CHAPTER 23

ADVERBS
"F,fu Cm
q$-c{ parts of speech 6.lqk qq'{ CslT<l adverb TSffi
Cq-c{RrE I FFI-cqT lREn W q{rq q-{|R€ adverb ,-ffi Elcffr-$
"tRD-{ cffi EE r

Wna*T IS THE ADVERB?

fr6m qlErssqt rc
He is a very good man.
Adv. Adj.
I want to go home.
He will come now.
He behaved rudely with me.
(c{ qtTR atcq fid-{-srcT <jr{{ T(<&q r)
q€F F;t e E"fr+< EqI <lf$j' very .f,Q'F good adjective-CO ffi
(qualify) s<rq I C{ slE, ftq 6€fi sf{? f{ slS I ,{E {< ?rl very -ffi qq
adverb. q-{[q sfFEIq 6{, adverb 6fFI adjective 6a qualify Ftr{ r

fr6-s <rrq <-qt Erol-qTfr <tf$ mco utt r ..6qtqtEr"?-<t&rqefm

"r+tcl|{r eq< E-s< Gtr word fr cql \5] ffi csF.ql-{ gtll r <tr € adverb.
ERrq qF-dtlT "where?" <l "6sRlT?" ef6H< q-{l?I 6{ word cclrs
'ffsxl {l{ E't
€ adverb.
9oA+rOTqlq6q CC qt{qHr{ 1 '${q?"-(rl{ (now). Now EKI {:lttr
{<tlm r

-eR[q '?{{r" 3l "when?;' qltr< s-fi R word c?lcs 'ti€RI <f{ vlrs <rE
adverb.
Ertq c{ qNB qftq ffqisf6 qlu-*"1 or<Fq i
u-rc*d <'rc-iFco <-ql
€qlcil fr<t <I
"6E-qqe;6tr3" fih-fu-sk{ I
-verb
{fl-'\Tu<Gt s-{t " (behave). rudely
'fqFfr[T q fu-iTR Tfq drq-{E;f64 c(sFE q-q 1fir-fur< sgtr{cf T-fi) s't{qfirq I

aE rudely .fqfr qs adverb. Ef{rE q|{{|{ 6{, 'ftslr{r" <t "How?','g{ffi q-qt-{
6{ word Cqlr$ ql€TI{l{ q qE €oE adverb.
qql frrs qT-{T .!?AT w.ffis? wrE F'r< q|q.F qer{I I q?F qf{ 4T{-q
qnflu-l.I 6nc crtrts qqR<t Er{ 11 I st{(E r{C{ tr?i S

How? When? Where? SSerEf< q-{f< C{ word C{GF {€$ {l{ Efrs <rf,
Adverb
 Grammar : Adverbs 417

EIEqglSEl A <tsisrfl c4ro adverb {cq c<lr T-{ s

frcD-d
1. He is a very gentle boy. 2. He played really (qHfq, e[tsglCs) well
(\rldl\rlK). 3.'l-he horse runs fast (W\o). 4. She wanted to go then (gqn).
5. Go ahead (cl-lrtT frr-s).
Ans.5. ahead.4. then.3. fast.2 really. € well 1. very.
B. "How? When? Where?"-€Q ffi qq< Cffl B"rctr{ <t$j.erqt caR-{
adverb c{6e c{{ +Tl {-{ fu sl cEA Tr{ chq I

q<f{ fi"l noun, pronoun, € interjection

elgl q-{fi{i ffi parts of speech
fs q<(.c-sF t sentence-Cs
"5 adverb modify O6< CTrf{ s
verb- Cs B The bird flies swiftly. (Fs) (how?)
adjective- CS B She is a very good girl. (how good?)
adverb- CS,g She writes very well. (how?)
preposition- C$ B I came here just before ten. (when?)
conjunction- 6s B I did not do it simply because I had not
time to do it. (why?)
sentence- fS 3 Really he was a good man.

KINDS OF ADVERBS
(Adverb €T q$}Tf\rq)
<I{Slc<< (function) S"f< Gft e'c{ adverb 6a ffiqfiF ffi q<lT slcst strl
s-{l<l{ 3
1. Simple or Independent Adverbs
(a) Adverbs of time (when?)
(b) Adverbs of place (where?)
(c) Adverbs of manner (how?)
(d) Adverbs of frequency
(e) Adverbs of quantity or degree.
(f) Adverbs of affirmation and negation.
(g) Adverbs of cause and effect
(h) Adverbs of order
2. interrogative Adverbs
3. Relative or Conjunctive Adverbs
qRl\fls wTfi qq-{qdq Genitive Adverbs,
Introductory Averbs,
Prepositional Adverbs, Compound Adverbs, sentence Adverbs, €K(
euasi
Adverbs q?ffi qrqTDil +TE I

1. SIMPLE OR INDEPENDENT ADVERBS

{a) Adverb of Time : ql &r<-54< adverbsrEt fb{f q""t1 q€sf< rws
lRtlT', q<r]\ qlcrt qI 6qT{Q,
,'when?" ,h?Ft?.
<T EStr< VsK cq{ I cT-{ c
She will come late (cnfrrs). (when?,'-€ir €g< fiml
I came back soon (ffi).
(when?-c{ E-s{ frre' r)
A?{EL_27
 478 A Passage to the English Language
Did you see me before? (when?-€R EE< fuq t)
Gfr fr ql:tfr+ qfcd
T?F\g fiI{q?)
We shall go tomorrow (qtflfus).
She went yesterday (tl-e-Sl{ t)
, We rise early ({$1n >f+F) in the morning.
We will go then (v$t).
What are you doing now? (€rl{).
He always (c-{ qT{) comes to our house.
'" jto She gives us milk daily ($fufrt).
I will ever (ffi1; love you.
He will never (sfisil) come back.
The child was born two months ago (qlcri).
I have already (irWr<i) completed (eln sr{R) my work.
If you are in danger, telephone me immediately (Eq$cfiq). Gfr gfr
frqrq 19 vl-qt-{ eqsqsqq6 63fi-mn +< r)
I have come today (vlE).

EXERCISEI Pick out the adverbs of time from the follouing

sentences.
Today he is well but tomorrow or anytime, or very soon he may
fallill (wqqq6g 1g[o 111.3). Then he will have to be taken io the doctor.
But what if (ft Ef< {fr) no ambulance is available immediately?

(b) Adverb of place : ei qtft{ adverb-ec{ fu$ fiTfrs qsrm qR

(place)ffit+r< I "where?" <l "c+lqllgl" S1T{ q<R 6{ word c{cs "il€$ <l{
EI6f<'C4 adverb of place. 6{rt{ 3
I went there (C{rllf,{ | .qytrs1s?,,-e< E-c< ft,n)
She lives here (€riIG).
We moved thither (refifre).
Come hither (sftT).
There is a pond (ffi) near (ffi) the school.
t
;1

Sitting on the branch of the tree (tflRfr< ufC{ <'C{), we looked below
(frc6-{ frrs). ;

She is below (fro) and I am above in the class.

You need to walk two miles hence (q?[l_{ Celr{).
Air is found everywhere (x{q).
The dog ran away ({tr{).
Is he within (@r<)?.
Come in (C\rrc-l3)
 Grammar : Adverbs
419
She has gone out (<R<).
The sun has risen up.
The place is far ({(.T) from here.
We walked three miles thence (CCriI{ Ce.tT).
He went inside (csv[T).

<lolerqt C{f+ udu"rb@

frarERfrcDqTotvitie s

nl":: Almost always r stay (rfifh) inside (cssrr).

Tf
"^_l::"^^tt,I go out. The bazar is two
Sometimes
miles hence (q{f{ Cclf$). Th€
from here. r go nowhere (colrelt) except
::t:;j i:fi:|,.t"' (EtW, <res;

(c) Adverbs of Manner : Verb qK-R "mr{*-"

qEq c{ word fr (how?)c(RFe-
(clCs qm {R vR-s
{C{ adverb of manner. Manner
'6<sl{D A '5ffi" I
verb €i fiq qSSEs q€Tl< {<-{
W
qT1 qI{ I firE. qt adverb-str {-<fl.q <fq €i adverb_qK
Eqf€q Cqfl EF s
The boy walks (ffi) slowly (fo"< ftc<).
qsrsT s 64q4-stREfri I ftr< fte<
r

RI, how?__e slowly.

We work hard lmrbkvk<).
I slept soundly (Srtnr_sl1-{).
The army fought (EgQ nrqRel bravely
(q.Rfr-€-e-tT qTrat).
You have thought (FCTq) wisely
fgfunffi qgl.
He is highly honoured (Elrs CTF S<l q{)
here.
This pen writes well (sle-e-Ic<).
She read aloud (ffi'l( S,C<)
"lq
Get ready (eiEE E\s) quickly.

Adverb o f Man ner- erfl<G64;;;

1. The man behaves oL<) roughly (S.gsTc<) wirh people.
l*ry,q
The arrow flew so swiftly that the,poet ..rii-it see it in its flight.
2.
not do anything so hastily (vfu',{fr) 3. Do
4. we took thu an.irion iuir"ru . s.
He has spoken the truth bravely.

(d) Adverb of Frequency : 6{ I:r

adverb ft$ +sqR c*fi E{ Et
{{flT qlq<rc {6{ adverb of frequency. Frequently E1-r{
€FE 3iys1[ of frequency. frru-{Eq]qiq6;s ffin I ql _l9.Fi
I have met (ql$Ie,sLTR) him (vl<Tkat) once (s-s<k)
in my life.
424 A Passage to the English Language
lTF F-{ e+WRr-E-C<qE 3 0nce (€S<l{).
He will come again (ql<T<).
Give the patient this pill (<Q) tnrice (fu<) a day.
He always (:f{d) speaks the truth.
I often (ffi) go io the sea-shore.
He will never (q€{l<s ql, Ffis {l) come back.
We usually (w-31u<; clil<qE qln-€-{l{) do this.
They do not generally (cl{l<"|tr) come here.
She sometimes (qlcal {-c{I qf, FcSo-<l{) comes to my house.
Such a good boy is rarely (oaQ, tg src(qrs-{{) found ("llsl<l{).
She occasionally (a631:tC{I) invites (qT-dcl o-Cd) me.
q-<E qlT{l €i5q-6c1 Cq{Efq Gi adverb of frequency Csl{ S1 f$Flsff{ qlll
(iime) 6s ffii 6'63 1

EXERCISEI Adverb of Frequency-srqK l{rn n{ 4l\3 3

I do not usually come here. But sometimes I need to come to one of
my friends' home. But as ill luck would have it (T.fitiFl'is 3), he is rarely
found (9-r+ t< osE {lsTI {l{). That does not mean that (ul{ Etq' qR T{ c)
he is never found (9lro sEqR ql€{t <Ft lt r) Generally I can meet him
or twice a week.

(e) Adverbs of or Degree : ql <-rffi{ adverb

.{roffi', R {-,q-lq', .ft Quantity
{fr{ft"1' qrm q1I1t rfu:s-< E"qT{<qqrEF lI{fC{ ,!?
adverb qqC{ ${clt *t? qc* slc< e
He has lost almost ($*) all his money (cc STT q<:t< Bmq {RrlrQ t)
€rltc{ almost (eH c<t) El{l q'{nm afi< qRqFt T<[ce r

I drank (qlt smRill) enough ((qcq?, "f(o; mitt this morning.

She is quite ((c<'t) happy.
He is very ($) strong.
He is too (ql-{a C<Fi) weak to walk.
Earn much and spend less.
He knows little (<ers cslrE mRt? il) about (c"ffi) ii.
I am rather (@t) sick today.
He hardly ever ({arcv Ctfrq mitQ trt) comes here.
No such germ can live in ice.
You are partly
(ql(Flrnv|-r<) right.
A too luxurious (frqFr<rqq) thing is least ({< TrE, TEco (llrE mlr?E qt)
used (<r<*io q1;.
The more man gets the more he wants (Tl1{Is 'llREsEl-{).
Rice grows abundantly (q[{ {R{ftct) in Bangladesh.
 Grammar : Adverbs

EXERCISEI Adverb of qu
1. He is quite haopy. 2. He little knows about
read English books. 4. tuvn ur" puitrv-.igli."i.
it. 3. She can hardly
gone almost mad. 7. Ii is too much-foime.-g.
H" much 6. He has
"ur.,.
H";;';";";;i 'd:
spends less than her sister does. 10. i;:
countrv.
Jut"'g.o* abundantly in our

(f) Adverb of Affirmation and Negation : q? iTrq.:t adverb

qrEtqt<.Iqtfi(6{Tr{ I G:f{ s
Really (eFEflcF-ql ffiits) he is an honest man.
You are probably (lu<-re-$1 \e 11_q< frcfa; ,-,nn,.
He has perhaps (C€<s) seen a train.
He is truly gfu w<-ef {<llruq) a genius (efrsl{f{
<1fu).
I am indeed (9.l{'C{) a fool.
No, he did not go there.
Yes, you are right.
You shall (s<-Bt) not tell a lie (frqjT <-q.t).
She has certainly (ffi) done it.
He will possibly (C€-<i5) come today.

txEKcISEl Adverb of Affirmation € Negation eCqIT m;tE€

:
1. I am surely right. 2.you are p^ossibly false.
3. He has certainly
said
this' 4 Have you truly measured ("rR*"t F-{t) it?
5. The man is really a
fool. 6. Perhaps you have made a mistake (s_E).
7 He shall not do it
9qai1, 8' Every man is, indeed, a machine. 9. No, she has not come here.
10. Yes, vou can do it.

(g) Adverbs of Cause and Effect : ,{E {{.rffi

adverb arEt c+T{
verb-€T oM qSsFv q€il< TRrq s TEII-{F{ ffit51< r

Cause =TJ<cl I Effect = T-q.l-{iE I

frca<Eqr<qerq'.tflv c
I, therefore, (qse<-Fl?"fr$ fth="t o-acA; Ed qq .{q{l( .cE
SLa6"f,)
hope that you will do it.
The man was unable to work. (68ffi s.M s-{ln
sr$rB EE r).
Hence (€e skl"l) he was dismissed from the job (ufR).
He taught me how to do it (cc qffi-cs FnnRRE ftsk<
eil +<cv qn;,
and I did it accordingly (cwlr<). (F{lsE
{<tlrq)
You did not work; Consequently (F{s
s) you failed in your exam.
Wherefore
,he has
.
(ftVni) do you come here? I do not know why (cTl)
done it.
 422 A Passage to the English Language

EXERCISEI Adverbs of Cause and Effect eIER fr6D qT{ qts s

1. He left the school. There{ore, the Headmaster issued (sn4

sc-{Rrq-{) him a T. C.
2. She cannot undersiand why I went there.
3. A sound (1q) mind lies (ellfn) in a sound body and hence we
should take regular (FKRE) exercise.
4. We could not understand wherefore she refused (efsfFm-{ O-+O) to
do ii.
-
ii;3
.:.
(h) Adverbs of Order : €l adverb efr verb-€K Sl-q qpll q\sTIT
@r il order ffit +r< I R:FI B

First (4eflv 3), we have to collect the money.

He came last (q<r{({) but he finished first (erlr{).
Secondly (sl-<"f<; n ftfrlv;, we have to call a meeting.
Lastly (q-<f-l[T), We must arrange for a picnic.
{r$lQr{Es cqlBt qsr{R (botd) adverb srEI "cT,F[ <'lqtr{ "R c+Fttr
q5q" El ffif s<IR I qf,h-{GF TC{ adverbs of order.

EXERCISE | 3tD adverbs of order trcFq s-< q<R, elch< qm 3fr <m <Drl
T;T I

2. INTERROGATTVE ADVERBS
€i adverb srEt eH (Question) <tfi< sT{I <j?|aE q{ I L{srEl qRr{ qF
(place), l>[{ (time), {fu.t (quantity) fuTfrTdtrg qlc< rfrcu-<Bnf<qtot
"tV c

When did he go? (Time-$-cE) t

Where did he go? (Place-{<llm)

How did he go? (Manner <l B"nT d<tftue.)
How are you now? (q'{ql{<|lcq)
How much did he buy? ("iRNq 1<ficq).
How often (s-s{K) did he come? (Frequency <t C(fi {<lTfa')
Why did he go? (Cause KI Tf<q FIrEq)

EXERCISE j E"lC-q{ adverb erq] €f{ aTK cl-cal qlccl rTrR, qfrqtq,
q'|-{, w{ql, st<q tsflfrdffiq r frcE-{ adverbqrEt frcr Rftl efom <foi
'ftq n-<
,{<( cfi{E c€F Rr.is <r$i €"irr{ mRF 1w"*, q+ff) Frc6t re<rq st <q;
Why, how, how much, how many, where, when etc.
NOTE. Direct Question-4 auxiliary verb:FI{:Rtr subject q<qrctt T6C S

Inc. Why you did go there?

Cor. Why did you go there?
(e{fc+ subject € you; €< qr'i did <{r{ r)
 Grammar : Adverbs 423
Inc. Where she did go?
Cor. Where did she go?
Inc. When you wiII come?
Cor. When will you come?
Inc. How they have done it?
Cor. How have they done it?
ft-q indirect narration (speech)-€ qdlq indirect question-€ auxiriary
verb subject-q< "ltrd <-fC I

Inc. I know where did she go.

Cor. I know where she went.
:i? (q?Ilr{ auxiliary verb Tj:tr-e\o qr{ 4l Fld"f <ffifr indirect E\s{.kE
.J: €fi
affirmative-4 "ff?q-s qm'cq r fuS negative TltrsI auxiliary verb {l{tr{ r)
Inc. He ate when did he not worked.
Cor. He ate when he did not work.
(subject he-€R el{ did <Cr< t)

3. REI,ATTVE ADVERBS
gffl \6{ ETItqs? qe6{l {E 3 when, where, why,
Interrogative adverb
how. qsrEt {{q q{ &-6'Fnl s-fl-< q-{"j <I{Cs qT s?t4 qrq-strF <Fr
Interrogative adverb (Rl qT{l qEscl fir1& t) ft-q qerET <"lT E{ &El-qR
q$ <I{qs 1l Ec$ Efr sentence-GF T({S (relate) T-{ld 9-{i {|{qs qT s?F
qm-fcs relative adverb {cE r €rsIGI €ecdl adverb € conjunciion ct qfD
parts of speech q< slq $-CT I frCD-n <1Sl Efb rc-
I know ihe place. (ffiq]lffiffi r)
He lives there. (fr cc?fil-{'<Ic s'cT t)
<l$l EF cs TF F'c fr"ns {R-
I know the place where he lives.
$fi qr'{flfr fiR R{-rt cc <H st<)
qq c{"lka
= where. .{fr S{ €cllrq relative adverb, ol-<{ qfr ffi <f-+ire
Ts sr<(q I qtKsF &fr'q qry T-{ s q{tc{ where-GFFr E:l &-E"r'Tt +-{l{ q-dl
<rEqs q-fi r

ftq <lTrtrr+ qlr<Iu-{qrlcsl64 eri o-at q1T r Q 6{ where q< qlcrt c{ the
place' nounfr 6E'rlR qll iem where-word m ffi{ TRTR I the place
where-Cql E1TrtfE c{$6t . . . I ,!Q noun frr$ TCat antecedent (<T {fffi
-l{) r

Antecedent {<i rl'5lT C(({fq-S I|C<r-< (Aq+ relative pronoun-who, which)

6-+ qtrul <-cc I qE antecedent trr+ <tq'fira€ {siF qffF, cqrq g
I know where he lives.
qd e$Q r ftq cl <r+itr srrc cqq q<( q(fts qrrcq r frco qrrc sr<-sfr
bqr<q cq=t s
I know the time.
He will corne then.
 424 A passage to the English Language
<lsi EFrc c{Ft s'c{ fllsFt{ls (antecedent c-q)
I know the time when he will come. 4i( Antecedent Rl-g
I know when he will come.
q{f< frru-{ Sr$< El{rF qF€ scrsB Eq]r3q
ffi€{t qE s
Antecedent-TQ Antecedent-RfH
1. This is the reason (+R.t) why 1. lhis is why he did not come.
he did not come. (eE o-Kccf c{
qffily
ri$la
''i: .
2. That is the way (S"fm) how That is how you should do it.
you should do it.
3. I know the process ("tnfr) 3. I know how you can do it.
how you can do it.
4. This is the place where we 4. This is where we sat down.
sat down.
€<EI <td 8 antecedent {{ {fi when, where, how, why RKds
{l
s{{ \e-lCh-{CT {Cat relative adverb €{( Antecedent-Efg {{q q<i <I{-qE SI
Efi qfq<f$ (FI conjunctive adverb. eql:I CSfq (antecedent-T{ RI{QE
RrE) qfl relative pronoun q< TL!ql-{ Ttq s-C< I q<s. fr\r}{ 6Ffdi (6n1s6sdent_
q-qi1<qsCn) sfi conjunction (CTI;I and, but) €R Is Sfq $-tr{ I

EXERCISEI fr66j <lsls6fts antecedent effi

efET< C$-l [Frelaiive CSffi 66rrju6ctive El T{ B

1. He knows why I did not go there.

2. He knows the reason (sf<q) why I did not go there.
3. I'll see where he lives.
4. I'll see the place where he lives.
5. They learnt (Fk{frq) how they should handle (TgIFVt s<t, <jEqR
€{l) the machine.
!. They learnt the process
hor"v they should handle the machine.
7. We know the time when we should go.
8. We know when we should go.
NOTE : Standard R(f<-qrc antecedent (adverb q<) <I<-{T l'l +-+R sfe r

GENITWE ADVERBS
Possessive noun Cql6s (R adverb rt6s ql EmO <fq genitive adverb.
c{:l-{' 3

He must needs do it. (fi q<.Bq T|eTtr FiK{ Elt-$ ER qr{M-cT<

= q{i
orqF<i{FEr{ r)
€rlfC{ needs = of necessity = elCTlg-6{< possessive case-q ffiT{
"ttbC< r
flryRfE 3 This pen is of mine. q"fffi C{fiei of + noun (l of + necessity-3
Rq-C6I needs <]<-q-e- <T16S I qqT{i qch-T6o genitive adverb iltr{
r
 Grammar : Adverbs 425
qm€scrsFEqr<q s
He came here once (= of one time : q$-<f{) in his life.
I always (: of all way = 4{ 8"iRT = q-< rT{t{) speak the truth.
€SI't twice (: of two times); thrice (= of three times) Esnfr,S qil€h
adverb.

INTRODUCTORY ADVERBS
fro-<<r+lerntqv
There lived a man in a village. (qe,fiF <l-{ <t{E qs 6EIiF t)
Here are many boys playing. (qfis q-E-s cqsrs t)
$16-a qFre 1;,"r" €i( Here cfi{ EF 14flTR (.!<( .!s]-<("f adverb
a1-af

of place {'{), sF T-{Et q-{'i <I{AE RCTTq I ql {{C{< stq

ts{. sentence
(sentence-QF F<l3I S-|C-A) Here € There TJ-{{E {fq' \5f(q-{a$ {fq
Introductory Adverb. (lntroductory {1I{ {b-{qE-f <l qFs{5-S)
NOTE. Introductory 'there' e 'here' EKI <I+-i Etr {f,{ finite verb
tqI].Frflfu*) +<{:Ri subject-€< qkri <-cq I G:Fr 3
Inc. There a man lived in a village.
Cor. There lived a man in a village.
€{ff,{ subject "a man" ,{< qfC.f finite verb "lived" <lqTq I

INSTRUMENTAL ''THE''
Fn'o-r <r+rerEt t-s
The sooner, the better (<s fiB qg vu vlr r)
The more man gets, the more he wants. (El{{ {E ellT E\5 Dl{ l)
<l$l Ef}cs relative adverb of quantity (more) €K q'l-ctt <cc "tRqq (Uv
how much-TE{G) $ ilfB (to what extent) {_<tTrq; article Rffir< the Tl{ds
qqfr r gffi <lrs1< Qql{ the fB antecedent {c1 q<(
"fa<-ff tne-F
demonstrative adverb KIel {t{qs qcTCQ t

€tsrel{i:lQs the 6$ <rq Instrumental 'the'.

PREPOSITIONAL ADVERBS
Noun KI adjective-€K gIC{ preposition {S qfT TsTa6{I adverb al6io
q-s I GI5FI 3
rreposrtron Noun or Acljective = Adverb qal
on (: a) way ('ial) away ECT
on (: a) sleep (!l) asleep {qs
on (: a) loof aloof uc{
on (= u1 new anew ;1-s s'K
on (-a) ./q'
shore (el<) ashore qL<<frrs
 A Passage to the English Language

side (1l$
deed (fl-er)
day
morrow

Examples :
.:;' He keeps away from school.
They have fallen asleep.
She keeps aloof from me.
He will make it anew.
We sailed ashore.
It is six o'clock in the mornino.
She sat beside me_
He is indeed a good man.
Today i am happy.
Tomorrow they will go to Bagerhat.

ADVERBI.AL PARTICLES
Ft66-d <l-$j.€[-{I "lg s
1. (a) She put her dress on. (c{EF cqpfs "f<E t)
(b) she put her dress on the table. (cc dfrtq-{ u"R q< ceir-.frs
Ttrtq r)
2. (a) We went up.
(b) We went up the hill.
3. (a) He fell down.
(b) He fell down the chair. (c{ cD-{I{ ({cs
frco "frV crn r)
4. (a) She entered in. (C{ CsE53 ef6{1p-f,{ l)
(b) She entered-in the hall. (C{Cq srffi Fuc<qr<-l+-{E
r)
5. (a) Put your shirr off. (CqTK U1EI ge mr
r)
(b)I put off my shirt. (qtfr gl{R qI{T
{c{ m+o.lT t)
6. (a)Boys are running about. (<EF<l qfi-s sfrs
ffie<ra 1)
(b) Bovs are running about the pillar. (<iqr€fi gstrT
Ekfttr
mTgrre r)
S"n<-< (a)GRs<f+iernt up, down, in, out, on, off, about
tsrlfr word
aCEI adverb Rccr< <I{AE {LTte r

qRR {b) 6Rs <rercrqns €$R worderflt preposition (Noun €n Elc{

<rc'lC <'cq) q< IE <I{'qE qc{-e | €i wordqrdtr$ T(E
adverbial particles.

down, in, out, off, word qC{lrs <lf+T udu"rb e

preposition q< SE T|{{R S-{ I
 Grammar : Adverbs 427

COMPOUND ADVERB
G{{<t Adverb qt <t El{ c<Ft qslr+ word frc{ et$s strn<r-+ compound
adverb {cdl I c{5FT 3
other + wise : otherwise (q{tcnT, q{re'lr<)
some + times : sornetimes (f;5a1 qlr<{,
no + where = nowhere (coltlls 4I)
up + stairs = upstairs (fr& c+cq S"n+< ftE) (up = Elr<;
stairs = fr&)
down + stairs : downstairs (ffi c<q ftx fiirre)
mid + way : mid way (a<l "icrl) (mid = q:fi; way =
"iI{)
never+the+less = nevertheless (uaflPt, vgs)
mean + while = meanwhile (Qfus6ql; (mean = {{i; while
= qrr)
some + how = somehow (cfi1siT{)
there + up+on : ihereupon (cc sf<rc"f, qR={F)
there + about (s) : thereabout(s) & qf{, ft"i, <T {({fl-<
aPffi1
there+ after : thereafter (sl<"lK, cq-${ q{qlr< l)
there+ at = thereat t& qlc{, & o'Kcq)
there+ by = thereby (sI-<TrE, qI{)
there+ for = therefor 1& nNt+)
there+ fore : there[ore (,h Ff<rcl)
there+ from : therefrom (cs{l{ cclm, sl c{rs)
there+ in = therein (sK sr<i)
there+in+after : thereinafter (qfrq ffi< "r+Eff
qirr<
{c$ t)
there+in+before = thereinbefore (qfr-q ffi< {feff v<r'f<
rc<i r)
there+in+to : thereinto 1& qfcq< xc<l;
there + of : thereof G?K, Bcf cqlr+ r)
there + on = ihereon (sR S"lc<)
there + to = thereto (qR-s-q, vsSG)
there + under = thereunder (9K firo) ffi r

SENTENCE ADVERB
C{ Adverb cslq qsB {cfl sentence -cs modify T'c{ sr$ {6{ sentence
adverb. ({:F[ 3
Study hard; otherwise (qtq'), you will fail.
 428 A Passage to the English Language

"fa+ff <-s-<l € q-t{ <tolF ryou will fail.)

€rlff,{ otherwise (lQro)_e<
cqr-{ . . . ctc-E ft q?r<, er<-{ef <l+],F-{ sefi Te-l qcr {rt-{ r ,!s.rm otherwise
R{
l{<totF< adverb.
Now, you are in a good position.
I did not join the meeting. Therefore, he fired (T{1E $sFT) me from
the job.
He is a good man. yet, he has few (.{<t TI) friends.
, t*'' vour brother has not advanced
1i *:".ffitn't}; iffi;ern":"
Good men can be trusted (fu{ T<l), indeed (eq\5 "rcS).
He never studied much. Accordingly (+T-q), he failed in the
examination.
However (Tltlq[:F), the story is not finished here.
Moreover (qfi-{$, he ivas u tt-,i"f.
.Thus (qsrc{), rve reached the station. she walked barefooted ({fii
the garden at night. Consequently (FCE), she hal a baa cold
IP
({Iq). 'n
We walked for about (el_{) two hours and became tired. Luckily
(sltB-4'cl), we got a car.
Fortunately (f,fr"qrB-+-Cl), he won the first prize.

R*-str euasi Adject'.,3Rti,.*o*Y*tff*.. adverb s,car <r{c. Er r

6TIFI 3 Adjective : It is contrary ffr{fu) to our proposal (e;glq;.

Adverb : She acted (STGT ST<&E) contrary to our expectation
Grsfi"il).
Adjective : The previous (({r.fn) date was cancelled by the
instructor.
Abverb : He said that his father came home the previous (@)
day.
Eeltr<K {ISleIElCS contrary, previous-word
E'fr quasi adverb. L{slli
pursuant(to) (q-{ClcT), regardless (f{frI-fcs), preliminary (Elaffr-s),
preparatory (Sqft{q-$) ffi e qffit Adverb.

_ OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH USED AS ADVERBS

Noun : The meeting -- was month long.
(month €Fft noun. long adjectivn-CO rloun-fr modify TC{-6Q <6{ q'
€rlltr{ adverb R{lr< <I{qs Rrra 1)
The tree is breast high ({-s Etl qfu-s).
Pronoun : She will not"i6s buy it either.
Adjective : She returned safe ffr'<t'tfq).
Preposition : He came in.
 Grammar : Adverbs 429

ADVERBS USED AS NOUNS

Adverb F?FIS F{qs norrn Rfir< 31aqv R'F "fir< r fi-c"u qrs'{ T-e-$e6ql
ffi{<"f fiTIEh'B
Adverb K-C'i s He went inside (gsC{).
Noun {-Ctl I He came out from inside
4:lt6{ from Qh preposition. €i €9l[< C{ word T{$ {[ 6{t{ \d E6{
preposition-€F object. 9l{ object Ifi E?F fi5?? €h noun.
Adverb sc'l s F{e will come then (vrlr).
Noun {-Col 3 He will come by then. {il:lll qttk qst I q{Itr{ by R'{
.ai3
:1, preposition.

ADVERBS USED AS ADJECTIVES

Adverb c+tq noun-cr qualifv tr'G? fi'F-€ cl t adverb qualify F6{
ft
adjective, verb-{rFltrF I Noun-CS qualify Om adjective. Ei5€{ noun-6$ {fr
C$F adverb qualify 4.6{ st\rq q1-qg1 <-"Ks {lR C{ & adverb-fr adjective-€R
$fq sK'Cq 1fr65j a1-aiqraftE €l adverb e(41 adjective '{a ns FfS Tr{CR 3
The down train is late today. €rlIC{ down train : down going train'
He is going to the down town'
He was the then president of Bangladesh.
E"n-<< <t+ierqns down, down, s then-adverb ffi adjective-(i Ev
SfqTL<CQ4t<"1 \5FI {qnG;C{ train, town, € president-noun ffifS qualify
FrfR I

The Formation of adverbs from adjectives

(1) :il$<qs adverb att{ $-{l qr s
@-qsrr<
Adiective --Tilterf
slow ({R) slowly ({lr<)
firm (W) firmly (pl'c<)
wise (fre) wisely (fievtr<)
cleverly (u1Elrs-{ q'Tcel)
clever (El{fs)
strong ({ffift) <I'l.wwT)
stronsly (oftq
weak (Kdq) weakly G{{slr<)
bad ({{) badly (vqqr{;
new ('l\?i) newly $qwF<)
dear (fug) dearlv (qlsGrs-'ll-lc-<)
hlgh (BE) highly (86 qr{,Itr-qr{)
say (clfr{R) gaitv GftrIFr< clcq)
neat (1Rq) neatly (affivtr<)
strict (srt-{) strictly (oth<-olc<)
straight (c4l$l) siraighily (csrql"sl-c<)
 430 A Passage to the English Language
NOTE. Adjective-(i 6.IR y cll€CFI adverb-S-{f< {I-{ y qrt ftfn ily
filcv qn I R5l{ 3 gay-gaily.
(2) safe, high, near, low, hard, fast, early, late, little, much,
far Rsfifr
word s6El adjective € adverb KT1 <Fl-d's q(g 9||C{ s

Adjective Rffir< B It is safe (fr-<ffi).

Adverb Rfifq 3 He returned safe (=safs1ty
Gilol-cq)
Adjective fqrlr< s It is hard (rlg;)
Adverb T-['t 3 He siudies hard (+rtk-er<).
alJ}
Adjective {'Cel 3 We are too much late.
Adverb {-C't 3 She came late ((hRes)
(3) Friendly, lowly, surly, comely, lovely, likely, miserly Qsilln
adjective q3 elR ly ell+-cois €il adverb Rflr{ <I{qs Ecs qrc{ { r qr{ ft
q&-<' CAI{ adverb form s Ot r q{{
6T'GI 3dysfu <K{f< S-{f< ECTM1 qffi
phrase i]-{{kt F{rs R{ t Rrt{ s
Adjective : He is very friendly (<-{"st<j'R)
Adverb : Inc. He behaved friendly with me.
Cor. He behaved in a friendly way (manner) with me.
Adjective : He has a surly (+-6{, sq) voice.
Adverb : I_nc. She speaks very surly.
Cor. She speaks in a surly voice/tone.
Adjective : The man is miserly ($"f"1).
Adverb : Inc. He lives miserly.
Cor. He lives like a miser.
Adjective : She has a lowly (fi!, v{6) voice.
Adverb : Inc. She spoke lowly.
Cor. She spoke in a lowly voice.
NOTE : Inc. The train runs good.
Cor. The tr'ain runs well.
FFtcl s run €
verb (rlIcd' {R qd qq b.rE' r good frcn ..c+q-{
trc61" <l
'.u-ql +.ME ftg.lr< r*fH qs" sr gflm
r fu cOof +t-q fuK >t*f-{ E{ El
{-<fl-cq
6{ word fr q vl q{ adverb, adjective Citr I good €
n-{llT adjective, 4K
adverb form Rq well. €if{ {C<fq C{{ B9R-T< <frsl well{t{qs €6{?

Comparison of Adverbs
(Adverb q< F{-{1)
Adjective-€K Degree of Comparison
'ffgR qlr C$F_good-better_
best ; bold-bolder-boldest ; talr-taller-tallest ffil 6-s ($teR<
S\5iFef{l adverb €R€ dsgrss of comparison 9l6R t 661".tive €{ IE
adverb-s degree of comparison tffiq-< T{T ssserfi frw cqrq Drd I fr6u
ccsrfl cq-{tqq s
 Grammar : Adverbs 431

(1) efil{ ly nt q:f+ s\9-$srET adverb 4K C"lF er s est C$'t F({ n{f$n
comparative of superlative A<Cg qT S
Positive Comparativ€ 5uperlatrve
fast (qs) faster fastest

late (ofrre) later latest, last

loud (Eutm) louder loudest
hard (Tdl<-sl.r<, s#) harder hardest
roo.t (fu) sooner soonest
tow (fitt'm ;FWn<) lower lowest
near (firort) nearer nearest
much more most
little less least
hiqh hioher hiqhest
121 m+< adverb-€R 6-lC{ ! {lm CCrtTEl{ 9IC{ more €R( most qql{l less

€ least <RcT <et|4({ comparative € superlative +Tt E{ 3

Positive Comparative Superlative

easily more easily most easily
quickly more quickly most quickly
careiully more carefullg most carefully-
ption) : earlv-earlier-earliest
exception) early-ear
TEFefql adverb-€i degree of comparison qR{frsslf< E{
(3) s

Positive Comparative Surrerlative

ln nner inmost, innermost
far (1r<) {arther farthest
out outer, utter outmost, utmost
well better best
forih further furthest
little less least

Adverbial Phrases
nt <1\5@Tks word €FGi .{str{t€ part of speech .'c< sTq T-{'tE slCs
TF phrase. ({:Ft 3 cordially ({nvl< {lcal) -mtr{ "lR-{d in a friendly way
(qgt6rc<) word srql <rqqT< +-aco 'fiR :
He received me cordiallV = He received me in a friendly way.
.4r1ffi vQC{ in a friendly way -l{eE EE qsF phrase.
sRCI <qr {fR CsF phrase {"F qs.F adverb q< rE s'M s'C< s{{ E'lCs
(FI adverbial phrase.E"ft<< EE-fq-TC't cordially EE qsF adverb, sf< {fu
<KqE ECTIS in a friendly way phrase fr I {6<l( qtr SE adverbial phrase.
RCD adverbial phrase q< qtc<t sL{f+F €q'f{<q m-{ 3

They worked together (q$rq).

 432 A Passage to the English Language
<frefr+<rqr'fr-slr<r" (how)vr-{c-q E-s<
"ns$ {I3r together (q+-cq).
{q{i( qfr €sF adverb. frg tosether .c< {fu.fr Arx -fqieAA',
They worked in a body (qF@).
qd q<( part of speech qsl cilfs r gE({,
ER6E€
body. €{lC+ in a body€ adverbial phrase.
together = in a
He sometimes comes here.
€tll-C-{ sometimes : {It<f ITf<l
He comes here from time to time. €tlIc{ from time to time
= {16{I
EIr{, C{Cq-g sometimes €FF adverb (when? €i qI.J< Ug-{
frcQ') Frr€_
i;,' from time to time €TF adverbial phrase.
,:i.
(lifFC"l) =She told the story in a nutshell.
She told the story briefly
€rllC{ briefty
= in ? nutshell. briefly {{ €SE adverb (slfi how? {l
"6-6-qq 4-6tr7" eqn €-g< frre), pnl in
a nutshellSE S+,ft adverbial phrase.
cqqfl coMMoN PHRASES AND IDIOMS Esrtrc{ qrc<r qfi$ adverbiar
phrase "116{ I

Adverbial phrase fr-sRT rt6s CT

(1) Et <t El-qft-s adverb
nw q6s 3

We attacked them again and again. (,{1116{ again and again

€
adverbial phrase. Again € adverb {
fi{lst phrase fts <fqqo qci(q t)
The boys are running up and down. (€{k{ up \9 down
{4 adverbs).
(2) Noun il Gerund q< qT{ preposition <R.6{ e
They worked in a body (qo-csiT'l) (€rlR-{ in = prep, body neurl
=
She came in time (qfts qILT-{ T($), (q"Ikq in prep, time
= = noun)
(3) Bcq-ft, FFtct, +En-{FEt ffi
_ 11t16{ c{erqt infinitive adverb
R{r{<]=t.qs$ (Non-Finite Verb q{Ik{ Infinitive q{cqq &1) a He came
to see me. (clW$rs 6q"r5s qq&E r!1q"5-orfi)
(4) Qualifying word >l-tRv Adverbiar object : He walks four
kilometres an hour.
(5) Nominative Absolute : The game (being) over, we went home.
(Being) Asked what he would do, he said that
he wourd do nothing (fr ft
T-<r<Ms<lRrE CqTE"E cs frfrR<t{,Kqt r)
(Nominative absolute Cqffi qft<T ts1-f{-Ce bl€? 9{C{
Non_Finite Verb_
9$TCs Absolute Use of participle section fr cn"t r;

Uses of Sorne Adverbs

(a) ago : €fi wqsrlcq< c$t-{')T'q-s "tfs e{{
cqrcs
{<lTcq adverb Rq.fr<
aso <r<-w Es I fuT< firE a qq <6qq {q6 ,
 Grammar : Adverbs 433
B {S-t (a-vt rtto ctrs) <Rq< qtat cqqf{ cq"[ EcTRE 1 ft'q gfr *lxxo
clE" 6cilF 4l T64 ()bbo cetcs )bbe) - e Qil qgc< <e[s ute r vdts gfr ,,ae
qT{" (qr< period of time irt(E Dl€ I qrs@ CsFlf$ ago <FfqR F.?l-Cs
Er{ s
I met ({lste, sr{RqT{) Rahim three years ago.
ago SefiF $fg{ qltsfq sentence fr past tense-q efSf"i F<Cs qr{ S
Inc. I have met him three years ago.
cor. I met him three years ago.

(b) Quite-tc-<ttR, c-?{-ftr s Fn:u{<t$jF rc s

She isquite happy.
You are quite well.
happy, well a-YF etrrc<fD-$ 31qrrf<'q<-{ E-rFfs adjective-q1 Eft{ quite
<Ic lft-q
Inc. He is quite unwell.
cor. He is very unwell.
qdls Ws { q{S-q5-s adjective q< qlc't very iIT{Rt :FiKe
RT, quite
3T{-I'{T-flSFICI I

(c) very-$, q\5ls s frtr-{ <lsiarsl 1-v s

Inc. It will be much useful.
cor. It will be very useful.
€tllc{ useful € positive degree-€K adjective. positive degree €R
adjective q< qIE much Ttrt TI, very <CC I q-{l?t
Inc. The scenery Q,li) i. much charming (qC{fq{).
cor. The scenery is very charming.
€1116{ charming RFI present participle (v+ing) KT adjective fr.'Cal <I:lqs I

Present participle-€R gt(tl very T6{, much {i I

(d) much-{-<"t, qffi${fr

s frcu-<<t$jqnT flg s

cor. It is very interesting (=present participle). fte

Inc. He was very astonished (=W<tl+, past part).
cor. He was much astonished.
sI{6{ 6q?mn GI present participle qT qfCrt adverb R{R-{ very il1'ri
ft past participle qt qlC4 much {C{, vergr TT I qRR frCo-< <lqerqt
oluo

Inc. I am very better today.

cor. I am much beiter today.
E'ffd{<fsj better {d' comparaiive degree-i adjective. €R glC{ much
TC{o very <fC4 t

\'fqfq qFRt| ql:|-fi{ 6{t past participle rs comparative adjective

qjf qtrt much TC{ t

APTEL_z8
 434 A Passage to the English Language

EXERCISE I It is much astonishing €i( I am very astonished {lsl

EtF much s verb q< <r+{< gE c<t{? cS-{ <te.t EF ft ft qr<r
Ans. much € very-€3I fr{"{ 6a{ r

(e) too-vko, qBks B Non-finite verb E{Il6{ frCD-{ pattern q< <lst
?sR sr<fuE c
He is too weak to walk. (C{ qe T{E c{ tirs 'fi[< {l)
" jj? {C{ EIIIQE? c{{I6{ too {',rc{ 'qE C<Ft m . . .' r

'::'' qFll< It is too much for me. (q qlTK qqi qfrfr-s) <lsifrrs€ too llc{
'ffiF" r vl{ffi Cq{ C'lEl C{ too 6FFt C€f{ 6E CE infinitive <t q{i CSFI adverb
phrase il adverb,/much) q-< qEel <f<-qs q-s r

Very 4tr E-RW{ too {l=f{l3t T-{l {l{ ;i| I

Inc. The tiger is too strong.

cor. The tiger is very strong.
Quite €R {6fl€ too <I{ql-< S-{ Rlll4l S

Inc. She is too happy.

cor. She is quite happy.

(f) hard, hardly

Hard-sl6Rsfc{, {R?fF< clcal I Rq'{-He studies hard.
hardly-Fffiq, {l <Ercq€ D-FI I ,sfr q< qrR cl-c<I{'s il negative vrf qq];I
s-r< I

cq-{-{ s I (qffiT c+.f{ tsf+I cr\ aqr{s EcE 1)

have hardly any money.
hardly any, hardly ever, hardly at all, harclly-when €K ffiFts
<t€RerqlEsjr-{ s
I have hardly any friends here. (q{1-fi qlxlK c-Tlf {T-<lq-{ O? <-qFe
5'ffi t)
He hardly ever comes here. (cl €{Ird El* qtrcE {'i - cq eellr"T qm
qftc qI <qrq? um r)
It hardly rains at all during the winter in Bangladesh. (Tl(El(qIIt
ffsonq 1E <x ql <+c+R me r)
Hardly had we reached the station when the train left. (RlT<l 6*"16{
cfiErsqt cftRsoR 6* ervPq ,;
sRfE c!i-{l {t[u{ hardly any : (affi 6a;6q Cqlds ql <l nE r

qq) *ntR {l hardly ever : T{(9 c'frq

hardly at all = SaKs ctkE (csF{
s{-{t 4l hardly---when €sF olq qrg { <s qffi qq r qF Eq
correlative conjuniiion.
 Grammar : Adverbs 435

EXERCISEI Translate into English :

1. qTR qtr <ttc-{ stt{ TECEg E-cE r

2. ElffiT m?tkq cfrqro qt cfiqrq 1E ffi-{ r

3. 'ffqFcg c{F qT oQ <-qrqi wq r

(g) no, not

No(l{d-sRT adjective frC'l I 3l
have no pen.
6{'q-{
€1116{ no€ indefinite numeral adjective (Adjective q{IT{ Cqq) I

NoVRI{ sentence adverb 6r'f <Ftqtr Rn S No, I have not seen him.
€rll({ no Sl-fl X!il <lSjrs qualify F{l q6q I ft-q not iFtds R.{ adverb ol
negation {''[et 3 He has not done it.
NOTE , QC(TfrF double negative nKq-s ET El s
Inc. do dot know nothing.
cor. do not know anything.
of' know nothing.
Inc. did not see none.
cor. saw none.
or, I did not see anyone.
Inc, Nobody did not come.
cor. Nobody came. ffi t

(h) since :
q6{ q'PCq E present perlect
continuous tense-€K SC{-Str <lTl+f fuC{
since 6$ qT<I <iTqR Tr.4Qfl{ I Er4 $ qlfs'CE dE-<!" @6{ q1€ I C{rll(T since
€< sdfs-q "cfi{ frffi qqs calrs str T-r<-" r fue since ffi udunrb q=*
<FrqsqnERTEg<qdql ago : wlrd r vdls
Since = ago = Tfd, qftrf GT-{ 3 I went there long since
= I went there long ago.
(i) fairly, rather
fairly = W, r<.l s slq qud I fi{-d B He is fairly clever (cc c{"t DtFilss
qdt\ RsturqTfr {qq$r< r)
ft-q U" is rather stupid. (C{<g C{ls.l s asl 6q,rflfr flqq'36q1 ,;
sf{t{
'tKq s gn 1,
rather = C+"1, ftDT s Tq'q'Cd r sRcT frTsq {<lrg
rather clever €K( He is fairly stupid {l$i E dl rsF qE r ql{l< The book is
fairly lighr (Elqot e qds, Twt qff$ll qqq sL< e <wl vtro {Ft r)
The book is rather heavy. (<tr!t <<( c{-iqfr. T$l srs
lFf qr ,)
The water is fairly hot.
TErE 6{l<rt {T{ C{ Tst (\5Ef rr<n 9flF
"te-{ sL<, ftq
The water is rather hot.
<-{6q FRfi<lT 6{{sl qE
'Kq 'llfr'taq4134,
 436 A Passage to the English Language
I alike (r{-st <-$tr<), like (rv), simitar (€et <-$'cq-<), different (frX
frfi eq'lfr verb .{?t q[Cet rather i'C{ "a little" Tl '!{q;qr' vdqal-"lT-r{ I cql;ls
He is rather like his brother. (fr ftRA q< qtcm \-s t)
The two boxes are rather sirrrilar. ({lg Efb q<< e<t <-$I t)
The two girls are rather alike. (c{-c* E dR-s TEEfr 6c"ks qsi
<-sn-< t)
Karim : Are these two book similar? t<t e'dt ft
qsq <-<Fcffi?)
'* pi;r Rahim : Oh No! they are rather different. (4l ql, q E 6l Td( Bd <ircl< t)
.$, Iamusing ({6,l-<), clever (E'I{I=F), good, pretty ({-"{{), well ffi
favourable adjective ,C< qfttf rather iFKE ,tff< t sf< E{{ \5k qd qk qlctk
Ts qlrs 4, "fR-<ffi qcT {l{ | cTT{, qFf{l qfcui cqr{R a,
The water is fairly hot. ('ttfift K{ 'K{ r)
s{r<flq{8fi{4r1ffi &qffi'<ERsr<"st{ {qq rRqfrcr<<roB a
6q
The water is rather hot. (9fTffi c.t <l T{( tffl l)
q celcs c{l$ {l{ c{ <sk s]Tq rlfi {fr {q{-fu qT I qdlq, rather Elil
qflqq tr<ml qcTCq | fr-qB9l(-{Gfts favourable adjective eCfi{ 9.lC{ rather
{trrE q< qdqT very, qdlssoF a

q<(Ettr?F Qre.{lF$ <t qt mt<-+ qd mt r

The play was rather good.

C{5lq,3
(: The play was very good. l.lffi$glERE r)
<miF qil c+<I]ftR R' q<-sq qlFs r{s. cq?fll st-q r qf{F fuu< <toiB qg r

The piay was iaitiy good. (4!ffi STfffi vfq Rq r)

q{el <llsln qsfifu q<?ll{l qn?fl c{ qE 'l{cT {{D F-r{ e-TsT clt-s qt
o--fi c'lE c{ fairly € rather C{ frF 6$ro qa{ frqfts qd
ETE I Te=nt( cq"lt
cFis I ,4:ffiqk\3 $Gr$Fgqrq<q cq"l s
Biva : Mina is a foolish girl. (fu .asF C{lst clcs r)
Eva : O! no, she is rather clever. (q;66 Tt, c{ Ti( {{ El;Ils t)
41116{ rather: very.
The song is rather amusing. (afl48 C{t ESTK r)
It is rather a good idea. (= It is a very good idea.)
She is rather a pretty girl. (: She is a very pretty girl.)

TlFierEl l-ry {r{l Cq qrEk qlrc-{ Tsili

F{ tefcllEttqTq{.tfuqK m'?fiq{q r

1. You are fairly rather stupid (C{|ST).

wise, but he is
<s'l wise Tifur+ {Q{ € stupid <]ers q'iqt F-<Tq
qttr?ti s q?ffc{ I

2. This book is fairly interesting, but that book is rather boring

(ffi-sr)
r\t?tl 8 q?Il.r{ <s'l this book frr+ "fq'q € that book Fr+ q"tq-,q aftq r
 Grammar : Adverbs 437
3. This box is fairly light, but that box is rather heavy (vtR).
TS{t 3
4. The girl is fairly tall (A?l), but that girl is rather short.
:l\t-{t 3
5. The tea was fairly hot.
NFn 3
B. qR-< 4l exercise €< E{rr< Bqf€q srqt fl-v €<( fir6-{ <lrcj erEf< qd
Tr<t cc sr{fqBlr6:rs<l 6E{ |

1. The play was fairly amusing.

{rr{I s qaoqrltr$Tl e'{6EsrB ol r

The play was rather amusing.

IEt?ti s q-{+T q.|}s aaq 6q"nt BFs r

2. The sugar 1ffi) is fairly good.

Nt?ri 3

The sugar is rather good.

Ttt{i 3

3. The boy is fairly clever.

I\r<-t 3

The boy is rather clever

Tg?ti 3

4. She is a rather pretiy girl.

IR'?[I 3

NOTE. : a/ an+fairly / rather+adjective +noun

C{:FI 3 a rather/ fairly pretty girl.
fts<l I airly / r ather +a,/an +Adj. + noun
G[:R B rather/fairly a pretty girl.
q<l6q cs-FW-<l<i-cqoqcs
'||C< I

0[ lpr4ly, scarcely, barely

'ci ffi adverb
q< T{'s negative <l Tt Gl$F qd 6q-{ r hardly€n (r{{f-{
qfc{ qrcqru-* s-fl qrs6q I q?r6{ <tft
nt< <Iq{< firt r

scarcely= almost not, $-{ Tnl, T{cs crlfE mfcts qt I 6.frl;{ B

There are scarcely ten boys in the class. (qE c$ftrc Ts CW< qI q-{
<rES qtrq I €?ilr{ scarcety={grqtt; catdc \5tT cEft T{ elfill{T qT+s t)
fu$ barely=only just, 6-s fts, mlcts c{ft T{ r

C{:F{ 3 There are barely ten boys in the class. (ql C*fifs $-a q"iq-a
<F-sqrc l)
Titu : Can you see the bird? (S ft 'llflft 6n{re=
"ilrs.?)
Shitu : I can barely see the tree. (ffi tsI lt|etlr+ Cq?ks eilfr r)
 438 A passage to the English Language

IT{VERSION OF THE VERB

(verb 6$ q-dlqrT cRcT ft-T
iI{qF s<t)
fto< qrgtr qv
qtR wa nfis cqFIR r

qf$iBrc qsbr ffik qle<t't n-trcu q64 q slr< fr?ks qo; ulrs q.fi
oqae
mFtiF r

4{Ft{-{, "ftFt-t-fr" co 't" q< st1cct 4,Eq1fr cq1< qpcfiP1s q[Tcq I q<t<
qqrr <tsjF{ Qqffi qsTq mvfi qts r

I have never seen him.

€tll6{ never {f, adverb {T seen verb ft{ qfc{ {cc-cq r frq S"fr<-< frBa
<I(s't <lT]frcs 6$Fr verb q< E"lir (cqR-q-fr) csrr{ crT{.| qG'[q q?llr{ c',-{=[ csi]<
fr[E ERI{ seen €Ji qlcst qR never 6s Tffc{t }-qR qf I Efi <lstfu Sc<
'ta-q
Ra-*1 r

Never have I seen him.

Cqt< CS El{ frq" q|-{ ccl6s qft6n ,C6{' qs1LT <jTqR,<p-<Fr TF
e-{f{ Q-{i verb
{f, inversion of verb. qFF Tafi {c"t ct{, Tlrsl {?tT negative qafFrs
csTRrcEFslK gft.a cvmn ofi o-<t q{ E?l{ verb€K 4S'l inversion
R{ r fi-6F
q<eBqr<qerls< c
Inversion C{E B He not only beat the dog, he killed it too. (c{ s{
q-g<E c+ ffi
smfr, ffir<s crr<RE t)
Inversion VlC{ B Not only did' he beat the dog, he killed it too.
(qTl'+-* "f<-{q<I$],BF auxiliary verb ,'do', <iTao {C{rq r)
Inversion iR B He always goes there.
(cc r{ q{'{i fi-rfic{ <r* l)
Inversion gtGR 3 Always does he go there.
(rl{qT{E cq 6{"[rq{T t)
(€{I({€ fr-qT <I$iFrrc auxiliary verb "does" q< n]-{fi ElrB sT t)
Inversions qR e He became so angry that he killed the dog. (Cc cu
6crf Cfldt c{ c{ T-{-<ERT mci CF-q-q r)
Inversion gICR s So angry did he become that he killed the dog.
(q\5 6trc'f crlE cc cs T-{Tfirc 6{ cqr<R Fs"r r)
Ram : I did not go there (stfr cq"ncq l1tR r)
Sham : Neither did I. (qfr s <'Ffr = {tfi qtfr e r)
Kamal : You do not do it. (S,g$m+-<4 t)
Jamal : Nor,/neither does he. (E"5q II cl-s r)
Rina : I take regular exercise. (qtfr FfTfis <mn oR r)
Mina : So do I. (ctfr s ql = qfr e q? +fr= +R qfi e r)
 Grammar : Adverbs 439

dr<F frrE.{ b)fiRe erEIF verb 4K inversion EIFI S-{ s

<l-si
(a) I do not play football and I do not play tennis' (wfi Tf<-{
c{fr-{ q<qqfr fifiq ffia 1;
(b) I do not play football, nor do I play tennis' (qTft Tr{q
r<fi-+, cqfrlt 6fic\e r)
(u) You did not do it and your father did not do it'
q4rq 4-{R,
(b) You did not do it, nor did your father' (qfr
sc<qR NFt<<]{ls l)
€<K frfD-< exercise efEI T-?{ I

EXERCISEI A. ffi- effil flTg vfcq-?r <I(EI qd ffi{, q<K <r<Fi

erfl.f; *rbG-q<qrq qffiu''G*-6*{sqcqf<B"r< *.Fn€ r qt{-ofi-<s
qd 6'"t reatqFEhT{<qRqtr<s'c cq-slEE I

(1) I had never been there before'

qd c qIfi 64"t1tr q-c'i Tq{s {Efr I

Inversion of verb : Never had I been there before. or, Never

before had I been there.
qd e +{qe qlft cq"flra srcsl<ltfi r

(2) She not only tells a lie, she plots against (fr-rffi D-sls FtK) people
too.
(3) She often (4-{"1; comes here.
(4) The tin grew so hot that we could not touch (mt$) it'
(5) They not only failed in the exam, they left school too'(El3ll {4s
qr.s-{ r)
q<
B. frcr< <lslsrElrs E<r<.firc qq<Fi e

(1) qtfr*tr bread)rflt{l, {t*to-els t

(2J sl{t it[De rl, <16-N ffi{ \e 4l I (let live : itms cnrt t;
(3) cqfrC<sTI,fir<sat r

(4\ qfr Elro ffi qt, ffi nT sK etEro'g r

(5) qlfr dR<ttr fl&F' q&F d F\e r

nor do I eat bananas. (2) They

xir"*"r* e. lti t do n]t nit ureua,
ao not tiun, nor do it't"v t.i-tiu.. (3) She will .not.give' Ilor will she, take'
t+l l'af ,.,,it know her,-'rrli a" I know her brot6er. (5) I have not read
this book, nor have I read that.
q< {c$ ts{ f,{ <1-{rF <l
C. frrF-{ paragraph erEI "tg sE(S&fr pragraph
o
<lsl erql G]?tss(<< hold) strco<1c{erEfr$R(rTftcE$ffi4-4
). qtft ssl-qcE eEqTtr c{ c{E? (€?
a sE] Ft GItfirrcq.qt,c{E<F en;'61** '
440 A Passage to the English Language
s ql{k
cEt qr{ qs ql r sletg s.sfi w'lETs
s
fr sBtrsq{s.9kta;q
e
s.{ flgR r

s ft-q c{ Ft qrr +rr rt,

Il s yq ft q'E Trst qTlR *
<t" qt qkeFTs I

B
qB B c<rq, 6skrfr{tqcR"fia
*R"* ECr'-
s q qr ft-str<, qfr ret qefr{
B c \5nfre rR (=wfr€ Ert)
vtltl oR r

P
Rft s Erfr qfrfr{
RsA F. G. ofi
a qfie sR (=qrfr e ccp)
r

T
sfu e eell-c{ frTsT{ R]-q-s wcq-RFlEt, q{6I \e 6{I:FI
ry s ffi p6 ffi, eaq-< Erqi rBI{-.q e coFn Rt€{s r

ST{'{ s T{I q1-q€ (=qqqs qm ;fS r)

r