Chapter 39

CHAPTER A 39
.,,j,.4
TRANSFOhWATION OF
SENTENCES
I. INTRODUCTION
qs ESr{ <r$lro q{t qs
eral{ Tlr$]. qRre +-acu qTcT{ C$'r{ sr$<
$$?fr q'5q{ vR ep6"1u *'ltv.l cru qTT "RrEsalt qr.frne laQ
| {qfl( 1ftffi
yP s-sF qG ewg,I{q{fiR_qsafi
q$'effiR <[-si {"llg.R-s
firG <nt {tr r qs ersm <rEr qqj
F_.Il (transform) Tl,f qr< s
r <f$l-{ wd< qR<\td sFR r <tr+i< ni w".tu tR_+fiaqFt3
er.s-s"lrs qrd< tffi ql T'G €$ e1-E1-4 <lnjrs q.{I
E_s.ld <lc+l {RqE
TTkSt transformation of
sentences Tffi I sT'ttrl ftg r* E*
c{f<,Q q6156 transform $3Ft
r
fA"O
I g,tt{rve.- Negative € Interrogative,€B1 1R{6{
wft qffi{T1g s
c
Present e pu
{4 verb {l principal verb Rflr< <Fq.r- q{ qfC<rs n€gaffi-"rcs-<E Fverb
qIEi< 1K not ETEg q<( interlogative
Q.r' *r" G b --# JrU;".t
eR
lfc{ fqlrs qF r ffi{ s arg. : He is angry. ""rU
More Exam
Atttramtive ......"_
Neqative
t am a boy. t am not a bov. tu
He is a student. Am I a bov/
He is not a student Is he a stuient?
They were huppy. They were not happu. Were they happv?
She was absent. She was not absent. - Was she absent?-
We are good men. We are not good men.
Mina is hungry. Are we good men?
Mina is not hunqrv. Is Mina hungry?
The child is fat. The child is notlai.
He is rich. Is the child fat?
He is not rich, Is he rich?
Biva is wise. I Biva is not wise. Is Biva wise?
692 A Fassage to the English Language
lqtA<ffi-{',+.cas1
&ru.***Am-* {sl' qsrm, z-+{, ffio{diT ttll.qe-st"f
q-{-m"l q{'m'cal clxr< q<'-6rq< wctft nqn ft'K64r
sra <'6q'*Rq-{ <lsirs c?rca
.' q*' fl"lt qrrfqq I c$F{-
#*'i* , *o'q* 6oo Rna" 4 qffi
q-t {ftffi'6
qsK< negativeF{l{r
Man is mortai. (:f,'SE€qfu t) <Wfifcoqfr
q-<qQe ral r)
Man is not mgrtai. (]Aq
frqas'cc{ w-s r sFq !T{! Fl
laqxrR T<'r.}q-
s"r'.r,4 q Lq4 s<s"-{ ;\9;
q{-{Et(-{ negative fil-F qr{
,c< f$14<]tr@TqMs manqHfi 1sK6E <lsiFrs
(qq q"d qdq'tffi cflrs, m.fi 3
qq< {{ t)
Man is not immortal' (E'E{
-{l-+Ifr64 El-tI slr<€ negative Ffi 6{s s
** Aq*dDl ffi qfrq |
No man is immortai-CSl4 {l{s Sl{ 4T l)
ftt< fr[r< <r+iFe <tTqE q@ ql-{s 3
qR g rl{< {{"|ft{ a3 r)
It is not that man is not mortal' (qil
c{:ff{< q'dcfftq ar71
ft<A Wiro says that man is not mortal?(rs <cE
.sqld frcF-d BrTEd"t€rEt "lv 3
-'-- not rble(

untavoure
The w'ind is
- -
Fi-ceG*t.h"uP (EI
sfCS-fi4 negative
verb 6SFt be-verb TS
cs {< Atfirmative <I[<FI{ {E {rll(6
g tense Wfllft auxiliary ';erb + not
xa 6 5fd .,artr 4K HlCtl subject
Grammar : Transformation of Sentences 693
qC< q<i {fl verb 4i (per{ect € continuous tense ?IICE q$1-4i 6$rq) pres€nt
afl <Frdtr Er{ |
Auxiliary verb e6{lqcqfr{fi{ a
ense
continuous
Past lnd. Tense
" cont.
" Perf .
Fr:iure Ind.
" Cont
Cq'fi s I eat rice.'(a{fir.)
4TlF present indlf initatcnse-
3 I do not eat rice (neg).
Interrogative S< Cq;-IEI auxiliary verbft subject q< qfttt 5.CE qp16q I 6q{-{
not obev me. -

We piay; We do not play. Do we play?
He sees it. He does not see it. Does he see it?
I go ihere. I do not go there. Do I go there?
You come. You do not come. Do you come?
I helpe.l him. I did not help him. Did I help him?
He caught a fish. He did not caich a fish. Did he catch a fish?
5-ire broke it. She did not break it. Did she break it?
I have done it. I have not done it. Have I done it?
We dlscussed it. We did not discuss it. Did we discuss it?
She boughi a book She did not buy a book. Did she buy a book?
I shall go. I shall not go. Shall I go?
'i.-le will come. He will not come. Will he come? QgIIfr I
subject q<qlctt 4I{ <{lf\g

Int : Can he do it? \
,!-{< Er{6E frO< BqCF"lsIf,t
-_--Nega*iqe lnterrogative
Affirmative
I can see a bird. I can not see a LhXd. canlseeablrd/
She can do the sum. She can not do\ Can she do the sum?
surn.
A Passage to the English Language
ou must not go you go therer

there.
He must come. " He must not come. Must he come?
A son should respect A qon should not Should 2 con
nrs mother?
r€Sp€Ct
his mother. respect his rnotltel
to You ouqht 1-r-ught you to come
You ought (GGs) ne|.?
We could not escape Could\r.ape
(qVF) the dangger. the danger. danger/ \ the
-$ Biva can read French. Biva cannot read Can Biva read Fre\.
J:]: French.
v-.. qrrcf aorpa with You must not aqreg Must you agree with
us. with us?- - us?
qrd{ ffiq6{{T F'c{ I
Aff" : (fr ql{k-s
He obeys rne. (c{ qf{k-s {l{l $1-< t)
Neg. : He does nottis_qbey me. (Cl qlItlf$ qTFl Fr< ;ft t)
Int. : not obey rne?
me?
S1;lgthereisno. ,b@
Neg. There is no mother who does not love her child.
oft There is no mother but loves her child.
Aff. Every body likes flowers.
Neg. There is no body who does not like flowers.
oft There is no body but likes flowers.
ofr Who does not like flowers?
Aff. Everybody has some needs.
Neg. There is nobody who has no needs.
or, There is nobody who does not have any neetls.
ofr : There is nobody but has some needs.
NOTE : qrc-scf 6q"{t c'lq C{ every body frca C+FI F{-s{ yrsl <l qfl,sF
<tsl EFq[i{ER-sqtqf< lffiRfgR
negative iF3l(e {6{ There i, n,oody ...
frm <f+l tsS <Fil-Cs En 4R( verb q< qftrf but T{kgi {T I There is.ro = No e{
.{$tr-{'s {{lnl Tlt {fr qfsiBR verb 6iF qlnq r fi-cx
Eqrq<r"R rT}{rm qs-<r'F *tB qr<
"fffio
s-<.f{ Tf,,rt
I
'FRFI 3
Affirmative Tl+t everyffiffiF verb-6s
CalCf, evzry qR qrq no T{lFl${t
r
Aff. : Every man -urt full prny to {s{l) death.

V
Neg. : No man can avoid 6"^'r. (avoid-qu,m t)
V
or, There is no "rdn but must fall prey to death.
or. There ic ae rr)dn who will not fall prey to death.
Aff. : Every one will admit (ft+t< F{t) that he did the best.
V
Neg. : No one will deny (wfu< +-*l) that he did the best.
or, There is none (no one) who will deny that he did the best.
. or, There is no one but will admit that he did the best.
Aff. : Every one must submit (<-ii-e-I ft-d<TTI) to his / her fate.
li' V
Neg : No one (none) can escape (cgF) his/her fate (g['li).
or, There is no one *,lo .un escape his / her fate.

V
or, There is no one who will not submit to his ,/ her fate.
or, There is no one but will submit to his / her fate.
Aff. : Every one loves him.
Neg. : No one hates (1ctl+-<l) him.

V
or, There is no one who does not love him.
or, There is no one but loves. him.
s1-$3 s"Fts affirmative sentence-qE[ adjective.-C$ 1fr-{ffi6 s-<cs E{ s
Aff. : Everybody is liable to (vQn) error (Sfl).

adj.
Neg. : Nobody is free from error.
adv.
or, There is nobody who i5 not liable to error.
or, There is nobody who is free fiorn error.
o.. There is nobociy but is liable to error.
Aff. : Everytody is neecly F-'!rR).
adj.
Neg.: Nobofus$)._
adj.
or, There is nobody who is not needy.
or, There is nobody who is self-sufficient.
or, There is nobody but is needy.
Aff. : Every body is dependent (vft+, fr-6Qa;.
adj.
Neg.: Nobody ir :g{lg|rag| (vM-ftt().
adj.
or, Nobody is independent GIA{).
adj.
696 A Passage to the English Language
+rRe Oqq\g affirmative-€3l adverb-C$
He acted wiselY cRE).

adv.
He did notact foolishlv (c<ffi{qt?t)'
jfrt "d*
"*" He believed it sironglY (IgslcT).
"d".-
it weakly
He did not believe .
adv.
They behaved. politely (qslc{,;Sqr<) with us'
adv.
They did not behave rudely or roughly with us'
adv. adv.
t affirmattve.{ always e1"1-E"5q nggslive-€ ne'''er €Ee q1 's<(\sK
qTF verb { noun il adjective {ffis 4-<(s W e
Aff. : You should always sPeak

adv. V
Neg. : You shoulci never tell a lie.
-d* -v -N
Aff. : He is always reaconable.
--a.1" adj.
Neg-: He is never unreaso:tabis" - --
J.,
^duv . adj.
Aff. : I will alv"rays .grylbet you.
aciv. V
Neg. : I will never forget gg-u.
adv. \/
Aff. : He ls _iiv,':y1 present
adv. adj.
Neg. : He is never absent.
adv. adj.
Aff" : The man is altt,ays __'J; knri i.o rne.
-
"di to me.
Neg. : The marr is never rude
--^1-
adv adj.
of Sentences
Grammar : Transformation
ffi CcE negative Kf{l no
-g-aTitmatiun qf$f 35 soon as
qK€ E{
sooner had frc{
I
Aff. : ffi,itbnguntorain'
As soon as t o
c4eEFEffilB ssqE r)
than it began to ratn-
: ;;l;o""' hai'i arrlued irome tltT
Neg. <IS] E.F i
+ than + clarrse-49[C{
NOTE : No sooner had + clause
9l 43( kinds g!3usg5 9$lS
e{
9'{T Phrases and clausl$
clause 6lf$ <Cq s1-*13
q'dl thct
'As she starled weeping'
I
ffi] t' soan as she beaiJ tne nerros'

eq-{, o.I-{e' cq rt{qrc s+ Ffi l)
ft".lfr o li3pft tl-re news than she started
weeping'
r!ei''
Neg- :' No scaner noA 'n" heard
qt sqroq fr +irrs:*fT l) ..
.t*
t"*uron +'he bird' idie*-a"'''a9'
: I
As soon as wantgdt+'&tch it fiew
A-f?" turcr''inn-ui'd *'an/before
Neg. : I\o sooner' #;'i;;;t-dlo
*o;;iti** nesative <r$1
lardivgd*'g'il:Hi
{
",",,:";:;;;;;;';';.
:lause + cidtrw;^-;
scarcely hao
ff"rdv had I wanted to caich the-
bird
ErtF
**, *:ruu':.T
*i",T-}tr
away. qlr!-d
whe:--
n ilew
*i?sT6{ #
ffij";;; =?i6'rs r
qtnJ) ,ro"r -{'rLY v,\

t3^L.*- €q1g qR S<(
tAifirm"ti""i ctr€rq
*,oIJl,"'HT;';;;-+'a.ry-'qftryft
ffi ali negative-'{ ErT q
l
ffiffi;Ne P9ff: 1,r<nr*
qR-<)
".e
lltlg. , No men here are !ic!t'
Aff. : All-ss$ldubstt to destinY'
r>
tq<ra.z'ot
firft< slR slali 1{K,'o Y
her-Ce''titfy'
Neg. : Nq one cr+l'-g'c?l'"-l'Y
V
4nril'R-\
(c+Ut \eT< ffirs'491cs
: but ire have-passed
(cc sl91 'tfi 4r<rs. l)
Aff" All
V
(cir EI9.I r$€A)
hln orre (or, none)but he has t+led'
\I
r)
Allmen are mortalg-<rf$?'*jtfre
adi.
q{< q{
No man i, 1**i6 {si{ {l$t r)
adj.
Aff. : All must die
q\s,lcs {ft< cI l)
escape death. (csB? {wro
Neg. : No one o, xonn can
NOTE.
E"tra< <r+rerqtcs must €
can t{R <Kq-< Esl. s_{ I Affirrnative
Tl6fll-{ must negative-q can_(.{oflgRs
{CTCQ r
3 Subject Sfr att l1 ET vlErE _ musi
alltrmative-q{ negative_q
cannot but-q T'fmE Er{ a
We (ali--qn)
-,otET
We cannirt but do it
We must die. (Vlq-<l.q<l.ljQ T<< ,;
We cannot but die. (vIrKI
'' tro
a1 T'r< tft q r)
.t: or, We cannot escape death (q 6_** q-gRs
He must buy a grammar book. '*' _ n|R q} t)
He cannot but buy a grammar book.
---Yournust listen ts-.yeur.Leaeher. \
You cannot but listen to your
teacher. \
She must obey"his orders.
She cannot but obey his orders.
A student must be a6.ipit*J.-'.
A-student cannot but bi lisJplined.
We must love one another.
We cannot but love on" another.
and FRI {s aftrs U<r* th-<fOre nnnuuun -u* q- subject 5!Fs Wot
n
::: trT,T"t
1:bject EtFi w{; .o-prn_n* tttr< w,r {cpq"cq not
3lV . . . but also T{lCe qn 3
"-t
only Rahim but also Karim went there.
Aff, : Mu hrnrh-, - -Sg
^*----, :{ij-l,
].-l^f"."" done it. (qM< qQ,{R( qtfr
lexqqtuffi--
Arr. He ate aqe una t.eal
Neg. : He ate rJ, ^_, riie but arso bread
o o
(6c sy
Aff.: rTrrarififf*."qP, st.e-l
Neg. : r shail buy ,,ot?r,ry
1sr_
o arso a pen.
Aff. : He is a doctor -^_-
lu*y-",
Neg. :
c "nd -l-_- (,m q-€q-{ul-or,< <<i$ft_q r)
He is not only a doctor
but also a lawyer.
a _
drank some milk.
(qtft elftqqqftFRfr, V
In my native village I
V\ fish in the river.
In my native village I not only
.but also caught {ish in
the river. 1/
"
t Affirmative-4 subject(n WIrt only
S-f6E q6{ none but <CItsET s
sl6s
a:,..
nry Uod can help us.

(qsqtq ffi qqkmrc {RRj <F-trcs ffi<-* r)
None but God can help us.
Only the brave deserve the fair.
(g+rFffiw<lT 'rl\3{R c{ttr r)
Neg None but the brave deserve the fair.
(qRq-flWglEr* c+EQ1q-j1q ett +* r)
'qff. "tr<l-<
Only he can do it.
\o. None but he can do it.
Aff,
Neg. _Only an honest man is happy.
None but an honest -un ir'huppy.
Aff. poet,/poetess can write i-poe-.
Neg. Qnly -a
None but a poet,/ poetess .un *.it" a Doem
Aff.
Neg, :JnIy ,a guilty man should be punished.
None but a guilty rnan should be punished.
FRI5IsAffir-utiu"-c@
Tffcu qg qqq
noyl, <t adjective-c+
9, ys
"rR<tr"s'c<R{#ot?fu*..t*
---==-lr:
Neg. : He is never well^-
adj. --'
Aff. : A little boy is alwaysllnoJg4
tftfrl). ,_,
Neg.: A little boy is never suilty (CnS). =6- ;'
Aff.
;ajr'
: He always forgets things.
Neg. : He never can remember things.

V
Aff. : Always speak the truth
-T- -N-
Neg. : Never tell a lie.
-v- l\_
700 A passage to the English Langriage
.,,"
Aff. : Fatlier: is always dead agalnst
6sR frC{?S,i smoking
Neg. Father is never intn.n.t"j1jn
smc;kirrg.
gf''t : He always ou"u" ffi ssq.; .6s.
Neg" : He never disobeys (pTFU. ,",TI);e
Aff. : He always lou*Y.n..
Neg. : He never hat, (y.fi
+-fl) me
T_ei
t=mn B Afiirrr-at;ve-
always, Fll{ H
sometimes s
Neg. He does
Aff. ""t "lw"y"'!-ok".
We sometimes go there. (qF-fi
irleg.
Tftr<t Ak<r firftq qR ,;
Aff. Wn .aq not" always go there.
A scholar is also sometimes wrong.
(qs-qT
"t&.os
qlr<l:rtr<t qq*i1;
Neg. A scholar is also not always righi gffE;.
Aff.
Neg.
Aff.
Neg
3 Affirmative-c ffiffi;-(.*.r,1J
many
u;;
:'l::l i":*," q*€Fr
i"", ;
"* ; l;;,, ,fi :; : _*?
'
{ew 43(
much negaiive-€ {cr@{q (not) mucti-<t (not) "1,,,',j,1,,,_1I
*5 a ritire 3i
lherc !!rq.,v _reroril,.c ngre.

There are not 4 fs\v pooole hcre.
I have a few books. (WIIT q,fl +-rS-{,,F q? qRq
r)
I do nct have lnan5*books. fg1-sK C<ft <t
5lt r
He ate many mangoes:j.E qLi-seffl qN
C@4 1;
He did not eat a fdw mangoes.
{.fr qF $IT-fD ufir ffi r)
want much milk.
do not want a little milk.
want a little milk.
do not want much milk
He has drunk much milk.
He has not drunk a little milk.
We s.old a little honey (r$.
We did not seil
-r.h honer/.
701
Grammar : Tr'ansformation
of Sentences
many-96{<F-ff Ee$Is ; a few-Sn i{({IS.

(much-9-6{-s ; a littlc-{|ff{I noun 411 6FfG
countable noun €3 C\'1:€ many' 3 fsw €K( uncountable
much,attnluq-<qre$D
fril.q a Affi:rnative-ul @never(l<dg
.,".*""*,* 1*1Yl qq< qr r)

I llX;"J:l F ft :"n,o *ru s"r'Te
i ..* ni* for the last time then'
i il'"';;;;t seen him since then' time'
i-"r. t*vs<"n*- cqRI) voY for the last
I shall never warn r! nevet
-ql$6q negative'
;fitf"fu F,"<rt qn fi{ ql fr'LA-EFf$ qd eqT
aq-qs qs r {Elvt verb-c$ffi
H"@Gtfor ever(
Aff. :
V
He will ,rnu", .o*" to the village again'
Neg":
V
6{l) for ever"
I have qiven up (ffislf{
smoking
Aff. :
V
Neg" : I shall never smoke again'
V
have sold-the house
Thev.V
for good'
Aff. :
c$il) the house'
Neg. : They will never buv or renurgla€g--t{KlR
time'
Aff. : He came here for the last
Neg. : He never came here agatn'
here'
oi, Nnunt again did he come
*+ffiam, is are, was, were <\")trn

-{*r vErv
** lyiT affirmative s-{cs Erq &

etl64 q'{q\orq'{ eic{ r$I4 adjective
ui;u"tiu*q<R@
Neg": ffi'n irns-s**(qT"{)'
" ""t adj
Aff. : Man is rcertel- (E{'fArE)'

adi
Neg. : He is not slpg(85ift)'

adi
Aff. : He is foolish
adi
Mg trncle is not a b-ac!' man'
Neg. :
aoj
702 A Passage to t
Aff. \
: My uncle is a good man. \suase
Neg.: The shirt r, ,loi"oi"u". ,
Aff.
;ai. (fllTslR).
^
\
: The shirt is dirty. \
Neg. : You are not unhappy (ETft).
adj.
Aff. : you are
hgppy eft)
adj.
Neg.: He is not
Gtu"$).
=H-!=
Aff. : He is !!reas?!g!!g (qztfu-$).
Neg. : I am not
Slpf*ggq Fc-q?).
aoJ.
Aff. : I ampleased(4sb).
adj.
Neg.: He is not rude (fr6a).
adj.
Aff. : He is kind (EslS).
'
;ai
Neg.: He is never unreasonable
aol.
Aff. --
He is always reasonable.
---ach.
Neg.: She was not abseni
Aff. : =ar--
She was present.
Neg.: =dt-
The boy is not lazy.
adj.
Aff. : The boy i'elttyg FS).
adj.
Neg.: The boy is not inactive.
Aff.
-
: =di.
The boy is active.
;aj.
Neg.: She was not present.
adi.
Aff. : She was absent.
Neg. : =at-
He is not unwell today.
adj.
Aff. : He is welltoday.
;aj.
Neg. : Biva is not happy.
adj.
Aff. : Biva is unhappy.
adj.
Neg. : The wind is not unfavourable.
--=dj.
Aff- : The wind is favourable. -
(unf avo urab!e-gF{-{; =aj.
f avourable-Wff{ )
- I
Neg. : The tree is not tall.

adj.
Aff. : The tree is short.
adj.
Neg. : Rice is not cheap (qgi).
adj:
Aff. : Rice is q9!qy
;aj: ftfr).
Neg. : The man is not weak.
adj.
Aff. : The man is strong.
t Negative <fsI Tlq' There is no

affirmativeTslF {6{ Every frCS <fSl tsF s<-Cs q{ I Negative TIC$'FI but Vk
cll6o 4t I Negative (lfsi <fr 6$-F clause aflfs q{6q & clause 4it predicate
q(.li--{ v{ qffi 3
(qT{ r€F Tt c{t frfr \d< TsFrrs sFFt'rs{ ct t)

Aff- Every mother loves her child.
(ErsrT If-? ri]< {sn-rs qq{fiq t)
Neg. : There is nobody but likes flowers.
(qs-{ ffiE ol mYq qqqsGr{t r)
Aff. Everybody likes flowers. (SIEK-$R {t tev -*,,
Neg" There is nobody but has some needs.
Aff. Everybody has some needs.
Neg. There is no man but must die.
Aff. Every man must die.
Neg. There is nobody but wili admit that he did the best.
(qr{ csG of
csfi-rK+Tr<qt R 6q)r+ocrwor<Rq r)
Aff. Every body will admit that he did the best.
t l,legatve-iFFl <lE No fq-rs e* q{ \FRrq 15gp 4i1f*u11,r" 6-g6s

{C{ No €< qrq Every (,fi(tr E6{ q<( {fl verb c+
"tffi.r- s'c R{fuef$
s-{F qr{ 3
7A4 A Passage to the English Language
Neg. : No man can Pass this danger'

V
Aff. : Every man will/must fail in this danger'
V
: No one can escape his'/her fate' (c+G! sr< snn-s qvR'6 om-3 ql I
Neg.
V
: Every one must submit to hisAer fate' ({csl-ffsq
sK
Aff.
V
FI[q qB ftot-< a-*p qc< t)
811'lr-{
Neg. : No man will deny that he is a talent (CT{IA 3i&)'
V
Aff. : Every man will admit that he is a talent'
V
(deny-srftoK qfi ; admit-ftda e-al)
must-t.{ "ff?-<fu
[qqT +-{, E"ir*t negativs"<f$]'srEF can affirmative-€
qanq rl
Neg. : No one hates (1"fi €<1) him'

V
Aff. : Everg one lov9s him'
3 a{{s T?ns negative-{6{Iit adjective-cs

affirmative S-{F q-T 3
Neg.: body isfree from error.

adj.
Atf. : Everybody is liablilc error'
' adj.
Neg.: No man isself-sufficient.
--=dl-
Aff. : Every'man is negdy.
adj.
Neg. : Nobody is self-reliant.
adj.
Aff. : Everybody is dePendenL ..
t T"lq\, $"lEG negative <1-f$l1i adverb CS
aifirmative_4 K"flgfi\o s'-d q* S

did not act f
Aff. : He acted wiseiY.

;av.-
Neg.: He dicl not suPPort me weakly
adv.
Aff. : He supported rne slegglY-.
Adv.
Neg. : They did not behave roughly with us.

adv.
Aff. : They behaved politely with us.
adv.
Neg. : He did not act wisely.
Aff. : He acted foolishly.

adv.
t Negative-4 never clt<D-F[ affirmative-€ always <]<qf'{ Sifts q{
sfi,TlsItr< qsF verb, noun, ll adjective R{A-q*fs F-{cv q3 I
17-N
Aff. : You should always speak the truth.
VN
Neg. : He is never unreasonable (qrfrfu-s).
adj.
Aff. : He is always reasonable GCt4).
adj.
IYeg. : I will never forget (!cl {tsTt) you.
Aff. : I will always ,J-nrnUn, (a3lcf e<l) you.

v
Neg.: He is never absent
adj.
Aff. : He is always present
adj.
Neg. : The man is never rude to me.
adi
Aff. : The man is always kind to me.
adj.
tdK{ 3 Negative nl$I No sooner had TEC{ q3fc q[E affirmative {lTi as
soon as fiir{ qK€ q6{ I As soon as frrs n Efb clause TP Ec{ Ell1-d c€Ffr
o sooner
(qtft <t& c{ws q cffi
1E e* <n r)
Aff. : As soon as I arrived home, it began to rain.
({"t=R qfi <t& ctq-{q s"Fq 1E EF qq r)
Neg. : No sooner had she heard the news than/before she started
weeping. (qc<pitr acrc ql er@ 6E'dTqcs Qs s<Et t)
Aff. : As soon as she heard ihe news, she started weeping. ({?Fl cc
c(qqF s;rq \o?Et fr SFro eF T-?l-E t)
Neg. : No sooner had I wanted to catch the bird than it flew away.
Aff. : As soon as I wanted to catch the bird, it flew away.
APTEL_45
NOTE : No sooner, had + S + V(p.p) +
O/adverbial + than,/before +
S + V(p.t) + O/adverbial- qs.c't {f+1'ri6.; q{ qE
frf{
I ** _t *':r";;:"
Efi As soon as + S + V(p.t) + O,/adverbial, +",
affirmative ?tEl-F qt-{
+ V(p.j) + O,/adverbial-qvtm <t-srft{ +-<rs qs'iidtq S
rkFNF cs;'esr
$gself past indefinite rense-€3tr R{ |
t Negative a-q ry
negative RIGEit adjective {l verb.6S R{A-sief$ F{Cs E{ s
Neg. : No men here are ,i.h. GG@ T{ r)
adj.
Aff. : All men here are poor. (erlffi Tqlt ftfr,< i)
adj.
Neg" : No one can escape his,zher destiny.
(c+EQ v=6 6n664, q-v1r

k rr ,l
Aff. : All must submit to destiny.
V
(q<tRrct fix.G< ttre qG *on
+-ses qR r)
NOTE : €rtlC{ negative-qR can_€i
nFrQ-{qst'sii I
"ffu affirmative_q musi_€-il
Neg. : No one but he has failed. (m
eM C+B cm <iCfF r)
Aff. : All but he have gI"d (fr qV c_{Q fl{ srfiq ti
Neg. : No man i, irn-ort.tulwK;.
Aff. : All men are mortal (v<.Fh r)
Neg. : No one.un d"uth.

"r.lf"
Aff. : All must fafi pley to dearh.
{e:cape -q9q; fall prey to-FloR R€Rt l)
Fi.:{ t
Negative_€ c
(itr qrq must TI{d\oES cannot but-
B
Aff.
Neg.
Aff. ll/e rnust die.
Neg. He cannot but buy a shirt. t
Aff. I-le must buy a shirt.
lreg. You cannot but listen to your teacher. I
Aff. Y'ou must listen to your teacher t
Neg She cannot but obey his orders. I

i
Aff She must obey his orders
Grammar : Transformation of Sentences
Neg We cannot but love one another.
Aff. You must love one another.
t Negative-<IfSl {fn not only-bui also 4i <I{{F eX5q uQI.{
slTS affirmative rF-(Ks not only gf{ frCT but also q< qCE and il as wel!
<qlcs qg s
Rahim and Karim went there.

l,{eg : Not only my brother but also I have done it" (tsl \flTl< si? Efi
qfre qcrqsr<Q ) _________-,,--,
Aff I We done it.(qfq"k tr=t€ fiq ffi eeiq
----- -__--------''-Tr{R t)
Neg. : He ate noi onfu {ce but also bread.
Aff. : He ate rice and bread.
Neg : I shall buy not only a book but also a pen.
_ .--Aff : I shall buy a book and a pen.
NAEI !s not only a doctor but also a lawyer.
ATT He is} a lawyer.
Neg I not only bought ....-.-..-------
Aff. I bought and drunk some milk.
Neg. In my native village, I not only played but also-a-ug@
the river.
Aff- : In my native village, I played and caughi fish in the river.
3 Negative <lc"ilR qelfr {q none

F{-Cs q[E none but qK qCE only Trff(is qS e
Neg : None but God can help us. EM Elqkq-{ qiql{] +*{c\9
"llRT4l r)
Aff Only God can help us. (eoafq ffi qmEq{ cRlsj s$rs
ork-a-+ r)
Neg None but the brave deserue the fair.

Aff Only the brave deserve the fair.
I{eg None but he can do it.
Aff Only he can do !t.
Neg None but an honest rnan !s happy.
Aff. Only an honest man is happy.
Neg. None but a guilty man should be punished.
Aff Onlv a man should be punished
3 Negative-4 never {,r+aq \5lf$ affirrnaiive F-{f€ qfE never €i
"iR-<-r"6 always Trlt[E qR I q(tF(ct Rf[-S]1t verb, noun, {i adjective

frER-qftF{Fq{ s
never
adj
Adv" He is always sick,/ unwell .
adj.
Neg A little boy is never gsi_lty
adj.
Aff: A little boy is always innaeeDt (frcft{).
adj.
Neg. He never can remember things.
V
Aff : He always forgets things.
V
Neg Never tell a lie.
VN
Aff: : A lways speak the truth .
\/N
Nas : Father is oever interested m (=-{T6) .moking.
adj.
Aff Father is always dead against smoking. (dg9{us"ire--
adj.
m<to-<tA)
Neg He never disobeys me.
V
Atf : - Ha always obe],,s me.
,,t
-.-'--.-' -. -- ==
Neg : He never hates m..- ....-
V
Aff , ne always loves me.
lf+m a Negative-€ not arways {rrF"[aT affirmative-€ ro-Ji-* aqr< I

Nes :
Aff : He sometimes smokes.
(not always-JR {q-{ 4T; sometimes- It6{t {lc<t t)
Neg : We do not always go there.
Aff : We sometimes go there.
Neg : A scholar (q&s) is not always right.
Aff- : A scholar is sometimes wrong.
Neg. z He does not always go to the cinema.
Aff. : He sometimes goes to the cinema.
Neg. : The rich are not always happy.
Aff. : The rich are sometimes happy.
t Negative-€ not a few, (not) many, (noifmrch, ("ot)

affirmative- q qaF<;Ff many, a few, a little, much <Fq\o" Ef
qllrF6i{
I
q(rsc'l c{{lslTI S
Neg. Aff.
(not) a few many
(not) many a few
(not) much a little
(not) a little much
Neg. There are not a few people here. (e{n \trfl ft;FF-q-{ CqlS T{ t)
Aff : There are many people here.
Neg. I do not have many books.
Aff. I have a few books.
Neg He did not eat a few mangoes. (ca qg slT-sF qfq rlt-{R r)
Aff. He ate many mangoes.
Neg. do not want a little milk.
Aff- want much milk.
Neg. do not want much milk.
Aff. want a little milk.
Neg. He has not drunk a little milk.
Aff. He has drunk much milk.
We did not sell much honey.
t Negative-€ never cll<F-CE affirmative-€ for the last time Tl{qs ET I
ftq e.RT <trre-r< sd{aro << g
never come
Aff : I come here for the last time.
Neg I have never seen him since ihen.
Aff ': Then I saw him for the last time.
Neg : I shall never warn you.
Aff : I warn (cE<6sft-s o-$l) you for the last time.
t Negative-€ never aJl<FGl TfiE Sq{€ affirmative 4 for ever (l fo
<FrqE q{ r LqqET verb-6$ fr"fa-elefs s1l-c\9_ q{ s
never come to
Aff : He has left (ufitt s-{l) the village for ever.
Neg : I shall never smoke again.
Aff : I have given up (qiltf s({R) smoking (C-{\01-<) for ever.
Neg : He never came here again.
Aff : He came here for the last time.
From Assertive to Interrogative

Assertive sentence {al statement n R-1ftTq-s Tl-+l'r {1-6{l{S i-l
affirmative q<( SI-C{{S il negative <l-SjtrF €F-Cdl 3s5sdive (FF-j {6{ t
qeK"iCS Interrogative sentence Eq'ESCfl<fS <l=Fl' I
f{'q-{ 8 Assertive-q Sfr everyone/everybody+verb aI|Cs' uRr{

Interrogative-€ who +(Aux-verb) not+verb <]-{qk T-dfs q{ s
Ass : Everyone likes flowers.
Int : Who does not like flowers?
NOTE : Who likes flowers.-<Fr6q.o.-FI qdET, "6a qE €{ s,t3?" {f{
st<{l{l q\"{ csq-{ffi c<Tql'TtSGs ersq a "coBt "fR-{ sI{ g'
r" ft-q. {
"Who does not like flowers"-ieK{ vK qd E{, "6s TrE
"iSiT dI st3?"--{kl
s6{t-dj €sfl R g-q c-{E eisq 664_(BE c6-s Us< I q{q Er.j-{ IT<R ts-€L<-{
ERs mgcq I qqG{i <11-si< qdqT{ <T?r{ erflsn, 6rtc{Is erJFt qffo
Ass : Everyone must die.
I
Int : Who will not die?

71.0 A Passage to the English Language
Ass : Everybody has some needs (il-vfq).
Int : Who has no needs?
Ass : Everybody is greedy (ffi).
Int : Who is not greedy?
Ass : Everybody has some desire (Tl-fi).
Int Who has no desire?
of' Who does not have a desire?
FF-Q assertive-4 nobody il none ?il no one clFmE interrogative-€
does not ffi;il<1r1-qsEcTts
Ass : Nobody trusts a liar? scnql i)
'-$,t Int Who trusts a liar?(frrffir+ cs frflc +-C<?)
Ass None can help us.
Int Who can help us?
Ass No none has everything.
Int Who has everything?
Ass None can live,alone. (f+EE ,Aotft aff$1o a1154 qt t)
Int Who can live alone?
Ass. He will never come here? (C{ q{ff{Tfis qHR qt t)
Int. Will he ever come here?) (c{ ft qrllfT +fiir qq647;
Ass. An honest man n€ver tells a lie?
Int. Does an honest man ever tell a lie?
Ass. You have never seen it before.
Int. Have you ever seen it before?
Ass. I have never been to Comilla.
Int" Have I evcr been to Comilla?
NOTE : Interrogative {l-C$ll QalC{ auxiliary u"rb (f,uo", .*, do, do"q
shall, will etc.) {C{ t
Assertive <lsl {q affirmative <l qi c{T{e q{ \oI-{E T+-I$I

interrogative S-{eS q36T silF ,4St TIC{ negative interrogative 4-{"N' {g. g
Ass. : He is a good man.
Int" (lnc.) : is he a gcod man? (6{ ft q-s-q-{ st-q 6{l+?)
Int. (correct) : Is he not a good man? (6{ ft e-ssT{ vlE 6q.tT fR?)
NOTE : Is heâ good man? € q'C$< BgC{ yes or no GI CqaFE <-{I {TT I
l€g asserrive <Tsjfr< fl{IcE qT<i qlqrc fll_{R 6{, cq q-s-q-{ slFt 6ls I {u{t(
epXfi ,!q-{'qs$ E6o <lR yes, no i1 r Is he not a good man? d[F{
Sm er<
{-{-{ qq{ R, R{ yes ffiQ Dts{l qR I
Ass. : It was a good idea.

Int. : Was it not a good idea?
Ass" : He reads in this school.
Int. : Does he not read in this school?
,Ass. : The earth goes round the sun.
Int. : Does the earth not go round the sun?
Ass. : Man is mortal.
Int. : is man not mortal?
Or. : Who says that man is not mortal?
3 Asserlive-€ nothing ell$.Cal interrogative-4 any thing <jTqg {$ S

Ass. There is nothing on the table. ( oR t)
Int. Is there anything on the tabie? (6Rrffi S"f* ft ftg qre4
Ass. I know nothing about it. (sttt q <nefit-{ ftq el-ffrIT)
Int. Do I knorv anything about it? (vlR ft q <IeffF frg qtfr,
Ass. Fie said nothing. (6{frRfiE4l)
Int. Dld he say anything? (cc ft ftR <reREr)
Ass. There is nothing better than honesty.
Int. Is there anything better than honesty?
3 Assertive-€ nothing but qllfi{ interrogatlve-q ts{. but R'l'

anything but nKds {n r e1 but {IT{l-{ S-{Cq sfi what frCs <f$l EF S-trCs
R33
ls norntng out a walKng shadow.
\_,,ur ure
$mq< B?-<i ,+qF l.qr-,F EITI qg q( frR e'*- snakespeare.)
Int. : What is our life but a waiking shadow?
(qTlrhr fi-<q .f$F uqqq em qM q.l< ftr)
or, Is our life anything but a walking shadcw?
(qtxl(qR Q-{.{F .f+t Dqsr{ q'rtqtYlft sqT frRt
Ass. : It was nothing but a deceit (gq3fi).
Int. : Was it anything but a deceit?
Or, What was it but a deceif?
Ass. : He bought nothing but an apple.
Int. : Did he buy anything but an apple"/
Or, What did he buy but an apple?
Ass. : He wants nothing but a good job (}fsR).
Int. : Does he want anlrthing but a good job?
Or, What does he lvarrt ?rut a good job?
{<lK firo< -Eqq{"f afqT erg s
Ass. : Surely (frTTE) you are not his servant.
Int. : Are your his servant?
Ass. : It is nf no use $q6p5frn;
Int. : Isit of any r-rse?
Or, What use is it of?
Ass. : Nobody can do it.
Int. : Who can do it?
Or, Can anybody do it?
Ass. : It is of no use now.
Int. : Of What use is it now?
From Assertive to Exclannatory :

frSC c (:fl{ <f$l-Cs exelamatory-Ci <"ngA.- +-f(v- q5q
Assertive-cxl1s
q]{Iils Rc'tr{ fiiq qCITq s<F ar s
A. How + Adj. + NP + am,/is,/are/was/waret

ffie_
She is verv beauti ful.
ura-r o
NP Adv. Adj.
:
q?llf,{ NP Noun/ Pronoun,/ Noun Phrase
<WftTE q-{{lc{ exclamatory-CsmellgRgs<t{l{
R-T{ structure s
How beautifut she is I (ft f*m mD

Adi NP
*
#lr E"I6{i Assertive sentenceFF beautiful-AdjectiveF{ "l(3 fi cffd' NP
,!,..
EIFFE,
6{rl{ 3 She is a very beautiful girl

NP
vR6{ \5lcs exclamatory-F {eil-gRs s-trk q:R Gol6fi structure-€ {Ftl;li
qfr<-rt qfi s-{6o qrc- 1 cq-{ g
B. How + Adj + a/am + NP + NP+ am,/is,/are!

q{6{ B9i[3< assertive <T-{Im< exclamatorySq q6{ s
How beautiful a Sld she is !

NP NP
a{4s s{i\e assertive-Cs exclamatory-CE 6eflgR-s 4-<"cs E CE frrER fiTr
Et{{',{qs-<lc{ 3
C. What + a/ an +NP + NP * u /i"/urn.

R5n 3
Ass. : You are a great fool

NP Adj NP
Excl. : What a fool ys! are!
NP NP
or How foolish yeu are!
Adj NP
E[rEf +<, how Kl€Ft T-S[dt s{{ vK 'f6{ adjective{Jrf{F GlCs qS I qgT(-{i
fool(noun) 4K adjective form' foolish' <l-{qRqE I
Assertive Tlf$I.ii qck{ NP ,4< qkst <fr the cf|rs q-qrE \'lfS
exclamatory-ce K"tlgRs s-d-< c'sRI firE-{ fiTT EF{l E3 s
D. How + Abj. + the +NP + be !
6{:Fl 3 Ass. : The bird is very nice.

Excl. : How nice the bird is !
Abj NP
Assertive sentence€ {fr be-verb i't celcs principal unt6 Qtlr<
do, go,
run-W verb qlrs sfa3E sTrs exclamatory s-fiE q[-{ CI{RqE frC5< fim
sr{'C-{.t5-<tq{ I
Grammar : Transformation of Sentences 7L3
E. How + Adv. + NP +V !
4{16{ How qf{ 'fc{ adjective €rf( adverb <Ic"fq qA {rE T? I
Ass. : The cat runs very swiftly.

Excl. : How swiftly the cat runsl ,
;av. -TP-
6$l?t assertive iliEi NP + wish + NP + V(past) qq6{ {6s ElCqfGF
{I{Rcls frcu< FT1q exclamatory S-dI q{ s
-i?:t
Ass. : I wish I had the wings of a dove.

(qril< sft Tr{Irs< r\o efi{t etl-+s r)
Excl. : Had I the wings of a dove!
.NP--------NP-
: I wish I were a king.
Ass.
Excl.: Were I aking!
NP_T-
q<l]Iq<€ SE?F$FII example (e:l E
Ass. : The man is very tall.

Excl. : How tall the man is !
Ass. : It is a very big hospital.
Excl. : How big a hospital it is I
Ass. : The room is very large.
Excl. : How large the room is !
Ass. : He is a great fool.
Excl. : What a fool he is !
Ass. : He is very foolish.
Excl. : How foolish he is I
Ass. : I wish I had a grand house.
Excl. : Had I a grand house!
Ass. : I wish I had so much money.
Excl. : Had I so much money !
Ass. : He works very nicely.
Excl. : How nicely he works !
&", : I pray thai God might bless you.
Excl. : May God bless you !
Ass. : I wish I could do it.
Excl. : Could I do it !
From Exclamatay to Assertive :

fTff section 6h':l I
Degree qiltfuq
From Positive to Comparative and Superlative :
frsc a
Positive : NP1 + be + a/an + Abj +NP 2+--
774 A passage to the English Language
fffi e She is a good girl in the class.
NP TE. NP
comparative'
lN@;"-;Tr*";NP, €
i, U"tt-, tf,* u[ ott*, g,il i" th" .1"*
6T:FI, She
o., Ft
crrFi, She ir@s in the class.
Superlative
f,{:Fi, She is the best girl in the class.
j,r; '4qfF; Positive-dT gd comparative_4 €C{ {ffi
ira. qFq-{ Erq c:r6T <-Era Sh {tTCe r $T<q CC
c{r{t_< Tt CS C{ q,{I s.l{€ 6D.C{ sFr, *u.u
coml::arative-€R( superlative_q Lftvi-{ EC{i EfCd< C+tl.
1ffi.CS TI r
EiR'[4 comparative €Ri superrative-(i qd

{fr positive-4 q"rffi
Tlrlcvqg Effi positive $.(Is qcE fifD-{ fiVcl s
iv--;----
eg slgrlq
c{q4 3
Comp. : He is better than any other boy in the class.

_ :
(c{ FlrR fr c:$l{ <l{rs-:r 6u"cr vrq t)
He is the best boy in class.
9rp.
Pos. : No oiher boy_ in ii," .Ls i, as good as she
!rp. : She i, tt-,nY3st intelligent girlin this

Comp. : She is rnore inrellinffi-t-h-an any other "illmgirl
(or than all other girts; in the viliage.
Pos" : No other girl in thZ classls inijfign"t as she (is).
9"p. : Prama is i-he wis_esi sirll" ""th"'i"-ilv.
Comp. : Prama is wiser tha"iny-oihlr girl (or, than all
other girls) in the family.
fo". : No other girl in the family is as wise as prama.
Sup. : She is the most attentive student in class
x.
cornp" : She is more attentive than any other stuJent
(or than all other students) in ciJss x.
Pos. : No other student in .lurr'"], u* lttentive as she (isi
Iattentive-E-C{1C{ift , mindful).
+l{i qry4 {<flc6 €omparaiive a7;,="
R:W 3 Rahim is stronger than Karim. (<ft{ {,fiffi<

ocs -1fu r1.1fi r)
cc csC4 elcs positive s-{rs E ffi frcDF FT{ q-c31ci
4T6.9 Es s
@+"r+l'rpil
cEjFI, E"lrtr< qR'iBn Positive ec{ Karim
is not so strong as Rahim. (ffi1
<Rcq-< qio ss .lfu$ft;r$ r) Examples :
Grammar : Transformation of Sentences 71"5
Comp. : Dina is wiser than Rina.

Pos. : Rina is not so wise as Dina.
Comp. : Bashar is cleverer than Bashet.
Pos. : Bashet is not so clever as Basher"
Comp. : Bithi is taller than Eti.
Pos. : Eti is not so tall as Bithi.
Comp. : Shagar is more attentive than Moti.
Pos. : Moti is not so attentive as shagar.
Comp. : Biva is more beautiful than Eva.
Pos. : Eva is not so beautiful as Biva.
- $j! Comp. : This box is heavier than that.
*. Pos. : That box is not so heavy as this.
Comp. : Mamun is more intelligent than Mahrnud.
Pos. : Mahmud is not so intelligent as Mamun.
Comp. : He is more cunning than a fox.
Pos. : A fox is not so cunning as he.
[cunning 5l{lT, T6]
-5-q3,
IlEElD{q<l {c{i vaf{l <l wld 6{'FllE-l <l gtlCE positive SlSi
Rrqc"t {Sss{ c
@
c{lFI 3 He is as strong as Rokon. (cc c<tqrffi rE{fu{tfr l)
.tfu< fr-s frcr €s{8 TIit{, .sB FK€ or* +\ <I c{ft T{ | qrs-Gl <Tsltrrs
F-t5<fi{f,{ Comparative T-<cs q{ s
C{{{, E'IC<TI <I-{tE< comparative mfl q5a' Rokon is not stronger than
he (is). (cl€{sf{ oc{{ffiqs r)
Exarnples :
Pos. : He is as cunning as a fox.
Comp. : A {ox is not more cunning than he.
Pos. : Shuma is as beautiful as Biva.
Comp. : Biva is not more beautiful than Shuma.
Pos. : You are as wise as I.
Comp. : I am not wiser than you.
Pos. : Akbar was as strong as a tiger.
Comp. : A tiger was not stronger than Akbar.
Pos. : This sum(q6) is as hard (+6+) as that.
Cornp. : That sum is not harder than this.
Pos. : Your book is as heavy as mine (sfi|{ <R).
Comp. : My book is not heavier than yours.
Pos. . She is as lovely ({r[{) as her sister.
Comp. : Her sister is not lovelier than she.
Pos. : My table is as large as yours.
Comp. : Your table is not larger than mine.
Superlative degree n?F Np + one of tlie + Adj. (supr) ,{q6{ q{
<l-s]c{fimi"t c
CTTFI 3 He is one of the best boys in Bangladesh

phrase.
(m <l(Ercqr.R crrcE-cr slat cq6qcq-{:tc1] q-$-qT t)
E{{slfS comparative $-<fs qT fifqc"t c
i.j p
NPr+be+ Adj.(comp.) + than +many e16@
6{{{, E"f+< <f$itr< comparative q6{ S He is better than many other
boys in Bangladesh. (m {infrnr"f< q'6{s eaEr cErs EIq t)
q<q qfi1 il-{I{ positive Slfr q{ fiV{'Ct;
Very few +NP2 (Plural) + Phrase ,. 6n 1 *a661. 1 u, 1 ryp,
6{:Fl 3 Very few boys in dangladesh are as good as he
(<liefcnr.t {{ $:i-c'({r eFrnlt sF IE slq r)
Examples :
Sup. : English is oneof the best languages of the world.
G<rafrEE "{Rft-{ ct$stslerot<ft<r .c.sF r)
Comp.: English is better than many other languages of the
world.
G(rtref qE 98fu qrdrs \r=trF (EIT qft.s-s{ stE r)
Pos.: Very few languages in the world are as good as English.
(![*A< {< T{ qrtt tsKQ-{ rs qE etE r)
sup. : Chittagong is one of the largest sea-ports in Bangladesh.
Comp.: Chittagong is larger than many other sea-ports of
Bangladesh.
Pos. : Very few sea-ports of Bangladesh are a s large a s
chittagong.
Isea-port-4]Qo-+t-<l
sup. : London is one of the biggest cities of the world.
Comp.: London is bigger than many other cities of the world.
Pos.: Verg few cities of the world are as big as London.
Comp.: Anna Karenina is one of the best novels in the World
Literature.
Comp.: Anna Karenina is better than many other novels in the
World Literature.
Pos. : Very few novels in the World Literature are as good as
Anna Karenina.
lnovel-B$BFt r World Literature-ffi]
sup. : Rabindranath is one of the most famous poets in the
world.
Comp. : Rabindranath is more famous than many other poets
in the world.
Pos. : Very few poets in the world are as famous as

Rabindranath.
sup. : Shakespeare is one of the most renowned dramatists in
the world.
Comp.: Shakespeare is more renowned than many other
dramatists in the world.
Pos. : Very few dramatists in the world are as renowned as
Shakespeare.
ldramatist-4fisFt I renowned-;fi:riEfl, R?n\t,l
From Complex to
From Simple to Complex.
4? seetion F qVm qkol re'talro srl-ltb ci
sentence $fCS T6{ st slq sf[< grammar q(r{ qef,El
ffi-vsl6{,9vlv qc{Tq | {e--d( qqrEl qFI dt qrocq €{F
cafr$:fq,CFfqls I vRrF 6q:16 64pffi nftq wq EcqqT r
Simple sentence-4K verb-€K "lCT TIq' qa {l qsllts word-€i

object elttrs q<( EI csl;t {l-{CS'it TttlT sRCq & object CT qTfr clause-(
"iffi s'c{ <fol Fr$ comptex-q fi"ll-sRE s-<l' qr I qrs-Gt oblectfr{ $-cet
what {fr-ffi 9-i (object-qj{) Tc< elmqfu verb SvTlF ST r {ft which <I€f<s-dl
Csit ET \5.f-{Cq \d & object€-{ "fC{ T{6{ q'{qEFI'K verb R>lf{ t Exampl,es :
Simple : know his'name (qtfr \5R at'* vff r)

-.8-
know what his nameg
Complex FIRqtfrq<4Tft r)
Simple: know his {ather's name
Complex know what his father's name is.

Sirnple : -obj-.
saw his pen.
Complex saw the pen which was his.
v
Simple : Tell me the address of the man.
Complex Tell me what the address of the man is.
Simple: I like the poems o{ Nazrul.
Complex I like the poem which are written by Nazrul.
Simple: Tell me the truth
obj.
Complex Tell me what the truth is.
v
Simple : Show me the picture.
Complex Show me what the picture is.
Simple : He asked me of my name.
Complex He asked me what my name was.
Simple: Explain (<lt?Bl S-tr|) me the cause (TlRcf)
Complex: Explain me what the cause is.
Simple: Speak the truth.
Complex : Speak what the truth is.
objectlD {q' c$Fr qtltn <t qF T-4tlffi
CT{ 1-<{iT ET{ln \5t{ $ltrf when {C{ I Examples :
Simple know his birth place (qSqq).
:€..!
Cornplex know where he was born.
;:-
Simple know his birthday.
eomplex know when he was born.
or, I know the diy that he was born.
Simple ih
Complex I know when he will arrive"
Simple This is my birth place.
Complex This is the place where I was born.
or, This is where I was born.
Simple This is his work place.
Complex This.is the place where he works.
or, This is where he works.
I cannot tell the time of his coming.
I cannot tell when he will come.
Simple-sentence Np+ be+too+Adj.+to+v qrc
-qsq RT sRTq
complex SFIE-q7S____tEt$IIT _..Jttnr*i qlgTll\r qtK I
t1e rs too weak to walk.

Complex He is so weak that he cannot walk
Simple He is too foolish to understand it. (fr sro C{ffi CS qBl
{$t€ "1p6q1 i
Complex He is sir foolish that he cannot understand it.
Simple I am ioo tail to enier (qK{ T-fl) the room.
Complex I am so tall thai I cannot enter the room.
Simple This rnan is too dishonest to speak the truth.
Complex This man is so dishonest thal he cannot speak the
truth.
Simple sentence
"ft L\|rj
EtErq complex sentence fhx*rq {i5o Er<t
NP1 +be+so+Adj.+that+NPz +cannot+V+pronounl Exarnples :
Simple:
Complex : *m-6e
This box b so heavy that I _
cannot carry it
Adj. Npz Pronoun
Grammar : Transformation of Sentences 7Ig
[q\T q*, simpie € objective case ,rne,
<I{.d\5 qC{A fte complex 4
subjective/ nominative case 'l' <f<'qs qCSCQ tl
Simple : This sum (V<n) is too hard for me to understand.
Complex :
This sum is so hard that I cannot undersiand it.
Simple : The hill is too high for me to climb.
Complex :
The hill is so high that I cannot climb it.
Simple : Dhaka is too sniall a city for so many people to iive in.
Complex :
Dhaka-is so small a city that so many people cannot
live in it.
fe
Sentpace-Lq< qqfcq I
F-<IF qrq ,h qsll(-{ frrocq qTqrsq{ When +NP+V+-
simple serrtence q< "RfqAFET(-l CeltrO fos qjq-qrt( verb €-?t tense El-{ simple
sentence-(-<[ tense 4itW$tf
I
Simples :
: Going to market, he bought a pen. (itW.lf< ftfn
NPV
m q-$F6-q{fr-{q 1;
Complex : When he went to rna*et he bought a pen.
NPV
(s1T fr<rqlr< c'tqEfi qrFenfrlq r!
tqmi C< 3 bought 4?[ tense 9.{.{16l going {fr{ffi {T RLrtR went.]
Simple : Cgmpleting the work, he feh satisfied..
NP
6fwF em-- o'c fr'cE? ct{o-+E t)
Cornplex : When he completed the work he felt satisfied.
Simple : Singing
Complex .a song, she wanted some money.
: When she sang a song she wanted ,o--"
Simple : Goinq to mv native village Bhanderkote, I-o.,"y.
always go to
fish in the river.
Complex : q. ,.. my native village Bhanderkote I
Y1""..1
go to fish in the river.
always
Simple sentence qR gel6l having +V{pp)4-

complex q "11?"<6o +.{rs gg & eq1b_T[T firmr"fm F-rrce {s 1
WJren +NP+had+V(p.p.j ..-

4tllc{ Vp.p = Verb €i past participle
a<fli:ul r Simple sentence q< Np R
complex sentence q< Np ftgtf< <l-eq-s {C{ I Sirnple
sentence q3 "l-{<fr
W(f,Ftr verb past tense q-R(q ,{R fi${F
{T{TE,, {6{ I Examples :
(q o,Mtra"r{ eR ccr-c{ crl{

=€ sffiFilEIR crrffi cqr-rc
c'lq t)
Complex : When he_had done
: this he went away.
NP l(p.;.)
[qqT F{, Simple sentenceF{ verb (went) 4i tense €

past tense.l
Having heard the news, she cried out in sorrow.
(cs<tqB ef*tlr err s+tqq r)
When she had heard the news she cried out in sorrow.
Having forgotten (W,q FRT) his friend's address, he was
sorry.
When he had forgotten his friend's address he was sorry.
Having told this, he went away.
When he had told this he went away.
Having gone to market, she bought a new book.
lVhen she had gone to market she bought a new book.
to+Verb {{{{ \5RCE EttrF complex
Till'o <CE Es verb 4iT 9IC*l
in order that+ NP+ can/may
so that+NP+ can/may
(ql{{tnT6kq-{1
"lR
riM = to live €r[6{ ttq_$'{<tlrn t)
Cornplex : We eat in order that we may live (qlTTI .lR ei
gcqni R G{qtq<titxs
"ilR r)
or; We eat so that we may live.
Simple : We hired a boat to go there. lhired- v$n<-el{ t]
Complex : We hired a boat in order that we might go there.
or, We hired a boat so that we might go there.
lPast tense T(al may-might q "lm qE r]
Simple : We live in houses to be comfortable.
Complex : We live in houses so that we may be comfortable.
or, We live in houses in order that we may be
comfortable.
Simple sentence 4 in order to qll-€Cf, gltrF complex iFll-Cg Qr.E in
order to 9Tq frcl sF qrq in order that +NP+may So that+NP+may
<'CICS q{ I Examples :
ei to pass in
Complex : He studied hard so that he might pass in the first
division.
or, He studied hard in order that he might pass in the
first division.
Simple : We eat fruits in order to get vitamins and mineral salts.
Complex We eat fruits so that we may/ can (or, in order that
we may/can) get vitamins.
Simple : We earn money in order to live a happy life.
Complex We earn money so that we may (or, in order that we
may) live a happy life.
Grammar : Transformation of Sentences ' 727
Simple : I went there in order to meet him.

Complex : I went there so that I might/could {or, in order that I
might,/could meet him.
Simple : She practises singing in order to be a good singer.
Complex : She practises singing so that she can (or, in order that he
can)be a good singer (tnkst).
Simple sentence 4 rtrF for the purpose of qltfS vl{6{ gfll<q$ 1-{'{ffi{
vlr$ complex $-rfCs qT qtg-fE of q< V+ing F(ls sentence 4
I
"fffiq
division.
We studied hard so that we might/could (or, in order
that we might,/could) in the first division.
Simple sentence € In spite of (wqu; {FF-C{ complex € though
although Tt{ql< sifcs q{ I ,cTR sefi q-d]glc{ {El {f{ 3 complex sentence €
though alfs'fq EIFS simple Gl65 Qlfl in spite of {l{{t< Fir(q EF t s6{ in
of €it 'l{ €QE noun Kl ndun phrase {R( though 4t '16{ s+v+---6{{ ell6rF
cqfrrs c"Rl{<t?tcgqr{ I
In spite of his poverty, he is happy.

noun phrase
(q< qlfu cws c{ Tft r)
Complex : Though he is poor, he is happy.
(sfrs c{ oiR<, ug.e m{ft t)

Simple : In spite of the bad weather. we went there.
noun phrase
({rflq qKst€rl q(9€ qrKI 6q{RT fffiET{ 1)
Complex : Though the weather was bad, we went there.
sv
Ffre ql+<lsli Fq {rflq, E{€ qr{-<l mqrq firsRqtq r)
Simple : In spite of his bad behaviour. people mix with him.
noun phrase
Complex : Though his behaviour is bad, people mix with him.
Simple : In spite of his honesty, he is not happy.
Complex : Though he is honest, he is not happy.
or, Honest as he is, he is not huppy.
Simple : In spite of his cruelty 1fifust), I love him.
Complex : Though he is cruel, I love him.
Complex sentence {TE if Efi q<( if-clauselB dF lif+NP+v+..
qfrcq {Ss ql vRffi elc-s simple s-?t(s EfE by+ (if-€< flll=i-ff verb+ing)
<-lsi d-{ $-{cs q{ r E{frelvl-6{, By+ V(ing) q-:fr-c'l simple sentence E6s Ccq
vlm compiex F{ce qcE qmc'l ,i q(1rs qR<fu {-{ce qr
F+NP+v";bl I
Examnles :
APTEL-46
Complex : If ygu study hard, you can pass.
NPV
Simple : By studl,ring hard, you can pass.
V+ing
Complex : lf ygu earn rnoney, you will live better.
NPV
Simple : By eaming money, you will live better.
Simple : By working hard, you will succeed.
Complex : If you work hard, you will succeed.
Simple : By drinking milk, you can get vitamins.
Complex : If you drink milk, you can get vitamins.
"'u* Cornplex : If you do it, you will not suffer.
Simple : By doing it, you will not suffer.
[4eI v{, E'ff<-< OGE- somplex sentence q-{ EsR clause 4it subject sF €
^ r qs1RrqA ffi qrd'i s<]{t{ r clause .+t subject
eft{ '4R
s{q'qslc{sltrF simpleffil{ s RCs 1l-C< tl
{t &iaol qr-
q<l<frrE{Bqq{"terl1 qg s
Complex : If you succeed, I shall be happy.
Sirnple : Your success will make me happy.
Complex : If you arrive here in time (qq{'$o), I shall be glad.
Simple : Your arrival here in time will make me glad.
Simple : I am glad to hear of your passing the exam.
Complex : am glad to hear that you have passed the exam.
Simple : am not sure of his failure.
Complex : am not sure that he will fail.
Simple : Razib, son o{ Mr. Bazlur Rahman, is a good boy.
Complex : Razib. who is the son of Mr. Bazlur Rahman, lsa
good boy.
Simple : We waited till sunseL (Wg)
Complex : We waited until the sun set.
Complex : They slept till s_unrise (T,#lq-{)
Simple : They slept until the sun rcne.
Frorn to
Simple sentence-4 $q to + verb Cd;l " a+nr ioq<r sfq in order

to cllf$ \5.RCE slFf compound STF q[E in order to Tl to +verb €R Tl'{
qMl s
'lP;{n e'$t*qc-+ EVj -eqr{ qe,ftiq ElCs im perative senten ce €K
Ss s-C{ tt$o <t* €R( in order to Etr{ frCA <t ro + verb eJ1S-CFI to E6q ftCT
tl4tllfi and (you wiil)n41'e t
txamples :
Simple : You must ws1[ hard in order to succeed.
V
Cornpound : Work hard and (you will) succeed.
V
72s
Compound , Ro il
and (you will) get money.
Simple: Do it in order to get money.
Simple : D_rink milk in ordei to get jtamins.
V
Compound : DJlnk milk and (you wiil) ger vitamins.
V
Simple: in order to
Qtudy' hard pass the exam.
V
Compound ! qSdV hard and (you will) pass the exam.
V
Compound
Simple :
Simple :
Compound
Simple rentnn.n ffiJFfGiffi
compound q Tflgfrrc- s-{l {l{.S Examples
Compound :
Simple :
Compound :
Compound:
Simple :
umpte sentence {Fi without +V(inS) Ekl

srqrq Errs .on'pr""
+<ry.:cq <r .tr.,".,"i|;
:, ffi'|#('#, H"mJ,
Compound :,...iy-. re.lqrng
Kead hard
naro. yOU Cannot f,aSs.-
: cr {otherwise) g,ou will ,oi po.r.
Compound : Love others or (itro) you will not^be
loved by
them.
Simple : Witho.ut loving others, you cannot (or,
loved by them. will not) be
.Simple : Without g:;"n punctual (fr"q[<-q,) you cannot
prosper in life.
Compouncl
Compound P: ryn.,y.?I, witt ncr prosper in life.
or. you
Simple: ::y9 m" tifty taka or you cannot take the bc-rok.
without giving me-fiftv tir."
book. v.""."""oi11*" ,r.,"
.Simple sentenr:e S \
srerE Efrs compound +<c"
E
cqrq
sqq-<5.-<rlg- {-C{
i, ;;-;;' ti',**t;:# ffi"H
3(gR I Examples :
Compound: Work hard and {you wtll)succ}ea

Compound: Do it and (you will) be haPPY'

Simple : Do it for haPPiness.
N
Simple: Wear this dress for safetv-(Fmllst)'
N
Compound : Wear (lRrl+ +<l) this dress and (you will) remain
safe
Donate (qt{ T{t) money and wealth for famp (Tl{)
Compound :
';_j:r N
Donate money and (vou will) !s famgus (4q€<l' "flsqtrl)
,:1..
Simple:
Adj.
qC{$ pronotil-4-R- pot'etsiue case

T{{ 4?tr eF{ verb+ing (rr
q
compound dentence 6s si*pl" sent"tc" 1R- ,
stage vJe were

surprised at it.
(c4!'s cctrs qt{al c{rR <]tr{ TS-E q<(ql{.{t 'qF q<FF
E{lE l)
Simple: W" *nt" surprised at his being kicked out qf{<lfrom
elcg {t€TfF
the stage. (sR rs c{rs ilfA ccttil
q-{Fsq{l{ l)
Simple : We were sorry for his falling down'
Compound : We were sorry, for he fell down'
q{Ilc]tr
(crllc{ for q< !ffitt qFfr s{I qr{ I conjunction
for 4.< Tl€K m{ r)
Simple: People were astonished (frRv) at her running out

of the room.
Compound : She run out o{ the room and people were astonished
$ w{r4 Elr$ <jqqs

simple $-<rce qrq but 'ciqR'i< .iuur" Fu
eltrt in
grE ]ffj
"pni:ST?, <qt {tr
ctau|; F* fr n r.,o phrase KeilqRs s-{F q{ I R{fts
q
q< q-ctt {fr in spite of \5fqrq ETrs clftr{
.t**fn.nn,"nce 4K 6sF phrase
gF frrg qn q-ffi pll6seFc$
qsF clause
compound Grcu q5q ir,tpit. of
eiK but {i{lcs ET ertr{€f cla':se F g'rd '!I<
;;'ffi ,h T'cs clause 4R 'c<(
<C'ICg E{ I ExamPles :
-treia but he is honest'

poor
Simple: In spite of his poverty (qfu), he is honest'
Simple : In spite of his riches. he was unhappy'

noun phrase
Compound : He was rich but he was uPhaPPY.
Compound : They are strong but they have been defeated
(flrGoqcgq r)
Simple : In spite of their strength, they have been defeated.
noun phrase
Simple : In spite of her desire (qffis{l), she failed.
Compound : She was desirous (qffi) but she failed.
Compound : We worked hard but we could not succeed.

Simple : In spite of our hardwork (or, working hard) we
could not succeed.
q<R frcD-dEc.r{d.terfi re s
Simple : I know your intention (iq|).

Compound : You have an intention and I know it.
Simple : I have seen your father.
Compound : I have'seen him and he is your father.
Compound : I have understood your mistake.
Simple: You have done a mistake (vÂ)and I have
understood it.
Simple : With the receipt of the news he started weeping.
Compound z He received the news and started weeping.
Compound : We reached there and saw everything.
Simple : On reaching there we saw everything.
Sentence-4-<[{{n
Simple Sentence-4-<t V+inS+ . . .l {[sC{ \ilf$ compound UF3KE
Q{n IlV+ing+
CC{ A q(*i[Trs r{sF ql6u5s-q {e11-sftv T-?16s q{ I qgi'fii & q(}|rs
Np+v+6-Z]-el qor< frqcs qr €{( clause qFr$
ffiq F-rrs
and Erfl
q-s r qrllc{ NP-qE simple sentence-qi s(fR s Np q<( Verb (v)-4n
"f<-Eff
tense RC-i[ simple sentence-(il verb-€il tense-{-it q{{1 I Examples :
Simple : Going to market he bought a pen.
NP
Compound : H9 went to market and bought a pen.
NP
Simple : Hearing the news, she started weeping.
Compound : She heard the news and started weeping.
Compound : We did the work and went away.

Simple : Doing the work, we went away.
Compound : He bought the apple and started eating it.
Simple : Buying the apple, he started eating it.
Simple : Saying this, he went away.
Compound : He said this and went away.
Simple : Seeing me, the thief ran away.
Compound : The thief saw me and ran away.
Compound : The child looked at the moon and laughed.

Simple : Looking at the moon, the child laughed.
frcu<Eq'R<aerq1 rc e
Simple : To my surprise, the lell on the floor.

Compound : He fell on the floor and I was surprised.
't? Simple : Without seeing you in your room, I came back

home.
Compound : I did not see you ln your room and came back
home.
Compound : He ate not only a mango but also an apple.

Simple : Besides eating a mango, he ate an apple.
From Simnle to Comnlex :

From Comnlex to Simnle :
qr<\3 TlT-Sfr €hT{<qqqT T-{ s
Simple : He was the first boy to win the prize.

Complex : He was the first boy who won the prize.
Simple : Only the poor will be given the money.
Complex : Only those who are poor will be given the money.
Simple : Do not annoy ($.l{1sq c<T) the sleeping dog.
Complex : Do not annoy the dog which is sleeping.
Simple : A rolling stone gathers no moss.
Complex : A stone which is rolling gathers no moss.
From Comrrlex to Comrround

From ComDound to Comnlex :
Complex sentence-4K clause {E as soon as, no sooner had,

hardly had, scarcely had frtT sF qT eRr{ q'rs compound-€< {"l|qRs
<F-{Cs qC{ \flR fr{As clause-qlK 6'lC{ at once €K EF clause-q<( {l{i and
{{lfo q{' I Examples :

Complex : As soon as we reached there, the rain started. (C{Q
Ilq w{<t ffiffcq cftq4r qrfr 1E eF qE r)
: We reached there and the rain started at once.
Compound
Complex: Hardly had we reached there when the rain
started.
Or, Scarcely had we reached there when the rain
started.
Or, No sooner had we reached there than/before
the rain started.
(qr-{t fr"ffr* cfiqrslt ctqrcSlE e*<e r)
Compound : We reached there and the rain started at once
(EsqR)
complex : Hardry had she heard the news when she started
weeping.
Or, No- sooner had she heard the news
than,/before she starteci weeping.
Or, Scarcely had she heaid tin n"*, when she
started weeping.
Or, As soon as she heard the news, she started
weeping.
Compound : She'heaid the news and started weeping at once.
Complex sentence-4{
vI{t'E fiT-mCq elcs compound-q Re1-glfis 4-{CE
Eq s
(1) Complex sentenc6 fr <fr affirmatire <t
Ql-C<i<-O E{ \rRCq. if you E*C{
fr6$ verb-€if elc-{ and T{lF ql r
(2) Complex sentence-fr Sfr {l-Cil{s Rl
negative C{ EfCCq if you do not
9F frCR verb e:t C-ICT or TCIfs E{ | Examples :
Compound :
Complex :
Compound :
Complex :
Compound :
Complex :
Compound :
Complex : you do not work
ff
life.
hard, you will not prosper in
Compound : Work hard or you will not prosper in life.
Complex : tf you do not earn money, you will not be able to
live better.
Compound : Eam money or you will not be able to live better.
Compound : Kespect others or they will not respect you.
Complex : If you do not respect others, they wili not respect
you.
Compound : L-ove people and they will love you.
Complex : If you love people thly will love you.
Complex sentence-4 that clause cltfs, q
'that'
El-31 sS E{, ER6{ vl(-s compound-(
{{l-gRE FtrCrr- q5q ft.t
clause Frs selr{ Frc"l vlit"f-{ and cTfrf s-c< Eik9|-{ that-q< qrcrr{
gry EF €<isl-{ CIl-[{ itlthis {ffcu ql' I Examples :
Complex : We saw that the man entered the room.
Compound The man entered the room and we saw that/it.
Complex : She knew that her husband was honest.
Compound Her husband was honest and she knew it.
@lause €31qR{ <fq though {l although elltrl:

qqrq Elrs compound-€ m{IgRe s-{Cs qrE though/although 4< "F-<ff
q<q E-F13l though ll although
clause F qlcrt fu{ eK'l{ but ftqCo qCS
!'+ q$t{ T{'Ics Er< I Examples :
:.. (qdlqq"R) clause 3l
was poor, he was
He was poor but (he was) honest.
Though he came last, he finished first'
He came last but finished first.
Though we won the game, we could not win the
prize.
W" *on the game but (we) could not win the prize'
clause-e< 9k{ as compound-

Complexsentence-(3q?FlEiclause-q<qlc'las'<ll$Lel\elLscompor
en-s-rq'gTr$
q rollgRs fircs qrE as W{ ftm sn eFr{ff clause F gam frcq sf<"r< and
frrnsqr< q<(qeK clause fr\5R"f-{<fo-sfrco<< r
Complex : As we climbed uP the hill, saw many interesting

sights (T'BRft)
Compound : We climbed up the hill an d (we) saw manY
interesting sights.
Complex : As (mRsJ he was ill, he could not attend the
meeting.
Compound : He was ill and (he) could not attend the meeting'
Complex : We could not go out for a walk as the weather was
bad.
Compound: The weather was bad and we could not go out for a
walk.
Complex : As she was angry with me, she did not talk with me
for two days.
Compound : She was angry with me and did not talk with me for
two days.
fdr5irBql{d.l€rfl qV t
Complex: The doctor came after the patient had died'
Compound: The patient died and then the doctor came'
Complex : The rain had started belote we reached home'
Compound : The rain started and then we reached home'
Complex : We went to the dining room ({FK {<) after the
work had been comPleted.
Compound : The work was compieted and thex we went to the
dining room.
before
Complex : The farmer had ploughed OF s[-{RE) the land
he sowedF"lq sr<&E) the seeds (Aq)' .
Compound : The farmer ploughed the land and then he sowed the
seeds.
Comolex , i *ut happy when I heard.the good news'
;;;;;h , i heu'd tirL'good news and was happv'
VIEW (qFF ctff+
qmr+'fF) t
AN OVERALL
was sorry'
Compound : I received the bad news and. the bad news'
*tt"tt I
a;fu.- : I was totty to receive..the bad news'
received
5i*"f" : I *u, sotry
6i"io"""a t Work hari and vou will t\1tt"n9--,
Com'plex : If you work hard' you will succeeo'
h;;'i;;;cess (or in order to succeed)
Simnle : Work
6;;;il : Though he is Poor fr1 P hon3st'
Compound : He is poor but (he is) honest'
Simpie : In spite of (cqs) his poverty' he is honest'
ii-pt. : A rolling sto-ng gath3.rs no moss'
-which is rolling gathers no moss'
6;;;ir; : A stone no moss'
C"*'p"""a : A stone rolls and gathers
Si-pi. : Saying this, lhg.man went away'
Compound :- They man said this and-went had said this'
away'
;;;il-; rne'min-*"nt u*uv after he
Si-pj. : I do not know his name'
6"tio"""a : He has a namewhat and.l do not know it'
a;;lex : I do not know his name is'
Simple:Sheadmitted(fu<F-fi)hermistake({{).
C"-pf"* : She admittedmistake thtt th" h-ad.made a mistake'
;;;;;a , Sh" ;Jt and she admitted it'
"
This is the act $fe) of a wise man'
Simple : it'
Co-ttip"""a This is an act and a wise man does
:
E;;il-; This is the act that a wise man does'
:
OTHER-fEXAMPLES OF TRANSFORMATION
6-t--- .ould not but laugh'-(use help)
Alns , I could not helP laughing' 'none')
Qr Only Allah can help.us.' (use
irr" , Non-e but Allah can (use .'so')
helP us' ..
Q: I am too weak to walk' . !
At, ,' I am so weak that I cannot walk'

d; ilr""gt he is fat, he can run well' (use as)
Ans : Fat as he is (<fts fi dlil), he can-run'since')
well'
Q: I have not seen him for a year'- (Use
Ans ': It is a year i saw hirn or' I.saw him a year since'
O; ";;;;
i-""*'nirn two years ago' (Use 'for')
dt -t I have not seen him for two(deplace years'
'none')
O; " None but cJ iun help us'
Ctt" , OnlY God can helP us'
Q : As soon as I saw him, I called
to him IERT T{ crlco) vFoad{
(yuke ir negative) rl
^ :
Ans No so.o.nqr-frad-i seen him than
e: n" .,1:l:g t!_"ii;il;;ii,ni. I called to him.
Ans : He insisted,or, _y goirrg. -- rr." a gerund)
e: I tried all plans. (lftai!'i't-negative)
Ans : I left no plans untried.
Q: I must go. (Us" '.u.,i-'
Ans : i cannolt U"t g".-'^'
Q: I am sure thatjre will pass. (Make
Ans : I am sure hi" it simple)
e: If you work,
;;;l;;:-"'
"f G';ilI
Ans : Unless you work,
;;:;ive the money.. (Use ,unless,,)
V., *iff i"t receive the money.
Q: I like coffee môre than teu (Use ,prefor,)
sft c<Ft tqr oR rr (qtfr uf-,{<
^
Ans : I prefer coffee iorteu,
66_6S
Iel q",cr * frR tu"EH*m*uq*s n'.cs Dl\e ER.E qi

exercise F +-< r q+F gie fi cq$ <lc< Fl r}
1. Transform the following ,"nt"n.n,
(a) The chird obeys it. into negative.
rr'o'-,".. ir]"a r"*r"i"r.""s his
Every bodv likes floweis. (d) All children. (c)
;;si
ir". i"r Everyone must submii ro his
fate. (f) He is also liable io'
;;. j;j
Uiu,].,na wisely. (h) A man should
alwavs speak the trrrth. (i)
shout fi) AII peopre here are rich. (k)
A;;.;';"inl u.riuna home, she began to
die. (m) He must oo there. (lj Arr-ilrt he have passed. (r) we must
a banana and a m-ango
W; another. (o) He wi, eat
h)
sick. (r) Allah alwavs"tou"r'rr.'Gt;;
b.J.",
bnly "{"ri"fJJ".""e
i"fp us. (q). My fiiend is aiways
;;jil"res smokes. (t) Bakui has a
[i^?ffi: j?f"l",j"lg!i .-irti[ ,.;i i;i';:
has rert the viirage r;
is short' (v) everyone will admit"thai'nnever r
*l" u*L irr'ii";#,:i*e.j|?: aia
2. Change the followingLntences
into interrogative.
no u!? ff $i;:i::: l? "'thi'; ;;u hou* (ers'u"r).
ii** (c) rt is or
3. Change the following__sentences
(a) How wise she irt,tui'wr.,"il';;ffi:1. into
assertive.
How nice the flower i.t (;t'Fi;;;";"r"!i,il""'poem r rct What a sood idea !(d)
4. Change the following. sentences it isl
(a) you are a great,f..l. int-o exclamatory.
iL'i-ifr"v'*irJ.u"r, acrive. (c) The man is
bird looks fine. (eiirr" pilr tastes
Ir"7"$'3t?;,91-The bitrer. (r)
our pet car
5. Change the following,sentences
(a) she is the most irt"rrig-""i'girr into comparative and positive.
l.iirrr ramirv. (b) our dos is the
i['ry;# in#"$*m;ll"ll:$"i'',r]ni'unu student in the ciass (d)
6. Change the following sentences into positive.
(a) Kiron is wiser th"; ii;;o;."t)"ii",li
brother. (c) The fox is more cunning nror" inteltigent ihan his
than the oog.
Grammar : Transformation of Sent€nces 731'
4. Change the following sentences into comparative.

(a) He iJ as cunning ai a fox. (b) You are as wise as your father. (c)
Akbar was as strong as ihe tiger. (d) This plan will be as effective as that.
5. Make the following sentences comparative and positive.
(a) English is one of the best languages of the world. (b) London is
o.,n oi the-largest cities of the world. (c) Anna Karenina is one of the best
novels in the ivorld Literature. (d) She is one of the most beautiful girls of
this village.
6. Make the following sentences complex.
(a) I know his name. (U) fett me the truth. (c) She knows her father's
-j3;'f
birthpiace. (d) The man is too weak to walk. (e) The mountain is too
heavy for them to climb. (f) Having read the letter, she started crying (g)
we eat to live. (h) shagar studied 6ard in order to pass the examination. (i)
In spite of his illness, he has come to the meeting.
7. Make the following sentences simple.
(a) If you study hard, you will pass. (b) I am glad.to hear that you
have'passed the examination. (c) Study hard and you will pass in the first
division.
8. Make the following sentences compound.
(a) I know that he has a red cow. (b) By reading newspapers you can
b" *is". (c) Drink milk in order to get vitamins. (d) Without studying hard
you will not pass the exam. (e) Wear this dress {or safety. (f) We were
'surprised
at his being kicked out from the stage' (g) In spite . of his
poverty, he is honesi. (h) In spite of (or despite) his strengih, he was
iefeated. (i) Going to market, he bought a pen. 0) To our surprise, he fell
on the floor. (k) As we climbed up the hill, we saw many interesting
sights. (l) though he is rich, he is dishonest.
9. Change the following sentences as directed.
(a) I coJd not but laugh. (use 'help') (b) She is too old to do such a
work.'(use 'so'). (c) I was ill and so I could not attend the class. (use 'since'.)
(d) Though he is rich, he is unhappy (use 'as'). (e) None but Allah can help
,i (rt" 'onlv). (f) He insisted that I should go (use a gerund).

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CHAPTER A 39

-'-- not rble(

Auxiliary verb e6{lqcqfr{fi{ a

not obev me. -

subject q<qlctt 4I{ <{lf\g

ou must not go you go therer

Aff. : Every man -urt full prny to {s{l) death.

or, There is no one *,lo .un escape his / her fate.

Neg. : No one hates (1ctl+-<l) him.

Aff. : Everybody is liable to (vQn) error (Sfl).

+rRe Oqq\g affirmative-€3l adverb-C$

He acted wiselY cRE).

Aff. : You should always sPeak

ffi] t' soan as she beaiJ tne nerros'

qtnJ) ,ro"r -{'rLY v,\

nry Uod can help us.

Neg. : He never can remember things.

lherc !!rq.,v _reroril,.c ngre.

many-96{<F-ff Ee$Is ; a few-Sn i{({IS.

.,".*""*,* 1*1Yl qq< qr r)

*+ffiam, is are, was, were <\")trn

** lyiT affirmative s-{cs Erq &

Aff. : Man is rcertel- (E{'fArE)'

Neg. : He is not slpg(85ift)'

Neg. : The tree is not tall.

t Negative <fsI Tlq' There is no

(qT{ r€F Tt c{t frfr \d< TsFrrs sFFt'rs{ ct t)

t l,legatve-iFFl <lE No fq-rs e* q{ \FRrq 15gp 4i1f*u11,r" 6-g6s

Neg. : No man can Pass this danger'

Neg. : No one hates (1"fi €<1) him'

3 a{{s T?ns negative-{6{Iit adjective-cs

Neg.: body isfree from error.

t T"lq\, $"lEG negative <1-f$l1i adverb CS

aifirmative_4 K"flgfi\o s'-d q* S

Aff. : He acted wiseiY.

Neg. : They did not behave roughly with us.

Aff. : He acted foolishly.

Aff. : I will always ,J-nrnUn, (a3lcf e<l) you.

(c+EQ v=6 6n664, q-v1r

Neg. : No one.un d"uth.

Neg She cannot but obey his orders. I

Rahim and Karim went there.

3 Negative <lc"ilR qelfr {q none

Neg None but the brave deserue the fair.

"iR-<-r"6 always Trlt[E qR I q(tF(ct Rf[-S]1t verb, noun, {i adjective

lf+m a Negative-€ not arways {rrF"[aT affirmative-€ ro-Ji-* aqr< I

t Negative-€ not a few, (not) many, (noifmrch, ("ot)

t Negative-€ never cll<F-CE affirmative-€ for the last time Tl{qs ET I

ftq e.RT <trre-r< sd{aro << g

From Assertive to Interrogative

qeK"iCS Interrogative sentence Eq'ESCfl<fS <l=Fl' I

f{'q-{ 8 Assertive-q Sfr everyone/everybody+verb aI|Cs' uRr{

Int : Who will not die?

Assertive <lsl {q affirmative <l qi c{T{e q{ \oI-{E T+-I$I

Ass. : It was a good idea.

3 Asserlive-€ nothing ell$.Cal interrogative-4 any thing <jTqg {$ S

3 Assertive-€ nothing but qllfi{ interrogatlve-q ts{. but R'l'

From Assertive to Exclannatory :

A. How + Adj. + NP + am,/is,/are/was/waret

How beautifut she is I (ft f*m mD

6{rl{ 3 She is a very beautiful girl

B. How + Adj + a/am + NP + NP+ am,/is,/are!

How beautiful a Sld she is !

.,"."",* 1*1Yl qq< qr r)

Iel q",cr * frR tu"EHmuq*s n'.cs Dl\e ER.E qi