P.C
Problem
• Given the reduced level of a bench mark, back sight staff
readings, intermediate staff readings, and foresight staff
readings
Record the figures mentioned above in the correct parts of the
Survey Book, and calculate the reduced levels of surveyed points
correctly, or calculate staff readings required for setting out.
Solution.
1. In your survey book, record the value of the bench mark
(where the staff is) in the column titled reduced level. Add a
name or description of the bench mark in the remarks column.
2. Record the staff reading in the back sight column.
3. Add the back sight to the reduced level of the benchmark and
record this in the Collimation or H.P.C column. The H.P.C is
the height of your instrument.
4. To find the reduced level at other locations, record the staff
readings at the points of interest in the intermediate column
and the corresponding descriptions of these locations in the
remarks column. Subtract each intermediate reading from the
Collimation to give the reduced level, and record this in the
reduced level.
5. When performing a level traverse, it may be necessary to
change the instrument’s position due to limited visibility. In
this case record the staff reading before moving the instrument
in the column titled foresight; keep the staff in the same
location while moving the instrument. Subtract the fore sight
from the collimation to give the reduced level at the staff’s
location. From the instrument’s new location record a second
staff reading in the back sight column. Add this to the
reduced level to give the new collimation of the instrument.
6. To calculate a staff reading which corresponds to a level
required for a structure which is yet to be built, subtract the
required level (which you read from the design drawings)
from the instrument’s height (ie the collimation or H.P.C)
Using the program LEVELS
Levels taken for ....................................................................
...................... To
Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus Calculator.
....................................................................
1. Select programs by pressing 6 or scrolling
REDUCED LEVEL DISTANCE REMARKS
to highlight the programs option on the
screen and then pressing exe.
2. Choose the program called LEVELS by
scrolling to it on the screen, then pressing
exe.
3. Enter the reduced level of the bench mark
or station where the staff is held.
4. Enter the backsight staff reading
5. The program calculates and displays the
collimation which should be written in the
survey book.
6. - To calculate reduced levels of surveyed
points, go to stage 7 below.
- To record a foresight and new
backsight and collimation at a change
point, go to stage 8 below.
- To calculate staff readings for levels to
be set out, go to stage 9below.
7. If carrying out a level survey, enter the
staff readings in the intermediate column
of your survey book, and choose option [1]
on the calculator. Enter the staff reading,
and the calculator will calculate and
display the reduced level of the surveyed
point.
8. If the staff location is the last point prior to
moving the instrument, enter the staff
reading into the foresight column of the
survey book, then choose option [2] on the
calculator then enter the staff reading. The
program calculates the reduced level. If
the staff’s location is a change point,
choose option [1] then enter a new value
of the backsight (from the instrument’s
new location). The program displays the
new collimation of the instrument, and is
ready to proceed as before. If the staff is
at a new station choose option 2 and
proceed as before.
9. Choose option [3] in order to enter levels
into the program and obtain staff readings
for setting out and control purposes.
22
Theory: Calculation of levels along a slope Using the program SLOPE
(SLOPE)

Fig 21 1. Switch on Casio FX7400G Plus

Calculator.
x 2. Select programs by pressing 6 or
scrolling to highlight the programs
y option on the screen and then
Point A pressing exe.
Level = a 3. Choose the program called SLOPE
Point C by scrolling to it on the screen, then
Level = c pressing exe.
4. Enter the starting level, ie ‘a’ or ‘b’
Point B in Fig 21.
Level = b 5. Enter the total fall, ie (b-a) if your
starting point is ‘A’ or (a-b) if your
Problem starting point is ‘B’
• Given 2 points, ‘A’ and ‘B’, separated by a distance 6. Enter the total distance, ie ‘y’, the
‘y’ and with known levels, ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively, distance from ‘A’ to ‘B’.
7. The program calculates and displays
Calculate the level at point C which is at a distance of the slope as a percentage, which can
‘x’ from point A. be used as input on pipe and rotating
lasers.
Solution. 8. Enter the interim distance, ie the
1. By linear interpolation, the level at point C is distance from the starting point to
given by the following formula. the point whose level is needed, ie
distance ‘x’ to point ‘C’ in Fig 21.
b − a  9. The program calculates and displays
c = a + x 
 y  the value of ‘c’, the level at point
‘C’.
- If b>a then the slope is uphill 10. Press exe to enter a new interim
- If b<a then the slope is downhill. distance..

b − a 
2. Note  100 gives % slope which is
 y 
used in drainage pipe lasers and sloping
rotating lasers.

23