Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1- Traditional PL Interpretation
2- Selected advanced topics:
Fluid mechanics
Spinner
Gradiomanometer
Thermometer
E-probes
SPRInt
Examples
PSP Planner
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
Traditional
PL Interpretation
• Introduction
• Single phase flow
– Flowmeters
– Thermometer
– Pressure gauges
– Interpretation principles
• Multi phase flow
– Fluid density tools
– Interpretation principles
• PVT and fluid conversions
• Auxilliary sensors
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
PL Applications
• Evaluation
– Production profile distribution
– Zonal productivity
• Monitoring
– Production profile changes
– Fluid type changes: Water or gas breakthrough
• Diagnosis
– Source of high GOR or Water Cut
– Detection of leaks and crossflow
• Production Enhancement
– Data for workover planning
– Completion and treatment effectiveness
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
Key Applications and Features
• Wide variety of problems and applications
– Flexible tool configuration
– Large variety of sensors
• Dynamic environment
– Simultaneous measurements
• Complex downhole regimes
– Surface readout
• Need thourough wellsite quality control
– Wellsite interpretation
V
Cable Velocity
Fluid Velocity
Spinner
RPS
Fluid Velocity
Spinner
RPS
Ideal
Static friction
Fluid Velocity
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
Spinner Response
• Fluid viscosity
Spinner
RPS
Ideal
Viscosity shifts
response curve
Fluid Velocity
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
In-Situ Calibration
Perforations
Flowing region
Cable Speed
ft/min
Spinner
response
rps
Zero flow
region
Spinner
rps Best fit calibration line
∆R
Slope, m= ∆R (rps/ft/min)
∆V
∆V
Down
Tool Velocity
Threshold velocity, Vt ft/min
Fluid
Spinner Velocit
rps y
∆R(i) Zero flow line
y-axis
intercept
∆V(i)
Slope, m(i)=∆R(i) (rps/ft/min)
∆V(i)
Down
Tool Velocity
Threshold velocity, Vt ft/min
y(i)
Vmax(i) = + Vt[(i)]
m(i)
Spinner
RPS
-Vt?
Up Down
Cable Speed
2 x Vt
Oil entry
Vmax
Spinner measurement is centralized
and tends to read the maximum flow
velocity.
Dvρ
NRe = 7.742 x 103
µ
where:
ρ = 0.7 g/cm3
Q (BPD) V (ft/s) NRe C
µ = 0.5 cp
100 0.031 2088 0.621
D = 6.184 ins
200 0.062 4177 0.748
500 0.156 10441 0.787
1000 0.312 20883 0.799
1500 0.467 31324 0.806 Turbulent flow is
2000 0.623 41766 0.811 almost always
5000 1.558 104414 0.827 encountered in
10000 3.116 208828 0.839 flowing wells, due to
rate or multiple
phases
1.0
Correction Factor, C
0.9
0.8
Transition Region
Laminar
0.7 Flow
Turbulent Flow
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.1
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Reynolds Number, NRe
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
Velocity Profile Correction Factor
Increasing
velocity
Fluid entries
Spinner rotates
clockwise due to
tool movement
in static fluid
No Flow
Spinner rotates
clockwise more
Fluid entries
slowly due to
fluid entry
Fluid entries
Positive Spinner
Negative Spinner
V = Vtool-Vfluid
80 fpm
6100
32 fpm B
115 fpm
6200
Depth (ft)
82 fpm
50 fpm
C
6300
Perforations
D
6400
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
Worked Example I
Spinner
20
Rotation
(rps)
15
10
Up 0 Down
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Geothermal gradient
Fluid Entries
ed
d
se
s
er
er
isp
isp
D
n
D
re
ly
ly
ur
ine
ine
-C
yF
yF
Co
r
r
Ve
Ve
2 ,0 0
45°
2 " P ip e 30°
15°
1 ,5 0
1 ,0 0
0 ,5 0
0 ,0 0
0 ,0 0 0 ,2 5 0 ,5 0 0 ,7 5 1 ,0 0
W a te r c u t
nt
re
ow
ur
gs
Fl
r-c
lu
l
ed
na
te
-s
un
s
do
io
er
sit
Co
eu
sp
an
Ps
Di
er
Tr
at
W
O
il
λ
M
La ixin
ye g
r
W
at
er
90
Flagship & Analyser
Coiled
Pure Oil Tubing
/
Tractor
Pure Water
50~70
Logging
Analyser Analyser
Pure oil
Deviation
Pure Water
Wireline
/
Slickline
Monitors
Logging
0
90
Flagship & Analyser
Coiled
Pure Oil Tubing WC = Yw - (Qs/Qt)
/ 7” pipe
Tractor
Pure Water
50~70
50~70
Logging
Analyser Analyser
10,000 bpd
4,000 bpd
Pure oil Pure oil
2,000 bpd
Deviation
Deviation
Pure Water Pure Water
Wireline 1,000 bpd
/
Slickline
Monitors Monitors
Logging
0
Spinner = Screw
Fluid = Bolt
s e
on
Spinner response - rps
esp
a lr
Ide
with viscous and
mechanical effects
with mechanical
friction
Fluid velocity
“threshold”
Vspinner
> 1
<Vflow>
0.9
!
Spinner factor
0.8
Spinner size / Pipe size
0.7 0.2
0.4
0.6 0.6 Only valid for
0.8 Monophasic
0.5 Flow
1000 10000 100000 1000000
Re = ρ v D / µ
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
Spinner performance
deviated 2 phase flow wells
Flow loop tests. 7.87 inches ID pipe. Water cut = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.
FBS-B (Diam = 4.92 inches, Pitch = 2.87 inches)
5
0 deg
5 deg
4 15 deg
25 deg
45 deg
3
65 deg
Spinner - RPS
Monophasic
-1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Total Flow Rate - BPD
Qt=1000bpd Qt=1000bpd
0 Qt=2000bpd 0 Qt=2000bpd
Qt=3000bpd Qt=3000bpd
Qt=4000bpd Qt=4000bpd
-1000 Qt=5000bpd -1000 Qt=5000bpd
Qt=6000bpd Qt=6000bpd
-2000 -2000
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Water Holdup Water Holdup
1500
(Measured rate - True rate) in BPD
1000
500
0
Water Cut
-500 0,8
0,6
-1000 0,4
0,2
-1500 0,1
-2000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Pipe Deviation
5
ENP Flat Blades - 2.5 Inches OD Spinner
4,5
ENP Flat Blades - 3.5 Inches OD Spinner
2,5
1,5
Monophasic response for 2100 bpd of water:
1
2.5 Inches Spinner : 3.7 rps
0,5 3.5 Inches Spinner : 3.6 rps
4.5 Inches Spinner : 3.1 rps
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Pipe deviation in °
90
Spinner overestimates rates
80 Spinner underestimates rates
MapFlo boundary
70
60
50
Deviation
40
30
20
10
-10
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Water Holdup
ρfluid
ρgradio = ∆P / g h Cosθ + ρso
ρfriction = ∆Pfriction / g h Cosθ
Pb
P1 P2 then:
ρfluid = ρgradio - ρfriction
ρfluid
1
ID=4" & Rough=E/10
ID=6" & Rough=E/10
e 0.1
ID=6" & Rough=E
ID=4" & Rough=10E
ρ app / ρ ) - 1
ID=6" & Rough=10E
(
Va Va 0.01
h
0.001
1000 10000 100000
Flow rate - bpd
ρgradio
ρfriction
K
ρfluid
V2
Pa
Pb
Water holdup
0% 100%
Ge
ot
he
rm
al
Third entry
Q3
Geo
the
rma
l
Second entry
Q2
First entry
Q1
TG3 TL3 T3
Third entry
Q3
Ge
oth
e
rm
al
TG2 TL2 T2
Second entry
Q2
Rock
friction
Ge
oth
e
rm
al
Gas
detente
Channeling
Ground electrode
(For oil continuous phases)
0.125mm 0.66mm
~1mm
~0.4mm
Ground electrode
(For oil continuous phases)
Set
threshold
close to the
continuous
phase Oil continuous
level
90
Use
protectors
No
Avg / Min < 1.25 or Avg / Max > 0.9
Yes
Avg < 2.5 V
Non Event Detect.
Max.-Min. > 0.3 V Yes
No
No = Keep Previous Warning : Change
Threshold Value Yes PFRE, if not at max.
Continue
bubble bubble
ρm
size rate
3Φ
rates
• Oil and gas slip velocities Vso and Vsg are then computed
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 Gas Oil
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Mixture density - gr/cc
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
“Classic” equations
Qw = Yw Qm - Qso / Yl - Qsg Yw / Yl
Qo = Ql - Q w
Qg = Qm - Q l
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
Spinner pitch estimation
Vm = mixture velocity = ( S P + T - Cs ) E
Pestimated = ( Cs - T ) / S
Deviation
0
15 10
Qw = Yw Qt - Qso 60
70
5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water holdup
Ql = Yl Qt - Qsl 20
60
70
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Liquid holdup
Tp
Bubble diameter
Bub
ble
s coa
les
cen
ce
“Stand alone”
bubble size
16
Bubble diameter - mm 14
12 Log data
10 Model
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water holdup
5.000
0.000
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
Water holdup
C
Tp
Tp
Yw = 1 - Σ (Tp) / T
<Tp> = ( Σ (Tp) / T ) / Bc
<Tp> = ( 1 - Yw ) Bc
Vb = <C> / <Tp> - Cs
Vb = ( <C> Bc ) / ( 1 - Yw) - Cs
Rate Size
Pipe size
ModelModel Assume Vb = Vm (from spinner)
Db
Pipe size
0% 100%
Inverse
Model model
Yw
SPRInt also computes an estimated
stand alone bubble size QC log
<C> = 2/3 Db
Qb = Vb ( 1-Yw ) A Dbm
Qb = ( Bc <C> - Cs ( 1 - Yw ) ) A
0% Yw 100%
Dispersed phase
velocity Slope
Logging
speed
Spinner
RPS
Mixture
velocity
Logging
speed
E D
A S
L E
R E
O T
N
T A
D A
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
Norwegian well
E D
A S
L E
R E
O T
N
T A
D A
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
South America well
E D
A S
L E
R E
O T
N
T A
D A
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
Middle East well
E D
A S
L E
R E
O T
N
T A
D A
Wireline & Testing Interpretation
PSP Planner
ed
ed
s
s
er
er
isp
isp
D
n
D
re
ly
ly
Probable
ur
ine
ine
-C
yF
yF
Co
r
r
Ve
Ve
Flow
Structure 2 ,0 0
45°
for 2 " P ip e 30°
15°
this job 1 ,5 0
1 ,0 0
0 ,5 0
0 ,0 0
0 ,0 0 0 ,2 5 0 ,5 0 0 ,7 5 1 ,0 0
W a te r c u t
nt
re
ow
ur
gs
Fl
r-c
lu
l
ed
na
te
-s
un
s
do
io
er
sit
Co
eu
sp
an
Ps
Di
er
Tr
at
W
Gradio
PGMC
PFCS