A.

Title of experiment
oxidation reduction reaction
B. The aim of experiment
study of the reaction of the oxidation reduction reaction
C. Literature review
oxidation reduction reaction Is a change in oxidation number a
chemical reaction in which there is a transfer of electrons from one to the
other reactants and reactant combines to form the shape of a product. We
have seen that many important substances are ionic. Sodium chloride, for
example, can be well-formed by the reaction of elemental sodium and
chlorine:
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2 NaCl(s)
In this reaction, solid sodium, which contains neutral sodium atoms, reacts
with chlorine gas, which contains diatomic Cl2 molecules, to form the
ionic solid NaCl, which contains Na+ and Cl- ions. Reactions like this one,
in which one or more electrons are transferred, are called oxidation–
reduction reactions or redox reactions (zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, 2010:
161)
Purple aqueous permanganate ion, , reacts with aqueous ion to
yield and pale pink . Magnesium metal burns in air with an intense white
light to form solid magnesium oxide. Red phosphorus reacts with liquid
bromine to form liquid phosphorus tribromide. Although these and many
thousands of other reactions appear unrelated, and many don’t even take
place in aqueous solution, all are oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions.
MnO4-(aq) + 5 Fe2+(aq) + 8 H+(aq) → Mn2+(Aq) + 5 Fe3+(aq) + 4
H2O(l)
2 Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2 MgO(s)
2 P(s) + 3 Br2(l) → 2 PBr3(l)
Historically, the word oxidation referred to the combination of an
element with oxygen to yield an oxide, and the word reduction referred to
the removal of oxygen from an oxide to yield the element. Such
oxidation–reduction processes have been crucial to the development of
human civilization and still have enormous commercial value. The
oxidation (rusting) of iron metal by reaction with moist air has been
known for millennia and is still a serious problem that causes enormous
structural damage to buildings, boats, and bridges. The reduction of iron
ore (Fe2O3) with charcoal (C) to make iron metal has been carried out
since prehistoric times and is still used today in the initial stages of
steelmaking.
4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s)
2 Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) → 4 Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
(McMurry, Robert C. Fay 2012: 124)
Many important chemical reactions involve oxidation and
reduction. Photosynthesis, which stores energy from the sun in plants by
converting carbon dioxide and water to sugar, is a very important
oxidation–reduction reaction. In fact, most reactions used for energy
production are redox reactions. In humans, the oxidation of sugars, fats,
and proteins provides the energy necessary for life. Combustion reactions,
which provide most of the energy to power our civilization, also involve
oxidation and reduction. An example is the reaction of methane with
oxygen:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + energy
Even though none of the reactants or products in this reaction is ionic, the
reaction is still assumed to involve a transfer of electrons from carbon to
oxygen. To explain this, we must introduce the concept of oxidation states.
(zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, 2010: 161)
the words oxidation and reduction have taken on a much broader
meaning. An oxidation is now defined as the loss of one or more electrons
by a substance, whether element, compound, or ion, and a reduction is the
gain of one or more electrons by a substance. Thus, an oxidation–
reduction,or redox,reactionis any process in which electrons are
transferred from one substance to another.
oxidation →
A2- → A- + electron
A- → A + electron
A → A+ + electron

A+ → A2+ + electron
← reduction
we can assign to each atom in a compound a value called an oxidation
number (or oxidation state),which indicates whether the atom is neutral,
electron-rich, or electron-poor. By comparing the oxidation number of an
atom before and after reaction, we can tell whether the atom has gained or
lost electrons. Note that oxidation numbers don’t necessarily imply ionic
charges; they are just a convenient device to help keep track of electrons
during redox reactions. (McMurry, Robert C. Fay 2012: 125)
The concept of oxidation states (also called oxidation numbers)
provides a way to keep track of electrons in oxidation–reduction
reactions,particularly redox reactions involving covalent substances.
Recall that electrons are shared by atoms in covalent bonds. The oxidation
states of atoms in covalent compounds are obtained by arbitrarily
assigning the electrons (which are actually shared) to particular atoms. We
do this as follows: For a covalent bond between two identical atoms, the
electrons are split equally between the two. In cases where two different
atoms are involved (and the electrons are thus shared unequally), the
shared electrons are assigned completely to the atom that has the stronger
attraction for electrons. For example, recall from the discussion of the
water molecule in Section 4.1 that oxygen has a greater attraction for
electrons than does hydrogen. Therefore, in assigning the oxidation state
of oxygen and hydrogen in H2O, we assume that the oxygen atom actually
possesses all the electrons. Recall that a hydrogen atom has one electron.
Thus, in water, oxygen has formally “taken” the electrons from two
hydrogen atoms. This gives the oxygen an excess of two electrons (its
oxidation state is - 2) and leaves each hydrogen with no electrons (the
oxidation state of each hydrogen is thus + 1). We define the oxidation
states (or oxidation numbers) of the atoms in a covalent compound as the
imaginary charges the atoms would have if the shared electrons were
divided equally between identical atoms bonded to each other or, for
different atoms, were all assigned to the atom in each bond that has the
greater attraction for electrons. Of course, for ionic compounds containing
monatomic ions, the oxidation states of the ions are equal to the ion
charges. (zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, 2010: 162)
We need to make one more point about oxidation states, and this
can be illustrated by the compound Fe3O4, which is the main component
in magnetite, an iron ore that accounts for the reddish color of many types
of rocks and soils. To determine the oxidation states in Fe3O4, we first
assign each oxygen atom its usual oxidation state of - 2. The three iron
atoms must yield a total of + 8 to balance the total of - 8 from the four
oxygens. This means that each iron atom has an oxidation state of -8/3. A
noninteger value for the oxidation state may seem strange because charge
is expressed in whole numbers. However, although they are rare,
noninteger oxidation occurs due to the way that somewhat arbitrary that
the electrons are shared. For example, Fe3O4 rules assume that all atoms of
iron are the same, when in fact it can best be seen as containing four O2
ions Fe3+, and ion two Fe2 one per formula unit. (Note that the accusation
be "average " at the iron works, on par with the oxidation state we
specified above.) Noninteger oxidation should not intimidate you. They
are used in the same way as oxidation number to keep track of the
electron. (zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, 2010: 164)
Once oxidation numbers are assigned, it’s clear why all the
reactions mentioned in the previous section are redox processes. Take the
rusting of iron, for example. Two of the reactants, Fe and O2, are elements,
and both therefore have an oxidation number of 0. In the product,
however, the oxygen atoms have an oxidation number of and the iron
atoms have an oxidation number of -2 and the iron atoms have an
oxidation number of +3. Thus, Fe has undergone a change from 0 to +3 (a
loss of electrons, or oxidation), and O has undergone a change from 0 to -2
(a gain of electrons, or reduction). Note that the total number of electrons
given up by the atoms being oxidized (4 Fe × 3 electron/ Fe = 2 electron )
is the same as the number gained by the atoms being reduced. (McMurry,
Robert C.Fay 2012: 127)
The key to the half-reaction method is to realize that a redox
reaction can be broken into two parts, or half-reactions. One half-reaction
describes the oxidation part of the process, and the other describes the
reduction part. Each half is balanced separately, and the two halves are
then added to obtain the final equation. As an example, let’s look at the
reaction of aqueous potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) with aqueous NaCl.
The reaction occurs in acidic solution according to the unbalanced net
ionic equation
Cr2O72-(aq) + Cl-(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + Cl2(aq)
The first step is to decide which atoms have been oxidized and which have
been reduced. In the present case, the chloride ion is oxidized from to 0,
and the chromium atom is reduced from to . Thus, we can write two
unbalanced halfreactions that show the separate parts:

Oxidation half-reaction: Cl-(aq) → Cl2(aq)

Reduction half-reaction: Cr2O72-(aq) → Cr3+(aq)

With the two half-reactions identified, each is balanced separately. Begin

by balancing for all atoms other than H and O. The oxidation half-reaction
needs a coefficient of 2 before the , and the reduction half-reaction needs a
coefficient of 2 before the. (McMurry, Robert C. Fay 2012: 133)
oxidation is loss of electrons; it can occur n the presence of any
electron acceptor, not just oxygen. Oxidation and reduction can only occur
together, not separately. When a substance is oxidized, it lose electron but
free electron do not exist under normal condition (wilson 2012: 86)
Oxidation–reduction reactions of transition-metal complexes
involve electron transfer from one complex to another. The two molecules
may be connected by a common ligand through which the electron is
transferred ( inner-sphere reaction) , or the exchange may occur between
two separate coordination spheres ( outer-sphere reaction) . Electron
transfer rates depend on the rate of ligand substitution within the reactants,
the match of the reactant orbital energies, solvation of reactants, and the
nature of the ligands. These reactions have been studied by chemical
analysis of the products, stopped-flow spectrophotometry, and the use of
radioactive and stable isotope tracers.(Miessler, Paul J. Fischer, and
Donald A. Tarr 2014: 462-463)
Hence redox reactions could be defined in terms of electron,
hydrogen or oxygen transfer, or in terms of change in the oxidation state of
the species in the reaction. Common example of redox process are burning
of substance, rusting and dissolution of metals, the borrowing of fruits;
respiration and photosynthesis. The oxidation number of carbon has
increased from zero (0) in elemental carbon to +4 in CO2; this is oxidation.
Carbon is a reducing agent; it has been oxidized to CO2. The oxidation
number of oxygen atom has decreased from zero (0) in O2 to – 2 in CO2;
this is reduction. Oxygen gas is an oxidizing agent; it has been reduced to
an oxide, CO2.(Garba Shehu 2015:3)
Alternative conceptions of H+ in acidic medium: H+ ions are not
the first specie to be introduced into oxidationreduction reactions in acidic
medium when balancing the equations using the ion-electron method.
However some of the students selected and justified H+ ions as specie
introduced in oxidation-reduction reactions in acidic medium. Some of the
students conceptualised that the H+ ions are first
added because the reactions occurred in acidic medium and
that acids donate proton or release H+ ions inaqueous solutions.( Gyamfi,
Joseph Ghartey Ampiah, Douglas Darko Agyei 2015:9)
 Redox reactions concepts were mainly interaction between
macroscopic and submicroscopic world, which is the source of difficulty
for many chemistry learners as reported by Garnett and Treagust ; De
Jong, Acampo and Verdonk ; Sanger and Greenbowe ; Tsaparlis, and also
difficult for teacher to teach . Furthermore, there is lack empirical studies
on this topic in terms of student’s difficulties in learning. This topic was
chosen also as it is related to oxidation and reduction which students will
learn in Year 11 . Therefore it is of utmost important that these students
grasp and master the concepts in this topic. Nevertheless, explanation of
relevant concepts in textbooks were found to be insufficient to provide
students with adequate conceptual knowledge of the topic. This is where
teacher plays an important role here. The way teacher explain the concept
is more important than the quantity of concepts impart to the students.
Sirhan mentioned that information delivered to students is not always
learned. If teacher fails to explain chemistry concepts at multiple
representation levels, it may leads to misconceptions.( Siew LI,
Mohammad Yusof ARSHAD 2014:3)
The concept of liquid redox reactions one of the tiered sepatubahan
will be studied in depth and complex electrochemical sepatubahan.
Chemical concepts owned appointed students will be growing over the
higher the level of education that is due to new concepts that are studied
more and more, one of the concept of chemical abstract and tiered, for
example the concept of redox reactions Based on electron transfer,
processes the release and acceptance of electrons could not be seen with
the eyes, but only imaginable.( Astutik, Fariati, and Herunata 2014:2)
D. Apparatus and chemicals
1. Apparatus
a. Reaction tube (3 pieces)
b. Rack tube (1 piece)
c. Volumetric glass 10 mL (2 pieces)
d. Dropper pipette (5 pieces)
e. Spray bottle (1 piece)
2. Chemicals
a. Pottasium permanganate solution (KMnO4) 0,1 M
b. Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) 0,1 M
c. Oxalic acid (H2C2O4) 0,1 M
d. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 1 M
e. Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) 0,1 M
f. Aquades (H2O)
E. Work procedure
1. Filled 10 mL KMnO4 into reaction, added dilute H2SO4.
2. Added some drops FeSO4, observed what happened.
3. Repeated activity 1, added some drops Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3).
Observed what happened
4. Repeated activity 1, added oxalic acid (H2C2O4) 0,1 M, next heated
slowly. Observed what happened.
F. Observation result

No. Activity Result

1. KMnO4 + H2SO4 + FeSO4 (Some drops) Brown
2. KMnO4 + H2SO4 + Na2S2O3 (some drops) Clear
KMnO4 + H2SO4 + H2C2O4 (some drops) + heat
3. Brown
the solution

G. Discussion
Reaksi oksidasi adalah reaksi yang menaikkan bilangan oksidasi
suatu unsur dalam zat yang mengalami oksidasi, dapat juga sebagai
kenaikan muatan positif (penurunan muatan negatif) dan umumnya juga
kenaikan valensi. Sedangkan reaksi reduksi adalah reaksi yang
menunjukkan penurunan bilangan oksidasi atau muatan positif,
menaikkan muatan negatif dan umumnya menurunkan valensi zat
yang direduksi. Reaksi reduksi oksidasi terdiri atas dua reaksi berbeda
yaitu oksidasi (kehilangan elektron) dan reduksi (memperoleh elektron).
Reaksi ini merupakan pasangan, sebab elektron yang hilang pada reaksi
oksidasi sama dengan elektron yang diperoleh pada reaksi reduksi.
Percobaan ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mempelajari reaksi-reaksi
reduksi oksidasi. Pada percobaan ini diberikan perlakuan terhadap tiga
sampel yaitu Ferro sulfat (FeSO4) 0,1 M, Natrium tiosulfat (Na2S2O3) 0,1
M, dan Asam oksalat (H2C2O4) 0,1 M yang direaksikan dengan Kalium
permanganat (KMnO4) 0,1 M dan Asam sulfat (H2SO4) 1 M. Perlakuan
pertama yang dilakukan yaitu Kalium permanganat (KMnO4) yang
berwarna ungu direaksikan dengan asam sulfat H2SO4 yang berwarna
coklat. Kalium permanganat (KMnO4) digunakan karena merupakan
oksidator kuat yang dapat mengalami reaksi reduksi oksidasi. Fungsi dari
asam sulfat yaitu sebagai katalisator yang dapat mempercepat terjadinya
reaksi dan memberikan suasana asam serta sebagai pembentuk garam
sulfat, dimana jika Mn2+ bereaksi dengan asam sulfat (H2SO4) akan
membentuk MnSO4 yang tidak berwarna sehingga produk yang terbentuk
tidak mengganggu pengamatan. Selain itu, jika dalam suasana basa,
kalium permanganat tidak dapat mengoksidasi melainkan mengendap
menjadi mangan hidroksida (MnOH2) dan akan membentuk mangan
oksida (MnO2) sehingga dibutuhkan suasana asam yaitu adanya
penambahan asam sulfat, sehingga hal tersebut tidak terjadi. Penambahan
asam sulfat ke dalam kalium permanganat tidak terjadi perubahan warna
yaitu tetap berwarna ungu, warna dari kalium permanganat. Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa tidak terjadi reaksi antara kalium permanganat
dengan asam sulfat. Kemudian dilakukan penambahan ferro sulfat. Pada
penambahan ini tidak terjadi perubahan warna. Artinya ferro sulfat tidak
bereaksi dengan larutan kalium permanganat. Namun hal ini, tidak sesuai,
karena FeSO4 dapat bereaksi dengan larutan kalium permanganat yang
ditandai dengan perubahan warna menjadi cokelat. Hal ini terjadi karena
larutan kalium permanganat mampu mengoksidasi ferro sulfat, sehingga
ferro sulfat bertindak sebagai reduktor dengan penambahan biloks pada
Fe2+ dalam FeSO4 menjadi Fe3+ dalam Fe2SO4-3. Perlakuan kedua, yaitu
dengan mereaksikan larutan kalium permanganat larutan, asam sulfat, dan
natrium tiosulfat. Penambahan asam sulfat berfungsi sebagai katalisator
yang mempercepat reaksi dan pembawa suasana asam, dan setelah
penambahannya larutan tidak mengalami perubahan warna. Penambahan
Na2S2O3 yang tidak berwarna (bening) ke dalam larutan kalium
permanganat terjadi perubahan warna menjadi cokelat. Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa terjadi reaksi antara kedua larutan tersebut, dimana
larutan KMnO4 mengalami reduksi atau sebagai oksidator karena
mengalami penurunan bilangan oksidasi dan memiliki potensial reaksi
yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan larutan natrium tiosulfat sedangkan
larutan Na2S2O3 mengalami oksidasi atau sebagai reduktor karena
mengalami kenaikan biloks. Hal ini telah sesuai dengan teori, bahwa
reaksi oksidasi adalah reaksi yang menaikkan bilangan oksidasi suatu
unsur dalam zat yang mengalami oksidasi sedangkan reaksi reduksi adalah
reaksi yang menunjukkan bilangan oksidasi. Perlakuan ketiga yaitu
mereaksikan larutan KMnO4 dengan asam sulfat dan asam oksalat.
KMnO4 yang ditambahkan dengan asam sulfat akan menjadi pengoksidasi
kuat karena berada pada suasana asam. Asam oksalat mampu dioksidasi
oleh larutan kalium permanganat karena potensial reduksinya yang lebih
kecil apabila dibandingkan dengan larutan kalium permanganat. Larutan
yang diperoleh dari dari pencampuran larutan kalium permanganat dengan
asam sulfat dan asam oksalat yang kemudian dipanaskan menghasilkan
larutan berwarna ungu pekat dan adanya letupan. Fungsi pemanasan dalam
percobaan ini yaitu untuk mempercepat terjadinya reaksi. Karena asam
oksalat yang sukar bereaksi pada suhu rendah. Pemanasan dapat
menyebabkan partikel dalam larutan akan bergerak aktif yang
bertumbukan dan mengeluarkan gas CO2. Pada percobaan ini yang
bertindak sebagai oksidator adalah KMnO4 yang mengoksidasi C3+ dalam
H2C2O4 menjadi C4+ dalam CO2 yang reduktornya adalah H2C2O4 yang
mereduksi Mn7+ dalam KMnO4 menjadi Mn+2 dalam MnSO4.
H. Conclusion and suggestion
1. Conclusion
The reaction undergoes a reduction or as oxidizing will experience
a decrease in oxidation number whereas the reactions that oxidize or as a
reducing agent will increase the number of biloks.
2. Suggestion
In this experiment so that more careful use of H2SO4 because it is
a strong acid that is dangerous. Praktikan should not do noise while in the
lab and maintaining hygiene laboratory