Kigali Sub Area Plans

S C H E M A T I C D E S I G N

R W A N D A

K I M I H U R U R A

o z a r c h i t e c t u r e . e r a . e d a w. t e t r a t e c h . w i n s t o n a s s o c i a t e s
JUNE 2010

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 K IM I H URURA

VISION AND PROGRAMMING ..................................1

Vision .....................................................................3
Development Program .........................................5

SITE PLAN ..................................................................6

Framework Diagram .............................................6
Illustrative Site Plan...............................................7
Open Space/Greenway Zone .............................10

INFRASTRUCTURE....................................................14
Transportation .....................................................14
Drainage ..............................................................20
Water ...................................................................24
Sanitary Sewer ....................................................26
Power/Dry Utilities ..............................................28

DEVELOPMENT & DESIGN GUIDELINES ...............30

Design Guidelines ...............................................30
Mixed Use Commercial Zone .............................30
Medium and Low Density Hotel Zones ..............32
Kimihurura Residential Zones .............................34
Architectural Standards ......................................34

MUNICIPAL FINANCING .........................................36

Phasing Plan ........................................................36
Municipal Financing ............................................37

FIGURE 1: THE KIMIHURURA ROUNDABOUT serves as a symbol of the new Rwanda and inspiration for the future.

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 VI SI ON AND P RO GRA MM ING
The Kimihurura Sub Area is centrally located within one of the most highly developed
areas of Kigali and is surrounded by important existing and proposed urban elements.
These include Government of Rwanda Ministries, Parliament and Agencies. In
addition, the new Kigali Conference Center and Hotel, located adjacent to the Sub
Area site, will anchor Kimihurura development and position it as an iconic Kigali
location. The Sub Area is envisioned to be a Gateway to the City from the Kigali
International Airport and an extremely important symbolic urban space for the “new
Rwanda.”
K IM
I M IHU
IHURURA
FIGURE 2: THE KIMIHURURA SUB AREA is located centrally in Kigali, to the east of
Nyarugenge and to the west of the Kigali International Airport.
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KIMIH U RU RA
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G
VISION
Gateway Experience. In its position due west of the Kigali International Airport,
the Kimihurura Sub Area will provide a Gateway experience for arrival to Kigali.
Coming from the Airport, the visitor arrives first at the new Convention Center and
Hotel complex, which will be a major Kigali landmark with its Rwandan inspired
dome. Next, the Kimihurura Roundabout directs the visitor to the Kimihurura Sub
Area site, which welcomes the visitor into a dense, vibrant, and animated mixed-
use commercial center. The site is more than a gateway though: by design, it easily
welcomes local Kigali residents, who are drawn to the site from the north (Kacyiru
hill and the rapidly growing areas of Nyarutarama and Kinyinya), the west (the new
CBD in Nyarugenge) and the south (the populous Kicukiro area). The Kimihurura
Roundabout symbolizes this diverse access and the celebration of Kimihurura Sub
Area for all Kigali citizens.
Symbol of the Future. In addition to its role as Gateway, City leaders and
stakeholders would like the Kimihurura Sub Area to become a symbol of the “new
Rwanda”, and evidence that Kigali is a planned and well organized city. The Mayor
FIGURE 3: THE NEW KIGALI CONVENTION CENTER at Kimihurura has already
envisions iconic high-rise buildings tapering down to the ground, situated in a
started construction. It will form a key element for the future program of the Sub Area
beautiful green garden setting, providing an elegant transition into the older parts that will be elaborated by the development program shown in this report.
of the City. These elements symbolize Rwanda’s rebirth and its commitment to a
globalized and sustainable future.
Build on Important Existing Elements. The Kimihurura site area has already been
acknowledged as an important location by virtue of new government facilities (such
as the Ministries of Revenue, Defense, office of the Prime Minister, and others),
commercial development such as the KBC, and public beautification projects such
as the Kimihurura Roundabout, located in the vicinity. The high level governmental
uses should shape programmatic decisions for the site, providing space and access
for organizations and visitors conducting business with them, while at the same time
protecting their privacy and security. In general, stakeholders would like to ensure
linkages between the Sub Area and surrounding businesses and neighborhoods so
that commercial, retail, entertainment and recreational facilities can be accessed by
all.
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 VI SI ON AND P RO GRA MM ING
FIGURE 4: THE KIGALI BUSINESS CENTER (KBC), located at the Kimihurura
Roundabout, was one of the first private sector developments.
FIGURE 5: ADJACENT TO THE KIMIHURURA SUB AREA, there are several key
Rwanda ministries, such as the Departments of Revenue, Defense, Foreign Affairs and
the Prime Minister’s Office. The circular park adjacent to them should provide passive
relaxation to employees and serve as a transitional zone from the higher activity areas
of the new Sub Area.
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Strong urban parks and green identity already exist and shall serve as key design
element. The three major public green spaces located at the site (the Kimihurura
Roundabout, the Circular Park located next to the ministries, and the large green
area located at the southern end of the site) are important anchors that will shape
the design. A large portion of the site currently occupied has large open spaces with
ancient trees that shall be protected and preserved.
Stakeholders would like the Roundabout and gardens to be strengthened and utilized
as urban backdrop to restaurants and other urban pedestrian uses surrounding it.
They envisioned new development to frame the Roundabout. At the same time, there
were traffic concerns at the roundabout, with the desire for separated pedestrian/auto
network management, such as a pedestrian bridge or alternative road network that
would separate local and/or pedestrian traffic from regional traffic.
Developer stakeholders were interested in higher density programming, but they also
valued environmental concerns, such as greenways and landscaping, management
of the wetlands, and use of native plants or bamboo instead of eucalyptus. Some FIGURE 6: THE EXISTING CIRCULAR GOVERNMENT PARK adjacent to the
stakeholders desired small gardens and felt that agriculture in the urban area is Kimihurura Sub Area on the west is already beautifully landscaped. It should be further
enhanced to serve as one of three major parks that will be part of the Open Space/
good. They felt that the natural forested area should be protected and become a Greenway network.
design element, especially for the Hotel area. They thought that greenbelt linkages
to surrounding areas should become defining design element throughout site,
emphasizing pedestrian/greenways and connections into surrounding areas. They
also wanted to strengthen the pedestrian connection between Roundabout and
Government Center. Gasabo Mayor Claudine Nyanawagaga highlighted public
leisure space and attention to the youth population.
Previous Design Work for the Sub Area. The Kigali Conceptual Master Plan
addressed the Kimihurura (Kacyiru) Round-about as a model case study for
commercial redevelopment. It recommended further growth there to build upon
existing retail use, increase density, extend green belts and create a streetscape with
bridge and underpass connections for pedestrian activity. Peter Rich Architects
further developed the concept to create a strong pedestrian promenade connection
between the Kimihurura Round-about and the government circle drive. Taller mixed
use buildings were introduced in a radial pattern from the Roundabout, preserving
views, as well as a hotel and high density residential use zone at the military reserve
site, which preserved existing tree lines. These elements of Rich’s scheme and the
location of parking below buildings have been developed in the Kimihurura Sub FIGURE 7: THE EXISTING KIMIHURURA SITE has beautiful forests and stands of
Area Plan. ancient trees that should be integrated into the plan, protected and preserved.
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 KIMIH U RU RA
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DE V E LOPMEN T PROG R AM
Based on Kigali and Gasabo District leadership guidance, stakeholder visioning, and
environmental and socio-economic analysis, a development program was produced
as a basis for the Site Plan. Kimihurura Development Program shows the space
allocation to the different uses. This program ultimately formed the basis of the Site
Plan which includes a Framework Diagram, highlighting the various development
zones; and the Illustrative Site Plan, which demonstrates one possible urban design
outcome.

TABLE 1: KIMIHURURA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

ITEM Number Unit Population

of Units Type

MIXED USE HIGH DENSITY

OFFICE/RETAIL/RESIDENTIAL
Retail 45,000 SM
Office 180,000 SM
Residential* 120 Dwelling Units 360

HOTEL ROOMS
Hotel-Medium Density 1,300 Rooms
Hotel-Low Density 200 Rooms
Total 1,500 Rooms

RESIDENTIAL Residential (Med.- High Density ~140 DU/Ha) 434 Dwelling Units 1,300
Residential (Med.- Low Density ~70 DU/Ha) 286 Dwelling Units 860
Total 720 Dwelling Units
Elementary School 200-300** Students
2,520
*Flexible: can be expanded or reduced per market drivers.
**Lower proportion of students in Kimihurura Sub Area population.

FIGURE 8: KIMIHURURA ROUNDABOUT. As one of the first public beautification projects in Kigali, the Kimihurura Roundabout holds iconic status, acting as the site of
many weddings and celebrations near the central woman and child statue.

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 SI TE P LAN

In this section of the report, the Vision and Programming are applied to the
development of a Site Plan, comprising a Framework Diagram and an Illustrative
Site Plan. The Framework Diagram shows the various development zones, guidelines
for which are detailed in the later section titled Development Guidelines.

F RA MEWORK DIAGRAM
The Kimihurura Framework Diagram (Figure 9), shows the following uses in the
Sub Area:
• Open Space/Greenway Zone
• Mixed Use High Density Commercial/Retail/Office
• Medium High Density Residential
• Medium Low Density Residential
• Medium Density Hotel
• Low Density Hotel
• Primary School

TABLE 2: KIMIHURURA SUB AREA LAND USE MIXED-USE ZONES

High Density

LAND USE AREA (ha) % of SITE Medium Density

Neighborhood Center

RESIDENTIAL ZONES
High Density
OPEN SPACE 21.69 24.5% Medium-High Density
MIXED USE - HIGH DENSITY 15.50 17.5% Medium-Low Density

PLAZA PROMENADE 1.08 1.2% HOTEL ZONES

RESIDENTIAL -MED.-LOW DENSITY (~70 DU/Ha) 2.46 2.8% High Density/Conference Center
Medium Density
RESIDENTIAL-MED.-HIGH DENSITY (~140 DU/Ha) 4.12 4.6%
Low Density
HOTEL - LOW DENSITY 1.66 1.9% (Eco-Tourism/Retirement Housing)

HOTEL - MEDIUM DENSITY 6.33 7.1% CIVIC

EDUCATION 0.42 0.5% EDUCATIONAL

OPEN SPACE
INFRASTRUCTURE RIGHT-OF-WAY 35.45 40.0%
TOTAL 88.71 100.0%
0 100 200
m
ft
0 400 800

FIGURE 9: THE KIMIHURURA FRAMEWORK DIAGRAM shows the development zones.

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I L L U S T RAT I V E S I T E PLA N
The Kimihurura Illustrative Site Plan (Figure 10), shows a representation of what
future development might look like based on the Framework Plan and Development
Guidelines (last section of this chapter). It comprises intensive development that
balances and strengthens the existing fabric of the area.

The Kimihurura Roundabout is featured in the plan as a celebratory space, reflecting

its heritage as a key location in Kigali. The design of the mixed use commercial zone
consists of tall iconic modern buildings emanating radially from the Roundabout
like a star. These buildings are tied together by a second level circular walkway that
provides safe pedestrian access all around the circle. The walkway is lined with shops,
restaurants and viewpoints that will excite and entertain the user.

0 100 200
m
ft
0 400 800

FIGURE 10: KIMIHURURA ILLUSTRATIVE SITE PLAN FIGURE 11: COMMERCIAL CENTER RENDERING. View from north east.
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 SI TE P LAN

ILLU S TRATIVE SITE PL AN c o nt inued

To the west of the Roundabout, a pedestrian promenade

draws users to a circular Plaza, anchoring a pedestrian system
threading through the mixed-use commercial district. The tall
buildings have retail on the ground floor and office/residential
above. The promenade sets the stage for a variety of street uses,
such as walkways, outdoor restaurant areas, fountains and
kiosks, small gardens and public art. It is a place where people
can shop, dine, or just enjoy watching the urban street life.

Building tower floor plates, of no more than 16m width, allow

vistas between buildings, as well as natural light to the street.
Farther to the west, the existing circular Ministry Park has
an open pavilion with soft green landscaping as a backdrop,
providing a peaceful mood that contrasts with the vibrant
social hardscape of the urban center. Tall radial mixed-use
buildings are also found emanating from the north side of the
Roundabout.

As a Gateway to Kigali City, Kimihurura highlights the sense

of arrival for visitors, but it also supports both local Rwandan
and international markets. The new plan consolidates a strong
focal point and sense of place for surrounding development,
including the nearby Convention Center and Hotel under
construction, ministries/government agencies, and residential
neighborhoods.

FIGURE 12: THIS VIEW FROM THE TOP OF ONE OF

THE RADIAL BUILDINGS LOOKING NORTHEAST shows
the circular Shopping Plaza that forms a focal point
inside the Kimihurura shopping/restaurant district. The
plaza supports both automobile and pedestrian traffic. A
covered walkway allows the visitor to circulate comfortably
even when it is raining. Restaurants and outdoor gathering
spots enliven the plaza to make it a festive and animated
space.

The top of the drawing features the pedestrian Promenade

leading to the Kimihurura Roundabout and the Convention
Center beyond.

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GREENWAY WITH
NEIGHBORHOOD
ACCESS GREENWAY WITH
NEIGHBORHOOD
ACCESS
FIGURE 13: THE DUAL CIRCULATION PATTERN AT KIMIHURURA, shown
above, illustrates the primary circulation routes visitors and city-scale arrivals to
the site. The secondary circulation pattern, equally important, provides access
from neighborhoods to the north, and surrounding areas.
Circulation through the mixed-use zone is sensitive to the complexity of market
populations for the site, and to the need for non-automobile alternative forms of
access for many people. In addition to the primary access afforded on arterials and
the Roundabout, the mixed-use commercial zone is bisected by a circular drive that
starts in the neighborhoods on the northwest part of the site, loops down to the
Kimihurura Sub Area Residential and Hotel zones, and then loops up to the east
of the Convention Center to the surrounding residential neighborhoods on the
northeast. This loop provides a second circulation structure that ensures local access
to the site. To the south of the mixed-use commercial zone, a strong east west drive
connects pedestrians to the Convention Center via a charming pocket park that also
links to the greenway.
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RESIDENTIAL
NEIGHBORHOODS
FIGURE 14: THE RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS in the southwest part of the
site are geared towards the Rwanda urban dweller as well as the international
business/organization community.
The Kimihurura Residential neighborhood center includes medium high (100 DU/
Ha) and medium low (70 DU/Ha) areas. Blocks include buildings and parking as well
as landscaping in their interior courtyards. Because there is such a high proportion
of retail in the mixed-use commercial center, neighborhood community centers
and retail would be limited in this zone to groceries, small shops selling necessities,
and pharmacies. Likewise, because the market population for this neighborhood
is expected to be more short term, transient, or professionally oriented, the interior
block landscaping is envisioned to be more low maintenance with urban agriculture
with fruit trees and ornamentals rather than subsistence or market gardens. For the
same reasons, this area has a lower proportion of school children than more long term
established neighborhoods; however, a primary school is located to the southwest to
accommodate children from this and surrounding neighborhoods.
nd commercial areas.
KIMIH U RU RA
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G
HOTEL
PARK
FIGURE 15: HOTELS ARE POSITIONED TO LOOK OUT OVER THE NORTH/
SOUTH URBAN PARK, providing access for their guests to walkways that circulate
within and through the wooded grove to the Convention Center and commercial
areas.
To the southeast of the mixed-use commercial zone (and due south of the Convention
Center) lies the Kimihurura Hotel zone, which includes five Hotel sites for medium
density and low density Hotels. Four of these sites are envisioned to accommodate
conference and international grade Hotels that will serve the Conference Center
and needs of organizations with business in Kimihurura and Kacyiru. Additionally,
these Hotels may serve the recreational site to the south of the hotel zone, which
may potentially promote sports and other activities that will draw large international
crowds.
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 SI TE P LAN

OP E N SPACE / GREEN WAY ZO N E

FIGURE 17: A SMALL PUBLIC PARK south of the mixed use FIGURE 18: THE CIRCULAR GOVERNMENT PARK to the west
commerical zone provides a tranquil respite for the convention, of the Sub Area links to a semicircular residential park via a
hotel and shopping visitor. “green street”.

0 100 200
m
ft
0 400 800

FIGURE 16: THE OPEN SPACE/GREENWAY ZONE structures the layout of the whole design, linking it to nature and the larger
Kigali greenway system shown in the Kigali Conceptual Master Plan. In Kimihurura, the Open space/Greenway Zone includes
the Kimihurura Roundabout, two major circular parks, the linear park in the Hotel zone, a smaller residential park, a small urban
park in the mixed-use commercial zone and school play yards. These are all linked in a seamless network by pedestrian/bikeways FIGURE 19: THE KIMIHURURA HOTELS look out over a forested FIGURE 20: ARRIVING AT KIMIHURURA on the arterial from
adjacent to roads through the Sub Area. In addition, the internal Greenway links to the north and south to Kigali wetlands which park with peaceful walkways that provide access to the Convention Nyarugenge, the Ministry of Defense Park sets the stage for the
shall also be preserved as Open Space. Like the road rights-of-way (shown in the Infrastructure section below) the Open Space/ Center, the Residential area and the Commercial zone. dramatic skyline of Kimihurura.
Greenway Zone has been defined by engineered boundaries, and shall be set aside (via easements or purchased land) by the
municipal government to preserve this land in perpetuity.

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This view of the Kimihurura Sub

Area highlights the beautiful urban
landscape that frames the Kimihurura
Roundabout and links to the
Conference Center.

FIGURE 21: KIMIHURURA SUB AREA VIEWED FROM THE NORTHEAST LOOKING NORTHWEST.
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 SI TE P LAN

A RRIVALS & T HE V IEW F RO M AFAR

As a Gateway to Kigali City, Kimihurura highlights the sense of arrival for visitors,
but it also supports both local Rwandan and international markets. The new Plan
consolidates a strong focal point and sense of place for surrounding development,
including the nearby Convention Center and Hotel under construction, Ministries/
Government Agencies, and Residential neighborhoods.

FIGURE 23: ARRIVING FROM NYARUGENGE, the urban landscape of Kimihurura will FIGURE 24: THE VIEW EAST OF KIMIHURURA’S SKYLINE from the Ministry of
be memorable as a statement of the new Rwanda. Defense Park will be inspiring.

FIGURE 22: THE KIMIHURURA SUB AREA enhances the sense of arrival for the FIGURE 25: ARRIVING FROM THE SOUTH, the visitor will be drawn into the interior FIGURE 26: VIEW FROM THE SOUTH LOOKING OVER THE PROPOSED
visitor. Coming from the Kigali International Airport, excitement is generated circular plaza by curiosity about its liveliness. RECREATION SPORTS FACILITY PARK.
first by the new Convention Center, then the celebratory Roundabout, and finally
by the thrilling urban landscape of the tall structures of the Sub Area.

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View of the Kimihurura Sub Area

from above the Ministry of Defence
and Government Park looking east.

It shows the proximity of the

Kimihurura Sub Area to the Kigali
International Airport, which is located
at the very top of this rendering.

FIGURE 27: KIMIHURURA ILLUSTRATIVE SITE PLAN VIEW LOOKING EAST.

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 I N FRASTR UCTURE

T RA NSPORTATION
K E Y T R AN S P O RTATIO N GO A L S
REGIO NA L C ONT EX T • Utilize existing transportation corridors and developed KINYINYA
The regional location of the Kimihurura Sub Area in the areas for new and improved roadways to reduce
the impacts on the natural environment within and
central area of the City of Kigali, plays an important role in
surrounding Kimihurura.
transportation planning. Primary regional destinations include • Improve access to or between the Government Circle
the Nyarugenge Central Business District (CBD) located three and proposed Convention Center.
kilometers to the west and the Kigali International Airport • Create a better connection between the Residential
areas surrounding the City Center and the City Center
located six kilometers to the east. See Figure 28: The Regional
itself.
Location of Kimihurura. • Promote pedestrian and bicycle safety and access
and the use of public transportation to destinations PREFERRED ROUTE
TO CITY CENTER
The Kimihurura Sub Area is an existing developing urban area around the City.
with a strong government and military presence. It is being • Establish better generalized bus routes and stronger KIGALI PREFERRED ROUTE
access to the Central Business District, Airport, as well CITY TO AIRPORT
planned as a mixed use Commercial, Retail and Residential KIMIHURURA
as creating a stronger link to the south of Kimihurura. CENTER
neighborhood, with Hotels supporting the new Convention
Center as another local attraction. Traffic generation is expected
KIGALI
to be typical of a commercial/residential neighborhood with a In addition, the mixed-use quality of the buildings and INTERNATIONAL
strong influence from the Convention Center as another main AIRPORT
neighborhoods will allow for a high ratio of non-personal
attraction. automobile transit modes, including taxi and moto-taxi, bus
(private and public), and bicycle/pedestrian traffic. Motorized
TRAVEL MOD ES transportation bringing people to the site will be through a
Multiple modes of transit will be utilized within the Kimihurura variety of means.
City Center Area. The Kinyinya Surbana Transportation
Report discusses a typical split of transportation modes Personal vehicles. This travel mode includes cars and REBERO

where 75% percent of travelers opt for public transportation
such as buses, with the remaining 25% utilizing the personal
automobile. This split is expected to be similar to other areas,
however for different reasons. In Kimihurura, the high public
modal split will be due to its urban mixed-use character more
than to its socio-economic character.
Internal circulation within this City Center is expected to
be largely by non-motorized and/or local public/private
bus transportation. The utilization of personal vehicles for
transportation will be limited in this area for two reasons. A
significant amount of the market will be convention related
hotel and apartment short-term residency with international
tenants, who will tend to use non-personal transportation.
motorcycles used for transit in and around Kimihurura for
personal business. The use of personal vehicles is anticipated
to be a secondary mode of travel within Kimihurura, based
upon its smaller overall size and strong mixed-use design.
While some employees and visitors may drive to their
respective locations within Kimihurura, most will opt to use
public transportation, private hotel transit, bikes, or pedestrian
modes of transportation.
Public Transit. Public transportation (including taxis, buses,
and hotel transit) is expected a significant mode of transit for
residents and employees. A mass transit system (bus, shuttle,
taxi) currently provides service throughout Kigali City with
service in and around Kimihurura. With this service expected
to continue, mass transit options will be available to the public
wishing to access the Convention Center and other features
FIGURE 28: THE REGIONAL LOCATION OF KIMIHURURA shows its proximity to the Kigali City Center and the Kigali International
Airport
of the Kimihurura area. In order to facilitate easy access to
buses, there will be bus stop locations at various locations
within Kimihurura at major intersections and near major
business and government buildings with loops accessing the
Convention Center and Ministry Circle sites.
Private Transit. Since the Kimihurura site is planned
to include Hotels and Residences that will support the
Convention Center, private transit modes including vans
and small shuttles buses are anticipated to be operated by the
hotels. These vehicles will be available to transport guest to
MASAKA
and from the Airport, as well as to other visitor destinations
in the region.
Bicycles. Bicycles are expected to be used by residents who
live in the neighborhoods adjacent to the City Center who are
accessing places of employment or other destinations within
the area. Bicycles may also be used by hotel guests for leisure
and convention access, also linking to the proposed bike ways
along the wetland/Parks.

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Pedestrians. Pedestrian access is predicted to be most prevalent anticipated additional load of traffic that will result from the
by employees who live in the adjacent neighborhoods and also increase in population. TABLE 3: ROAD DESIGN CRITERIA
by guests accessing nearby destinations. While all roadway
classifications include provisions for pedestrian access, there Horizontal Curves. Based on the proposed design speed for ROAD CLASSIFICATION SPEED HORIZONTAL CURVE PROFILE GRADE
(km/hr) MINIMUM RADIUS (m) MAXIMUM (%)
are also several pedestrian friendly routes throughout the site, each roadway classification, minimum horizontal curvature
including the Park between the Hotels, the urban Promenade radii have been provided as indicated in Table 3: Road Design 1 Local 30 30 8
through the Mixed-Use Center, and the northwest/southeast Criteria. 2 Minor Collector 30-50 35 12
running “green street” through the residential zone. 3 Major Collector 30-50 35 12

V E RT I C AL AL I G N M E N T 4 Mafor Collector 30-50 35 12

DESIGN S PEED
As indicated in Table 3: Road Design Criteria, the design speeds
proposed for vehicles vary between the road classifications. The
highest design speeds are along the major arterial roadways
and step down as traffic proceeds into the collectors and local
type roadways. The highest design speed is for the arterial
roadway which has been proposed to be between 50 and 90
km/hr. This higher design speed is reflective of the faster
transit speed expected for vehicles traveling a longer distance
to and from outlying areas and into the City Center. The next
range of design speeds includes the Collector roadways that
step down to the 30-50 km/hr range. These roadways mix
motorized transit with a higher concentration of bicycle and
pedestrian traffic. Local streets are assumed to have low design
speeds under 30 km/hr.
HO RIZO N TA L A LIGNMENT
The horizontal alignment of the proposed roadway
improvements associated with Kimihurura is indicated on
Figure 29: Kimihurura Roadways. Horizontal design criteria
is also included in Table 3.
Roadway Location. While many of the roadways alignments
within Kimihurura represent completely new construction,
much of the roadway location is based on the existing roadways
currently located within the site along with the existing access
to the Government Circle. New roadway locations were
determined by their location to the proposed Convention
Center, the need to connect the Convention Center to the
existing government buildings within Kimihurura, and the
5 Arterial 50-90 100 11
Due to the hilly terrain within and surrounding the Kimihurura
area, vertical alignments are a key design element in the
roadway design. While roadway profiles have been developed
for key roads around the convention center, we have provided
basic design criteria to be used for the remaining roadways for in length in straight roadway segments. These variances can be
the maximum grades for the various roadway classifications as used to help with keeping the roadways within existing road
indicated in Table 3. The following are design elements that corridors or to aid in upgrading the existing urban setting
are recommended as guiding principles, and should be verified roadways to accommodate the increase in vehicular and
further as the design of the project progresses. pedestrian traffic in the area.
Proposed Profiles. The maximum road grades have been
developed utilizing lower grade percentages on roadways
with a higher design speed due to stopping sight distance
considerations. For the residential roadway classifications,
higher profile grade percentages can be tolerated due to the
lower design speeds. Grades in the areas of public parking
and/or heavy pedestrian traffic may need to be revised to
provide better parking and pedestrian access where possible.
Intersection Transitions. In order to provide safer
intersections, flatter grades are recommended at intersections,
especially for stop conditions. Intersections should be designed
with a maximum 4% grade for ease of stopping and starting
vehicles. On the highway and collectors roadway classifications
the intersection transitions should extend for a minimum of 30
meters and for residential roadway classifications the transition
should extend for 20 meters.
Variances. In order to achieve other important design goals
within the Kimihurura project, short sections of the roadways
could be steeper by 1 or 2% in sections limited to 30-60 meters

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 I N FRASTR UCTURE

T RA N S P O RTAT I O N
1445
SECTION 4A RO A D WAY C L A SSIFIC AT IO N Parking Lanes. Several roadway sections incorporate parallel
1450 or diagonal parking to facilitate the need for parking in the
SECTION 3B In support of development of Kimihurura, roadway
1 455 designated areas. For parallel parking lanes, a 2.5 meter width
1460

1460 improvements will be required in order to provide for multiple

has been provided. In some areas, the surface treatment will
5

SECTION 2A 1465
146

PROMENADE 1470
modes of transportation access to and from the Sub Area.
0

be typical asphalt pavement, and in other areas pervious pavers

147

75 The roadway improvements in Kimihurura will include some

75 SECTION 14
14 SECTION shall be used. Six meter wide lanes have been provided for the
2B, 2C, 2D
2B, 2C, 2D
improvements to existing roadways as well as the majority of
PROMENADE diagonal parking zones.
PROMENADE new roadway construction. New construction includes arterial
and collector roadways with some new local level roads, located
Bike Lanes. Due to the high level of bike traffic anticipated in
within the residential neighborhoods. Existing roadways
this area, most roadway sections include either 2.0 meter or 2.5
SECTION 1A will be upgraded to fit the criteria for arterial, collectors and
1500
meter wide dedicated bike lanes. The bike lanes are typically
local roads. With the addition of the Convention Center,
separated from the vehicular lanes with either a horizontal
SECTION 3B SECTION 4B 1495 considerable roadway infrastructure will be needed to fit
landscaped planting area or a vertical curb break. The wider
the proposed program. The planned roadway improvements
SECTION 1A roadway sections have combined pathways of varying widths
90 include the following roadway types:
14
that will be used for both bicycles and pedestrians.
1 485
SECTION 3A
1480 C RO SS S E C TIO N S Pedestrian Walkways. Along the proposed roadway
GREENWAY
Typical roadway cross sections have been developed for each classifications a 2.0, 3.0 and 7.0 meter wide pedestrian

75
walkways are proposed to facilitate the high levels of pedestrian

SECTION 1A
SECTION 1B
LEGEND
ROADWAY SECTION 1: LOCAL
ROADWAY SECTION 2: PROMENADE
ROADWAY SECTION 3A: GREENWAY
ROADWAY SECTION 3B/C: MINOR COLLECTOR
ROADWAY SECTION 4: MAJOR COLLECTOR
ROADWAY SECTION 5: ARTERIAL
14
of the roadway classifications identified. Graphical depictions
of the typical roadway sections are provided in Figures 31- movements expected in the City Center. For safety, the
1
32 and 35-43: Roadway Sections. The following are some of pedestrian pathway is typically separated from the vehicular
the critical design components factored into the roadway cross lane by a planting/landscape buffer. The pedestrian walkway is
1 sectional design: also typically located to the outside of the roadway section so
SECTION 3C 145 that there is less of a speed differential between the bike and
SECTION 5
Carriageway Width (Right of way). The proposed carriageway pedestrian use.
width varies according to the roadway classifications. Widths
0 range from 13.5 meters for local roads up to 34 meters for the Vertical Design. In order to match the natural slopes of
143
1 42 5
main arterial roadway section. The proposed carriageway is the hillsides within the Kimihurura area, all of the proposed
1420
14150 wide enough to include the various vehicular, pedestrian and roadway sections incorporate grading techniques to minimize
141 5 disturbance of existing hillsides. Elements such as sloping
140 bike lanes within each cross section. Proposed landscaped
1400 vegetated/landscape areas, vertical curbs between pedestrian
medians, swales, separators and grading transitions to existing
slopes are also included within the proposed carriageway. and bicycle lanes, and cross sloping the travel lanes in the same
directions as the existing slope have been employed where ever
practical.
Vehicular Lanes. Travel lanes for vehicles have been provided
at 3.0 meter widths for all road classifications, except 3.5 meter
N widths for arterial roads.

FIGURE 29: KIMIHURURA ROADWAYS

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 KIMIH U RU RA
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G

1.0m 1.0m 2.0m 2.0m 3.0m 3.0m 2.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.0m 1.0m

Dry Grade Pedestrian Planted Swale Vehicular Vehicular Parallel Parking on Planted Swale Pedestrian Grade Dry
Utility Lane Lane Pervious Pavers Utility

20.5 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.)

FIGURE 30: ROADWAY SECTION 1A, LOCAL ROADWAY. This roadway is intended for neighborhood traffic in Sub Area. The
section incorporates two-way traffic with one lane dedicated to each direction and also includes a parallel parking lane on one side. It
incorporates permeable pavers in the parking lane which will allow runoff from the pavement to infiltrate into the ground. Pedestrian
pathways and vegetated swales are located on each side of the section. It is assumed that bikeway traffic will share the road in low
speed roadways like this.
FIGURE 33: THE KIMIHURURA PROMENADE (sections FIGURE 34: THE KIMIHURURA PROMENADE (sections shown
shown on next page) will have limited automobile access on on next page) will promote pedestrian zones on most blocks.
some blocks.

Optional
Additional
Parking

2.0m 2.0m 1.0m 3.0m 1.0m 3.5m 1.0m 3.0m 3.0m 1.0m 4.5m 2.0m 2.0m 2.0m 2.0m 1.0m 3.0m 1.0m 1.5m 3.0m 3.0m 3.0m 1.0m 4.5m 2.0m 2.0m

Grade Pedestrian Grade Bike Turf Planted Swale Turf Vehicular Vehicular Turf Planted Swale Pedestrian Grade Grade Pedestrian Grade Bike Turf Pedestrian Parallel Parking on Pervious Vehicular Vehicular Turf Planted Swale Pedestrian Grade
Shoulder Shoulder Lane Lane Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder Pavers Lane Lane Shoulder

29.0 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.) 29.0 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.)

FIGURE 31: ROADWAY SECTION 1B-1, FUTURE LOCAL ROADWAY. This roadway is located at the south side of the site and will FIGURE 32: ROADWAY SECTION 1B-2, FUTURE LOCAL ROADWAY. This variation on 1B incorporates a retaining wall, and pervious
allow for traffic flow from east to west along the south side of the site. It collects traffic from the arterial roadway running north to south parallel parking lane for more narrow parts of the section.
through the site and will connect traffic to the residential areas adjacent to Kimihurura and to other destinations outside the City Center.
This section has two-way traffic with one lane dedicated to each direction. A pedestrian walkway and bike path is located on the same
side of the section; and there is a pedestrian pathway also located on the uphill side of the road.

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 I N FRASTR UCTURE

T RA NSPORTATION

3.0m 2.0m 2.5m 2.0m 3.0m 3.0m 2.0m 2.5m 2.0m 3.0m 3.0m 6.0m 7.0m 6.0m 3.0m

Pedestrian Trees in Parallel Parking on Bike Lane Vehicular Vehicular Bike Lane Parallel Parking on Trees in Pedestrian Pedestrian Pervious Paver Plaza Pedestrian & Bike Promenade Pervious Paver Plaza Pedestrian
Pervious Pavers Pervious Pavers Lane Lane Pervious Pavers Pervious Pavers (Water Features & Trees) (Water Features & Trees)

25.0 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.) 25.0 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.)

FIGURE 35: ROADWAY SECTION 2A. PROMENADE. This roadway section will be used along the major roadway that connects
the Government Circle to the Kimihurura Roundabout. There are several variations of the roadway section depending on the
block and specific area. The base section, which allows vehicular traffic, includes four lanes of travel, two in each direction,
with a landscaped median located along the outside edge of both sides of the section. Pedestrian walkways and bike paths
are then located outside the medians on both sides. It is found in the central portion of the Promenade.
FIGURE 36: ROADWAY SECTION 2B. PROMENADE. In the variations of the Promenade, the street is closed
to vehicular traffic and the streetscape includes a variety of features that make it a real “People Place”. This
variation shows fountains/water features located within the pedestrian promenade, along trees on pervious pavers
providing shade. Additional pedestrian area with kiosks or sculptures and trees in place of a landscaped median,
pervious pavers with landscaping and parking in the median area, and pervious pavers with patios and picnic
tables with trees in the median area.

3.0m 6.0m 7.0m 6.0m 3.0m 3.0m 6.0m 7.0m 6.0m 3.0m

Pedestrian Pervious Paver Plaza Pedestrian & Bike Promenade Pervious Paver Plaza Pedestrian Pedestrian Pervious Paver Plaza Pedestrian & Bike Promenade Pervious Paver Plaza Pedestrian
(Outdoor Patio & Trees) (Outdoor Patio & Trees) (Kiosk & Trees) (Sculpture Garden & Trees)

25.0 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.) 25.0 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.)

FIGURE 37: ROADWAY SECTION 2C. PROMENADE. In the variations of the Promenade, the street is closed to vehicular FIGURE 38: ROADWAY SECTION 2D. PROMENADE. In the variations of the Promenade, the street is closed to
traffic and the streetscape includes a variety of features that make it a real “People Place”. This variation shows trees vehicular traffic and the streetscape includes a variety of features that make it a real “People Place”. This variation
providing shade, along with patios and picnic tables on pervious pavers in the median area. shows kiosks, public sculpture and trees in the median area.

5-18 KIGALI S UB AREA PLANN IN G

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 KIMIH U RU RA
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G

3.0m 2.0m 2.5m 2.0m 3.0m 3.0m 2.0m 2.5m 2.0m 3.0m
3.0m 2.0m 2.5m 2.0m 3.0m 3.0m 2.0m 2.5m 2.0m 3.0m 1.0m 2.0m 2.0m 3.0m 3.0m 2.5m 2.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.0m

Trees in Parallel Parking on Pedestrian Trees in Parallel Parking on Bike Lane Vehicular Vehicular Bike Lane Parallel Parking on Trees in Pedestrian Parallel Parking on
Pedestrian Bike Lane Vehicular Vehicular Bike Lane Parallel Parking on Trees in Pedestrian Grade Pedestrian Planted Swale Vehicular Vehicular Planted Swale Pedestrian Bike Grade
Pervious Pavers Pervious Pavers Lane Lane Pervious Pavers Pervious Pavers Pervious Pavers Pervious Pavers Lane Lane Pervious Pavers Pervious Pavers Pervious Pavers
Lane Lane

25.0 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.) 25.0 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.) 21.5 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.)

FIGURE 39: ROADWAY SECTION 3A, GREENWAY. This roadway section is is located FIGURE 40: ROADWAY SECTION 3B, MINOR COLLECTOR. This section is located on FIGURE 41: ROADWAY SECTION 3C, MINOR COLLECTOR. This roadway
in the center of the site and will be used to provide a connection from the Government roadways both north and south of the Promenade, running parallel with it. They provide access is located in the southwest part of the site. It collects traffic from residential
Circle to the south Central Parks. It provides two lanes of vehicular traffic with a shady, from the Mixed Use Commercial area of the Sub Area to the arterial roadway and the major neighborhoods, linking them to the north/south arterial. It contains two way
lush green walk/bikeway. collector at the north end of the site, as well as access to the back sides of the buildings in this vehicular traffic, on street parking, and two vegetated swales. A pedestrian way
area. They include two way traffic for both vehicular and bikes, parallel parking on both sides is on one side of the section and ped/bikeway on the other.
of the street and pedestrian walkways adjacent to the proposed buildings.

2.0m 3.5m 3.0m 1.0m 3.0m 3.0m 3.0m 3.0m 3.0m 1.0m 3.0m 2.0m
4.0m 2.0m 6.0m 3.0m 3.0m 6.0m 2.0m 4.0m
Park Pedestrian Bike Planted Swale Turf Vehicular Vehicular Planted Swale Vehicular Vehicular Turf Planted Swale Pedestrian
Pedestrian Trees in Diagonal Parking Vehicular Vehicular Diagonal Parking Trees in Pedestrian w/ Large Trees Shoulder Lane Lane or Turn Lane Lane Lane Shoulder w/ Large Trees
Tree Grate Lane Lane Tree Grate

30.5 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.)

30.0 m Thoroughfare (R.O.W.)

FIGURE 42: ROADWAY SECTION 4A AND 4B, MAJOR COLLECTOR. This roadway is a large loop road located at FIGURE 43: ROADWAY SECTION 5, ARTERIAL. This roadway is the main thoroughfare through the site, and allows travel to
the northern end of the site, linking to the northern neighborhoods The section incorporates two-way traffic with one and from the north and the south sides of the site. The section has four lanes of travel, two in each direction, with a landscaped
lane for each direction of travel with a second lane located in some areas to allow for a left turn lane. As shown above, median separating the travel directions. Landscaped medians are located along both sides of the roadway along with large
diagonal parking lanes are also located on both sides of the roadway where it runs through the commercial district/ vegetated swales and pedestrian walkways and bike paths.
Plaza that anchors the promenade (shown above in section 4A). Pedestrian walkways and bike paths are located on
either side of the roadway. Along 4B (not shown) the major collector section would not have diagonal parking on
either side.

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 I N FRASTR UCTURE

DR A I NAGE
14

75
PLA NNING design for Kimihurura also involves planning for increased 14880
5
population with more sophisticated drainage techniques and 14
90
Stormwater plays a major role in the success of the development
infrastructure that will work with a more urban landscape 1495
of Kimihurura. Establishing drainage ways to convey runoff
by using subsurface infrastructure as a conveyance tool in
and control erosion are two key aspects to the stormwater plan.
appropriate areas.
The Kimihurura Sub Area is an urban city center that does
not currently have a comprehensive stormwater management

5
P L AN N I N G AS S UM P TIO N S

147
plan or significant stormwater infrastructure. Well designed
stormwater management plans and well implemented Rainfall Characteristics. Kigali is located in the African
stormwater infrastructure are essential in establishing a higher Sub-Sahara where rainfall is approximately 1000 mm per year;

14
quality of life for a community. The approach for the drainage however, the high altitudes of the region cause temperatures

75
planning in Kimihurura will include prioritization of areas and rainfall to be more moderate than some of the hot and

14
humid equatorial regions surrounding Kigali. The seasons in

70
for stormwater management with the goals of sustainability,
erosion control, and resource preservation in mind. Kigali can be characterized by two rainy seasons, and two dry

14
seasons. The rainy seasons occur from late February to May

65
14
Improvement and creation of wetland areas through and October to December with April and November being 60
1 475
constructed wetlands and bio-retention areas will help attain the wettest months, and the two dry seasons occur from June 14
55
the goal of wetland restoration and preservation and will be through September and from January to late February. During 1470
in line with Rwanda’s effort to create wetland preservation the dry seasons, rainfall is minimal and can often times be 50
146
completely absent. Refer to Figure 29 for Average Annual 5
zones in some of its more developed areas. The stormwater AESTHETIC STORAGE
Rainfall Data in Kigali City. POND 1460
180
1455
1972-2002 Rainfall
160 Average
Runoff Characteristics. The Kimihurura site is divided into 1450

two drainage basins which are separated by a ridge that runs 1445
140
along the western portion of the site and divides the site into SEDIMENTATION 1440
one large basin on the east side and a smaller basin in the BASIN SB-1
120 35
BIORETENTION 14
Rainfall (mm)

northwestern portion of the site. Historic runoff sheet flows AREA 1430
100 over the site or flows in naturally formed ditches along the 1425
roadways and discharges into the existing wetland area south
80 1420
of the site. Offsite flows may be a consideration from the 1415
60 north; however, the anticipated area of inflow is small. 1410
1405
40
Kimihurura is an urban area with a fairly developed system of
20 paved and unpaved roadways. Vegetation is limited to native LEGEND
EXISTING DRAINAGE SWALE CONSTRUCTED
grasses and smaller vegetation with limited areas of larger and PROPOSED DRAINAGE BASIN WETLANDS IN ETZ
0 dense trees because of the more urban feel of the area. Slopes PROPOSED DRAINAGE SWALE CW-1
N
PROPOSED DRAINAGE PIPE
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION ZONE (ETZ)
on the Kimihurura site are considerably flatter than on some
DRAINAGE FLOW
of the other sites in Kigali, with the majority of slopes falling STORMWATER STORAGE ZONE
FIGURE 44: MONTHLY AVERAGE RAINFALL DATA IN KIGALI
CITY FROM 1972-2002 in the 5% to 10% range.
FIGURE 45: OVERALL DRAINAGE NETWORK PLAN
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CALCULAT ION S A ND
DESIG N C R IT ER IA
Calculations were prepared in compliance with the Study
of Stormwater Drainage Management and Erosion Control
for Kigali City, Technical Study Report, Volume 1, August
2007. Based on the criteria, proposed drainage facilities
are sized using a 10-year frequency design storm with
runoff calculations completed using the Rational Method.
The Rational Method can be represented by the following
formula:
Q = CiA. Where Q is the flow rate in liters/second; C
is the runoff coefficient; i is the rainfall intensity in liters/
second*ha, and A is the area in hectares.
The runoff coefficient is determined using an assumed
land plan use with proposed density to determine the
impervious area over the site with a given coefficient of
runoff depending on the proposed surface. For calculation
purposes, the existing site’s C value was estimated at
approximately 0.35 because existing development is
somewhat dense with existing roadways and buildings but
still has considerable unpaved surfaces. For the proposed
condition, the C values were assumed to be approximately
0.70 for both basins because impervious surface will be
added with the proposed roadway improvements. These
values are lower than previously assumed in the Technical
Study Report prepared in August of 2007 by NORPLAN
because they are based on actual development plans that
incorporate more pervious areas with the incorporation of
parks and athletic field facilities. The anticipated program
for the Kimihurura site includes additional roadway
infrastructure which will create access to improved and
new government buildings and other business and
commercially related infrastructure.
Intensity values, i, are based on historic rainfall data
collected and analyzed over a period of time shown in
Table 4.
The goal of analyzing the existing and proposed runoff
using the Rational Method is to determine what is required
to mitigate flows such that the proposed runoff does not
create point sources or exceed the historic runoff. In order
to attenuate the flows, constructed wetlands and detention
facilities will be used on the Kimihurura site to ensure that
flooding downstream does not become a problem and that
the quality of the runoff is improved prior to discharging
from the site. Table 5 shows the results of the Rational
Method Analysis of the historic and proposed site runoff
along with the detention that will be utilized to control the
stormwater flow.
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KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G
P R O P O S E D C O N V E YA N C E PATTE RN S concentric to the Government Circle (roadway section 1A on
Roadways Figure 30 in the Transportation Section of this TABLE 4: PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY DATA,
Controlling stormwater through the Kimihurura site will
Report). A small sedimentation basin should be planned for KIGALI AIRPORT
require a combination of sustainable and simple surface
the southwest corner of the site to capture this flow.
drainage techniques along with underground piping and 5 YEAR RETURN 10 YEAR RETURN
DURATION (min.)
PERIOD (l/s-ha)(1) PERIOD (l/s-ha)(1)
conveyance systems in the more restricted and urban portion
Stormwater Practices and Erosion Control. The overall
of the site.
Stormwater Management Plan for the Kimihurura site will
15 232 258
need to incorporate many types of drainage practices in order 30 169 188
Stormwater runoff at the northeast portion of the site, in the
to adequately and aesthetically control stormwater. At a 45 129 144
proposed convention center region (see site sections, Figures
minimum, these practices should include the following: 60 103 115
36-38, and 42-43, as well as Figure 29: Kimihurura Roadways, 75 85 95
in the transportation section of this report), will need to be 90 73 82
Underdrains. Some proposed roadway sections include
controlled through the installation of stormwater inlets and
landscaping within areas of pervious pavers or other areas
underground or covered conveyance pipes. This is a necessary
where vegetated swales are not feasible and piping is not (1) Kigali Meteorological institute
step in the design for this area because the roadways planned
necessary. In these areas underdrains can be considered under
incorporate curbing, sidewalks, and other hardscape features
the landscaping and parking areas where the proposed surface
that prohibit the installation of roadside ditches. Using non-
treatment is a paver that will allow runoff to infiltrate. TABLE 5: PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY DATA,
surface drainage in central and highly visible areas, such as KIMIHURURA NEIGHBORHOOD
near the Convention Center, will also add to the aesthetic and
The Underdrain Pipe. This pipe should be perforated to
functional value of the overall site. 10-YEAR RUN OFF (l/s)(1) DETENTION
intercept flows that do not infiltrate the ground. They will
EXISTING PROPOSED REQUIRED (m3)
flow downhill and daylight into a proposed vegetated swale.
The stormwater infrastructure from the Convention Center
The size of the underdrain pipe will need to be considered in
site should discharge into a proposed aesthetic/water quality
design as infiltration rates are very low. It may be necessary AREA 1 2,442 4,691 3,223
pond located within the proposed Park. The Park is located AREA 2 5,472 10,491 7,222
in some areas to install a larger perforated pipe in order to
along the east side of the main arterial roadway that runs north
force stormwater flow away from the surface and towards its
to south through the site (road section 5 on Roadways Figure
discharge point in high intensity storm events. Sizing of these (1) Kigali Meteorological institute
43 in the Transportation Section of this report). The pond
facilities will need to be based on infiltration rates, and specific
will need to be incorporated into the proposed Park program
area runoff.
while providing storage volume for the drainage basin runoff.
A vegetated collector swale will need to continue through the
Constructed Wetlands. Kimihurura is surrounded by many
park area to convey outflow from the aesthetic pond to the
areas that have been designated as wetlands and within a flood
proposed constructed wetlands located at the southeast corner
plain. These wetlands remain dry for much of the year. They PERFORATED DRAIN
PIPE (SIZE TO BE
of the site. Velocities will need to be dissipated as flow moves DETERMINED)
have been degraded downhill of the site due to industrial
through the swale. Small bio-retention areas placed within development. Constructed Wetlands (Figure 47)can be used PERVIOUS PAVERS FREE DRAINING
MATERIAL
the alignment of the swale will provide the damming needed in place of sedimentation or detention ponds as a storage and
to slow the flow and add an aesthetic landscaped feature to the water quality treatment practice. Constructed Wetlands are PEDESTRIAN TRAVEL
greenway. more advantageous in this location due to their proximity to PATH LANE
existing wetlands. They can also provide future opportunities
Stormwater runoff from the northwest portion of the site, near for land use improvements and wetland restoration just south GEOTEXTILE/FILTER
FABRIC
the existing Government Circle will need to be directed into of the current Kimihurura site. This wetland will be coupled CLEAN GRAVEL
AROUND PIPE
a separate sub basin. This flow will be captured by a vegetated with a sewage treatment facility to be part of an Environmental
swale with check dams located along the circular local roadway Treatment Zone. FIGURE 46: UNDERDRAIN DETAIL
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 I N FRASTR UCTURE

DR A I NAGE
NATURAL
One Constructed Wetland area should be placed at the WETLANDS
CONSTRUCTED
southeast corner of the Kimihurura site where it will serve WETLAND

as a discharge point for runoff from the eastern basin. An

outlet will be need to be designed for overflow conditions so
COMPACTED
that water can pass more quickly and outlet to the existing EARTH
wetland area. Periodic maintenance will be required to remove GRASS LINED OR
accumulated sedimentation from the Constructed Wetland RIP-RAP AS
REQUIRED FREE-DRAINING
treatment area. MATERIAL

Bio-retention Areas. Bio-retention areas are similar to FIGURE 47: CONSTRUCTED WETLAND DETAIL

constructed wetlands, because species that are indigenous to

WIDTH PER
wetland areas need to be planted within the targeted treatment DITCH DETAIL
area. Unlike constructed wetlands, bio-retention areas are not
necessarily constructed adjacent to existing wetlands, and are NATIVE PLANT
SPECIES (MESIC)
also smaller in size. The intention is for stormwater to enter
the treatment area where it will be retained for a period of
time, allowing either sediment to settle, vegetation to uptake
STORAGE VOLUME
the water, or for infiltration into the ground. A perforated
pipe surrounded by stone will need to be placed at the bottom NORMAL POND DEPTH

of the bio-retention areas and directed downstream. All water 0.5m

FREE-DRAINING
that is not infiltrated or used for plantings will be daylighted to MATERIAL COMPACTED
EARTH
a discharge point. The plant species for the bio-retention areas GEOTEXTILE
GEOTEXTILE
FABRIC LINER
must be selected carefully in order to withstand both periods FABRIC
GRAVEL
of flooding and lengthy dry periods. Many mesic plans will fit
DRAIN PIPE COMPACTED
this criterion, and native species to the land should be selected. TO DAYLIGHT
AESTHETIC STORAGE POND - FIGURE XX-XX EARTH

See Figure 48: Bio-Retention Detail DOWNHILL IN DITCH

FIGURE 48: BIO-RETENTION DETAIL FIGURE 49: AESTHETIC STORAGE POND

Aesthetic Storage Pond. A water-feature like pond will be
used in the proposed park area to provide stormwater storage
without compromising the aesthetic value of the park. This
pond will contain dead pool storage that will remain at all
times and will provide the aesthetics of the pond. An area
above the designated standing water elevation will be allotted
for stormwater storage and retention. Flow will enter the pond
for treatment and exit into the collector swale for discharge
into the constructed wetlands. See Figure 49: Aesthetic
Storage Pond.
Vegetated Swales with Check Dams. Vegetated swales along
the proposed roadways should be utilized, where acceptable,
to direct flow away from vehicular and pedestrian travel areas,
reduce erosion, and force flow towards proposed treatment
and storage areas. The swales will also need to include check
dams or drop structures at determined intervals to help with
flow velocities. The structures will also provide small storage
areas within the vegetated swales where sediment can settle
out and stormwater can infiltrate the ground. See Figure 50:
Vegetated Swale.
For the western portion of the site, roadside vegetated swales Sedimentation Basin. A small sedimentation basin will need
will be utilized to convey flow into a proposed sedimentation to be located at the south western corner of the site to collect
basin where it will be treated for water quality. A key to the stormwater runoff from open ditches and underground pipes
success of using road side swales is “sizing”. The runoff from on the western side of the site. See Figure 51: Sedimentation
each contributing area will need to be determined in order to Basin Detail
approximately size the swale for adequate capacity available in
the allotted space. If the size needed to convey the contributing
flow is not available, piping and other alternatives will need to
be considered as a supplementary way to control the runoff.

5-22 KIGALI S UB AREA PLANN IN G

5_KIMI_Book.indb 22 6/17/2010 8:08:55 PM


3m
0.5m 0.5m
4:1 E OUTLET TO EXISTING
SL
OP OP
E SL
4:1
0.5m
FIGURE 50: VEGETATED SWALE
WATER REU S E A ND C OLL E C T I O N
Stormwater collection and rain water harvesting are highly
feasible in a climate like Rwanda, where a significant amount of
rainfall occurs at a specific time of year. This produces excellent
opportunity to collect and store stormwater for use in drier
seasons. At Kimihurura, there are two different conceptual
possibilities for collecting, harvesting, and reusing stormwater.
If both of these methods are implemented, water requirements
for irrigation, toilets, urinals, and other non potable uses can
be drastically reduced and more extensive irrigation systems
can be considered.
Firstly, rainwater harvesting from roof top runoff is a highly
feasible way to collect a significant amount of water during the
rainy seasons of the year. Despite the smaller roof top areas
per capita that are associated with multi-story type buildings
proposed at Kimihurura, collection of water from rooftop
runoff is still highly feasible. Instead of trying to convey the
runoff from the roof top areas to a central collection system
for use over the entire site, it is much more practical to use
the runoff collected from rooftops in areas surrounding the
collection points. Collected runoff from roof tops can be used
for irrigation surrounding the buildings it was collected from
or it could be recycled for use in toilets and other grey water
practices within the building itself.
A second method for stormwater collection and reuse is to
use stormwater flows collected in the pond, sedimentation
5_KIMI_Book.indb 23
KIMIH U RU RA
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G
STABILIZATION WITH
TRASH RACK VEGETATION
2
1 OUTLET STRUCTURE
3 NATIVE IMPERVIOUS FILL
1 OUTLET PIPE
BOTTOM OF POND STABILIZATION
DRAINAGE
FIGURE 51: SEDIMENTATION BASIN DETAIL
pond, and constructed wetlands for irrigation in the park and
athletic field areas. Since an aesthetic pond with dead pool
storage is already proposed within the park area, an excellent
opportunity for recycling this water into irrigation for the park
itself is presented.
In both these cases, calculations will be needed to determine
the quantity of water that is available through both roof top
rainwater harvesting and stormwater collection. Additionally,
this quantity would need to be compared to water demands for
irrigation and grey water use to determine its viability. These
practices should be a strict requirement of development.
Phasing. The majority of the development in Kimihurura
will be completed at one time, with the exception of the main
FIGURE 52: AESTHETIC STORAGE POND FIGURE 53A: CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
arterial roadway running north to south along the center
of the site (roadway section 5 on Figure 43: Kimihurura
Roadways in the Transportation Section of this Report). This
roadway is expected to be constructed first with the remainder
of the development to follow. Any associated drainage
should be installed at the time the roadway is constructed
and a portion of the constructed wetlands should be built
in order to accommodate the additional flow. The vegetated
collector swale, along with the bio-retention areas located with
the swale, should also be constructed so that flow from the
roadway can be collected and treated and minimal earthwork
will be required near the roadway for future drainage. FIGURE 53B: VEGETATED OR BIO-SWALE
K I M I H U RU RA - I NFRA STRU C TU RE 5-23
6/17/2010 8:08:55 PM
 I N FRASTR UCTURE

WAT E R
The Kimihurura Sub Area, approximately 89 ha (218 acres) in Sub Area, planning, reuse and rainwater harvesting will need
size, is located in one of the more urbanized areas of Kigali. The to be incorporated into the plan. A minimum water service
site is centered atop of Kimihurura Hill, surrounded by low- line size can be deduced using typical water pipeline velocities
EXISTING 150m3,
lying wetland areas 90m (295 ft) below. The Kimihurura Hill of 5 ft/s – 7 ft/s (1.53 m/s – 2.13 m/s). The minimum pipe ELEV= 1527M
EXPAND TO A 1900 m3 TANK
is almost entirely developed with residential neighborhoods, size for the Kimihurura Sub Area should be 150 mm. This will
government facilities, commercial businesses and civic center’s allow adequate capacity for additional growth in the area.
CONNECT TO CONNECT TO
already constructed, along with a new hotel and conference EXISTING WATER EXISTING WATER
center that is currently under construction. Elevation ranges P R O P O S E D S Y S T E M D E S IGN SUPPLY SYSTEM SUPPLY SYSTEM

within the proposed boundary range from about 1450m The Kimihurura Sub Area is located within the Kimisagara CONNECT TO
elevation to 1500m elevation. water zone as delineated on the ElectroGaz master water
PROPOSED WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM

1460
5
drawing. Proposed development in the area will result in the

146
EXISTIN G WAT ER S U PPLY & 70
14
creation of one new pressure subzone. A 1000m3 storage tank 147
5
TREATMENT
(Kimihurura) and pumping facility currently service the area.
According to maps provided by ElectroGaz, the Kimihurura Because this tank is at a lower elevation than the majority of
Sub Area has potable water infrastructure currently available the proposed Kimihurura neighborhood, additional storage EXISTING
to support the proposed long term growth and development is being proposed at a tank site northeast of the proposed 1000 m3 TANK 1500
1495
for the area, however, additional infrastructure (water storage, development. This existing tank (Remera Stade) has a capacity LOW PRESSURE
90 WATER SUPPLY ZONE
pump stations, etc.) will be required to enhance the capacity of 150m3, and sits at an elevation of 1527m. By increasing 14
1 485
of the system. The larger pipe sizes range from 125mm to the storage capacity at this site, even though it’s in a separate 1480 40PSI (275.8kPA)
PRESSURE ZONE

75
200mm. Sections of water pipeline will need to be removed ElectroGaz pressure zone, a gravity system can be utilized to

14
and/or relocated due to conflicts with proposed buildings. service the Kimihurura neighborhood. 14705
1144660
1455
1450 445
Water treatment is provided by the Kimisagara Water A new 300mm transmission line is being proposed from 1 440 80PSI PRESSURE ZONE
1 435
1
Treatment Plant in the Nyarugenge District. The Kimisagara the updated Remera Stade tank site to the Kimihurura 0
Water Treatment Plan currently operates at 22,000 m3/d at 144325
neighborhood. This will provide adequate flow to serve the 11420 HIGH PRESSURE
1441150
nearly its design capacity of 24,000 m3/d. The treatment new development. Smaller distribution lines from 150- 11405 WATER SUPPLY ZONE
1400
train is conventional clarification-filtration-disinfection with 200mm will loop through the proposed development. Figure
permanganate, polymer, and aluminum sulfate as coagulants. 54 depicts the proposed layout of the water system.

PRO JEC T ED WAT ER D EMAN D
The projected population for the Kimihurura Sub Area is shown
in Table 6: Population And Service Assumptions. Using this
information, a projected water demand has been calculated
(see Table 7). MININFRA has established a design range of
80 lpcd to 200 lpcd. Data shows a usage of 200 lpcd in houses
with plumbing, as well as in high standing neighborhoods.
Kigali wants average usage to be at 80 lpcd, which is what this
analysis shows. To accomplish this within the Kimihurura
5-24 KIGALI S UB AREA PLANN IN G
Additional water storage will need to be provided for the site
in order to provide enough capacity for peak day flows and
fire storage. A total of approximately 2000 m3 will need to
be provided, which will be in addition to the existing 150 m3
tank. Because the Kimihurura neighborhood has a maximum
elevation of 1500m, a minimum of 40 psi of theoretical static LEGEND
300MM HIGH PRESSURE WATERLINE
pressure can be provided using gravity flow. Table 8 depicts 200MM HIGH PRESSURE WATERLINE N
EXISTING WATERLINE
preliminary water storage requirements. Design assumptions
for storage include:
FIGURE 54: KIMIHURURA WATER SYSTEM

5_KIMI_Book.indb 24 6/17/2010 8:08:56 PM

 KIMIH U RU RA
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G

• Hotel sites will have sprinkler systems The first phase of development will be adjacent to the eastern Area has space limitation, attempts should be made to provide
TABLE 6: POPULATION AND SERVICE ASSUMPTIONS
• Storage for a peak day of residential usage is being roundabout, and will be serviced by a loop connection from for future infrastructure by reserving land for utility corridors
provided. the existing 200 mm water line. and water system infrastructure (pump stations, storage,
DEVELOPMENT RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL POPULATION (1)
• Fire flows will be 125 l/s based on a reduction of fire flows CLASSIFICATION treatment, and fire fighting).
due to sprinklering. SU MMA RY
RESIDENTIAL 840 0 3360 With the addition of the 300mm waterline and increased
DESIGN A PPR OA C HES HOTEL ROOMS 1500 3000
storage at the Remera Stade tank site, adequate capacity can
& A SSU MPT ION S COMMERICAL (2) 120 225000 1800
be provided to the Sub Area. Although the Kimihurura Sub
The design approaches and assumptions for the Kimihurura TOTAL 8160

Sub Area developments are as follows:

(1) Assumes 4 people/unit residential _2 people unit/hotel
• Water pipeline connections will be looped from proposed TABLE 7: PRELIMINARY WATER REQUIREMENTS. PUMPING & TREATMENT FACILITY
(2) Commercial space is 225,000 sq. meters; assume 1 equivalent residential unit per 500 sq. meters
transmission main line in order to produce a more EQUIVALENT PEAK FIRE PEAK DAILY
dependable distribution network. This will allow particular DEVELOPMENT RESIDENTIAL DAILY STORAGE m 3 (!) PLUS
sections of the network to be isolated and repaired in the CLASSIFICATION UNITS FLOW l/d FIRE STORAGE m 3
event of failure without affecting the entire network.
nearly neutral pH, and is free from disinfection by-products,
• Water pipeline connections that cannot be made from
salts, minerals, and other natural man-made contaminants. RESIDENTIAL 840 403,200 900 1,303.2
existing waterlines will be connected to the nearest water
Plants thrive under irrigation with stored rainwater, and with HOTELS 1500 450,000 450.0
treatment plant, reservoir, or viable water source. COMMERICAL 450 216,000 216.0
• Existing water pipeline and reservoirs are to remain the majority of Kigali’s population in the business of subsistence
where possible in order to accommodate the proposed agriculture; rainwater harvesting could provide the necessary TOTAL 2,790 1,069,200 900 1,969
development. water storage to be utilized during the dry season.
• Water pipelines to be laid along the “uphill” side-table of
(1) Assumes 125 L/s demand for 2-hours
existing and proposed roads for easy access of installation Rainwater harvesting shall be prioritized for buildings
and maintenance, providing a minimum of 3m of in Kimihurura. The main uses for rainwater will include
horizontal clearance from sanitary pipelines. secondary usage of bathroom facilities, as well as flushing water TABLE 8: PRELIMINARY WATER REQUIREMENTS. FINISHED WATER STORAGE FACILITIES
• The Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA) has for toilets in individual hotel rooms and conference facilities. EQUIVALENT AVERAGE PEAK PEAK PEAK
promoted a city-wide goal of 80 lpcd (Liter per capita per Additionally, irrigation will be a secondary usage of harvested DEVELOPMENT RESIDENTIAL DAILY DAILY DAILY INSTANT
day) for unit water demand. CLASSIFICATION UNITS EQRS FLOW l/d FLOW l/d FLOW l/s FLOW l/s
rainwater.
• Office buildings, larger homes, new residential
developments, and tourism facilities may use up to 200
Water Reuse. The 80 l/d per person estimates do not allow RESIDENTIAL 840 268,800 403,200 4.67 15.56
lpcd.
for a great deal of outside irrigation associated with hotel HOTEL ROOMS 1500 300,000 450,000 5.21 17.36
• Attempts should be made to provide for future infrastructure COMMERICAL 450 144,000 216,000 2.50 8.33
residential and commercial properties. Reuse on a site-by-site
by reserving land for utility corridors and water system
basis is critical to minimizing pumping and storage facilities.
infrastructure (storage, treatment, and firefighting). TOTAL 2,790 712,800 1,069,200 12.38 41.25
The wastewater section will review this in more detail.

SU STA IN A BLE S OLU T IONS

(1) Proposed Pumping Facilites Locations Not Finalized
P H AS I N G
Rainwater Harvesting. Implementation of rainwater (2) Peaking Factor of 5 Used

harvesting can also provide additional water storage to the Sub Pumping and storage facilities could be phased for the demands
Area of Kimihurura. Rainwater is valued for its purity, with a but distribution facilities need to be built as presently proposed.

K I M I H U RU RA - I NFRA STRU C TU RE 5-25

5_KIMI_Book.indb 25 6/17/2010 8:09:06 PM

 I N FRASTR UCTURE

14
S ANI TARY SEWER 146
1 47
The Kimihurura Sub Area is centered atop Kimihurura hill, P R O P O S E D S Y S T E M D E S IGN 47
5 14
surrounded by low-lying wetland areas 90m (295 ft) below. The
According to PDA Kigali – Avant Project Sommaire, October
Kimihurura hill is almost entirely developed with residential
neighborhoods, government facilities, commercial businesses 2008, a plan is being devised to provide wastewater to the
and civic center’s already constructed, along with a new hotel City of Kigali. It is anticipated that the Kimihurura Sub
and conference center that is currently under construction. Area will be able to tie into the new system. In the event
that development precedes the availability of a wastewater
EXISTIN G S EW ER S U PPLY system, interim measures will need to be taken. Such measures 15
include temporary lagoon systems, constructed wetlands, and
Currently, the Kimihurura Sub Area utilizes pit latrines, septic 1495
tanks, and open or direct discharge for wastewater management. packaged treatment plants.
Sanitary sewer and stormwater drains combine and are drained
90
in a dual system to the wetlands or river systems below. Specifically, a central treatment and collection system is being 14

proposed for the Kimihurura Sub Area. The STP system

PRO JEC T ED S EW ER D EMAN D
The design of the collection system shall use peak instantaneous
flow criteria for pipe sizing and peak flow days for scour
1 485
designs are proposed to occur in a phased approach with the
1480
ultimate system design that will serve the entire area. An
856 m3/d facility would be needed to treat the site demand,

7
assuming some reuse.

velocities. Pipe sizing shall be based on pipes at 50% full for
collection lines and 75% full for interceptor lines. Sewage
Treatment Plant sizing shall be sized for peak day usage. Table
9 summarizes peak and average daily flows.
As compared to water usage, sewer capacity is 80% of water
usage, or approximately 64 lpcd. Additionally, peak day flows
will be 150% of average day flows, and peak instantaneous
flows will be 500% of average.
14
Figure 55: Kimihurura Sanitary Sewer System depicts the
proposed wastewater system layout. Pipe sizes will range from
the minimum 200mm to 250mm sizes. All development sites
will drain by gravity except for the farthest west buildings,
1
which will need to have their own small scale lift station to
enable sewage to be treated at one facility.

0
TABLE 9: PRELIMINARY WASTEWATER REQUIREMENTS. COLLECTION & TREATMENT FACILITIES 143
5
142
DEVELOPMENT RESIDENTIAL DAILY DAILY DAILY INSTANT 1420
CLASSIFICATION UNITS EQRS FLOW (l/d) FLOW (l/d) FLOW (l/s) FLOW (l/s) 1415
0
141
1405
1400

RESIDENTIAL 840 215,040 322,560 3.73 12.44

HOTEL ROOMS 1500 240,000 360,000 4.17 13.89
COMMERICAL 450 115,200 172,800 2.00 10.00
ETZ ZONE
225000 SM
WASTE WATER
TOTAL 2,790 570,240 855,360 9.90 36.33 LAGOON LOCATION

LEGEND
PROPOSED 200mm SANITARY SEWERLINE N
PROPOSED 250mm SANITARY SEWERLINE
(1) Wastewater assumed at 80% of water system estimates
(2) Peaking Factor of 5 used

FIGURE 55: SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

5-26 KIGALI S UB AREA PLANN IN G

5_KIMI_Book.indb 26 6/17/2010 8:09:07 PM

 KIMIH U RU RA
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G

FUTURE ROADWAY

DESIGN A PPR OA C HES WASTEWATER

A ND A S S U MPT IONS LAGOONS

4 NATURAL DRAINAGE
The design approaches for the Kimihurura Sub Area are as 1 4 WAY / WETLANDS
1
follows:
• Sanitary sewers and storm sewers will be separated.
• The sewerage system should be designed to flow by 3.0m

gravity to avoid having to pump sewerage throughout the

system.
• The sewer pipelines are laid along the “downhill” side
of roadways, providing a minimum of 3m of horizontal
clearance from water pipelines. (See Figure 57)
• All sewage is transported by underground pipes and
treated at the proposed Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP)
or temporary lagoon, depending on the current phase of
development.
• After being treated, sewage effluent will be discharged
into a constructed wetland to further eliminate nitrogen
and phosphorus through natural biological processes.
• Green buffer zone will be proposed surrounding the STP
to allow the facility to blend in with the surrounding
environment.
The design for the sewerage network complies generally with
the design guidelines as stated in the PDA Kigali – Avant
FIGURE 56: PROPOSED SEWER TREATMENT PLANT SECTION
for secondary purposes, such as toilet flushing.
P H AS I N G
Because Kimihurura is located on a fairly steep site, and has
very little flat ground, a higher level of sewer treatment is
necessary. As mentioned previously, a phased approach for
TABLE 9B: SEWER DESIGN CRITERIA
PARAMETER VALUE
COMPACTED
EARTH
sewerage will be implemented. The first phase of the system
will consist of an STP located south of the site along the main The first phase of development will be adjacent to the eastern
east-west thoroughfare. roundabout, and will be need to be treated by either a small-
scale onsite treatment facility, or by constructing the permanent
An aerated lagoon system coupled with constructed wetlands proposed improvements in place up the first phase.
is being proposed. This is a more sustainable solution to
treating sewerage from the Kimihurura Sub Area. This area
will need to be approximately 2.0 Ha including the area for
the clarifying pond using a 29 day detention time.

Project Sommaire, October 2008. Table 9B lists the design

guidelines for the Kimihurura Sub Area.
Self cleansing velocity
SU STA IN A BLE S OLU T IONS Minimum slope of the network(1)
Minimum pipe diameter
A key component of the proposed system is to establish dual Formula used
black and grey waste systems for individual buildings. This Manhole location (1)
will provide the opportunity for grey water reuse, save money Minimum cover(1)
Qpeak; V = 0.6 m/s for Q = Qpeak/10
V = 1.0 m/s for Q = 2/10 Qfull
0.50%
200mm
Manning-Strickler formula
Maximum 120m spacing
90cm from the ground

on capital costs as well as ongoing operation and maintenance Maximum cover(2) 5m

Choice of material PVC for ؔ 315 mm; Reinforced
costs for the STP. All major buildings should employ black f from
Ø water
00 lines – 3 m;
Separation
water and grey water piping. The grey water effluent would Minimum service line pipe diameter = 100
TYPICAL TYPICAL SANITARY
be used primarily for irrigation around the facility as well as WATERLINE SEWER LOCATION
LOCATION
for public facilities such as the main park below the proposed (1)Modified form PDA Kigali
convention center. Where possible, grey water should be used (2) Not a criteria from PDA FIGURE 57: TYPICAL WATERLINE & SEWAGE LINE LOCATION

K I M I H U RU RA - I NFRA STRU C TU RE 5-27

5C_Kimi_Infrastructure.indd 27 6/17/2010 8:40:16 PM

 I N FRASTR UCTURE

P OWE R/ DRY UTILITIES

1445
This section addresses power, telephone, and internet within E X I S T I N G P O W E R S UP P LY
Kimihurura. Of these services, the main analysis discusses a
The Kimihurura site is an existing city center with strong 1450
conventional approach to power supply, which is also costed
government and military presence. The Kimihurura plan will 1455
in the Capital Improvements Plan/Municipal Financing 1460
1465
add both residential and commercial facilities to the area.
section below. This includes power plants, substations, and 1470

0
147
Electrical, telephone and some fiber optics facilities exist in or 75
power distribution loops/lines. This analysis shows a “worst 75 14
around the area. The capacities of these facilities are unknown 14
case scenario” for costs; however many sustainable options
due to complexity of the usage from the site coupled with the
exist which will also improve overall costs
adjacent neighborhoods. Power to the site includes a 15 KVA
line that runs through the site along with distribution lines.
An alternative energy approach is discussed under Sustainable
Solutions, which addresses Demand Reduction and Alternative EXISTING 15kV OVERHEAD
1500
Sources of Supply. Many of these approaches are just emerging, TABLE 10: POWER DEMAND FOR INDIVIDUAL FACILITIES ELECTRIC LINE

Sustainable Solutions may reduce power costs up to 25% DEVELOPMENT UNIT DEMANDS (W/m 2) 1495
to 30% in the long term, as shown in Table 11. Reductions CLASSIFICATION
primarily come from two sources when using sustainable/ 90
14
renewable energy sources. First, although capital costs may be
1485
higher up front (costs of new technologies continue to decline RESIDENTIAL 10
HOTEL 20 1480
with competition and innovation). Additionally, the life-cycle/
COMMERICAL 15
operational costs of maintaining and producing energy make

75
14
them cheaper in the long run. Second, when using demand
reducing technologies up front, BOTH capital and long-term 1470
5
life cycle/operating costs are reduced. 146
TABLE 11: ESTIMATED POWER DEMAND 1 60
4
N
TIO
AVERAGE POWER STA 1455
This comparative exercise has been done for the sake of cost B
DEVELOPMENT DEMAND SU 1450 4
D O P) 14
N A
comparison and in order to help policy decisions, as well as CLASSIFICATION (mw) KO T M
GI NSE EXISTING 15kV OVERHEAD 1
T O I
to begin a discussion about alternative energy approaches in (S
EE ELECTRIC LINE

Rwanda. It is recommended that Kigali undertake a municipal

RESIDENTIAL 1.235 0
or national level campaign to develop an Energy Policy that 143
HOTEL 1.548 5
142
will place the issue of alternative energy and sustainability COMMERICAL 3.750 1420
14150
front and center. 141 5
TOTAL 6.530 140
1400
(1)
TOTAL WITH SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS 4.400

(1) A reduction of one-third of the total demand has been applied to the sustainable
LEGEND
EXISTING OVERHEAD
ELECTRIC LINE N
GIKONDO PROPOSED UNDERGROUND
SUBSTATION ELECTRIC LINE

FIGURE 58: KIMIHURURA POWER PLAN

5-28 KIGALI S UB AREA PLANN IN G

5_KIMI_Book.indb 28 6/17/2010 8:09:17 PM


PRO JEC T ED POW ER D EM AN D
The proposed site will require an upgrade to the electrical
grid. It appears that the site is serviced by the Gikondo
substation. A new buried distribution system is proposed for
the Sub Area. Figure 58 depicts that layout of the electrical
system. Improvements beyond the Kimihurura area will not
be addressed in this report.
Power demand for the site will be estimated using watts/
square meter (W/m2), for the individual land uses that are
outlined in Table 10. Based on the total demand for the site
improvements, the average power demand for the planning
area is outlined in Table 11. From the proposed site program
and its associated demands no new substations are anticipated
for the areas.
From the site and its associated demands one main substation
will be required for the site and surrounding areas. The main
15 KVA substation will be located along the main highway.
Figure 58 outlines the substation locations.
Phasing. Phasing for the project is anticipated to include
the main roadway between the Government Circle and the
existing traffic circle. Dry utilities can be easily be phased
through this area.
SU STA IN A BLE S OLU T IONS
The previous analysis as well as the cost estimates (see Capital
Improvement Plan and Municipal Financing section) focused
on conventional electrical scenarios for the production of power.
However, because Kigali (and Rwanda in general) need such
a high level of new energy, and because Rwanda has a stated
national policy to reduce its carbon footprint, it is important to
explore alternative energy sources. Table 11 outlines potential
reductions if sustainable solutions are incorporated. To the
right, new ideas in both cutting demand and expanding supply
are presented.
5_KIMI_Book.indb 29
R E DUC I N G DE M AND :
E L E C T R I C AL E N E RGY
EFFICIENCY
Because of the rapidly increasing demand and cost
for electrical power in Kigali, new development in
the Sub Area must be energy efficient and lighten
the new loads within the Sub Area. Multiple small
savings at the individual building and residential
units in aggregate can make a very large difference in
energy consumption and the sizing of the electrical
distribution system.
Proper building design in solar orientation, materials,
shading configurations and passive cooling strategies
will make mechanical cooling largely unnecessary.
As more residents move to automated washing
and drying of clothing, laundry mats should be
conveniently located in the neighborhoods for
centralized services utilizing high efficiency washers
and dryers. “EnergyStar” or similarly efficiency rated
equipment and appliances are to be used throughout
new developments, including especially water heaters
(which may also be solar) and refrigerators. Lamps
for light fixtures should be LED or compact florescent
where ever possible. Alternative briquette, gas, oil or
solar cookers will greatly reduce electrical demand.
Thermal mass, radiant barriers, thermal insulation
and vented skin technologies also serve to reduce
requirements for cooling. Where some mechanical
cooling is still desirable, low energy consumption
techniques such as evaporative cooling, night time
recharge, geothermal exchange, domestic water
chill beam and other forms of radiant cooling are
recommended.
A LTE RN ATIVE SO U RC E S O F S U P P LY
In Kigali, where most the electrical power is from the
burning of imported diesel fuel outside the Sub Area,
alternative renewable energy sources are important to
sustainable and independent development within the Sub
Area. While some of the new technologies may seem to
be more expensive than fossil fuel electrical generation,
fossil fuels have “external” costs that are not computed into
up front costs (such as environmental, political and health
costs as noted in Chapter 2, Sustainable Urbanism). These
hidden costs have important implications for long term
national security and environmental sustainability as well
as medical costs. Their hidden costs should be calculated
into decisions about energy supply.
In addition, there is important economic development
potential for Rwanda by emphasizing green technologies.
By using these technologies abundantly and developing
prototypes, Rwanda can position itself as a leader in this
arena and potentially develop a clean energy industry that
can provide technology to the whole Central/East Africa
region.
The range of new/green energy technologies is growing
exponentially. Solar photovoltaics (PV) can be mounted
to roof tops or banked together in generation plants
within each Sub Area. PVs can be used as roof shelters,
park shade structures, window shades and even facades.
Other renewable sources to be utilized within the Sub
Area include: biogas and biomass generators from wet
organic waste in the sewer system and dry organics (from
such sources as market and produce processing waste)
respectively. Gravity water flow from hilltop storage tanks
in the Sub Area will generate electricity while reducing
water pressure to appropriate levels.
KIMIH U RU RA
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G
Photovoltaic. Photovoltaic (PV) cells should be
incorporated where feasible into individual buildings,
including civic buildings. Although not as cost effective
(at this time) as fossil fuel generation, it is expected that
with the increased development in the City and the
problems associated with electrical generation, PV’s would
provide a reliable source. Thin film PVs can be applied to
any exterior surface exposed to direct sunlight.
As a matter of thumb, household energy needs can be
met by reserving 9 m2 unit on a north or near north
facing roof along with architectural design guidelines
which will make the incorporation of solar energy more
cost effective.
Electrical Power “Smart” Grid. The state of the art in
electrical power distribution flow is moving from the
hierarchical large central power plant grid to a network
grid for decentralized power generation sources. The
integration of multiple renewable energy sources is
changing the way distribution is achieved. The diversity
of sources such as solar photovoltaic, wind, hydro and
biofuels that may contribute inconsistent peaks in
generation from different locations require a “smart” grid
to balance loads from many sources and distribute them
to where they are needed. Hydrogen generation is even
being tested as an energy storage medium to offset the
highs and lows of wind power generation. This kind
of power grid will allow anyone to contribute it and be
reimbursed through reverse metering.
K I M I H U RU RA - I NFRA STRU C TU RE 5-29
6/17/2010 8:09:24 PM
 DEVE LOP ME NT & DESIGN GU IDEL INE S
DE S I GN GUIDELIN ES
The roadways and circulation rights-of-way shown in the
previous Infrastructure section, as well as the Open Space/
Greenway Zone form the framework of public space which is
in the domain and responsibility of the municipal government.
The site design of these areas has been set by the plan and will
become a legal document if adopted by Parliament.
However, attention to detailed design elements for the public
area promenades, plazas, outdoor seating and eating areas, and
garden/landscaped areas was beyond the scope of this study.
This includes: lighting, signage and wayfinding, restaurant
and shop display and facades, restaurant patio regulations and
street furniture, paving, walls and steps, kiosks and detailed
landscaping. Because of Kimihurura Sub Area’s prominent
FIGURE 59:
KIMIHURURA HIGH
DENSITY MIXED-USE
ZONE
5-30 KIGALI S UB AREA PLANN IN G
5_KIMI_Book.indb 30
position in the Kigali landscape, and the need for it to link
carefully to the design orientation of the new Convention
Center/Hotel, it is recommended that detailed streetscape
design guidelines be produced with recommendations for
these elements Like detailed infrastructure design, this shall
be undertaken before project commences construction.
After the infrastructure rights-of-way and the Open Space/
Greenway Zone, the remaining elements of the site include
interior block layouts and buildings, which will be in the private
domain. Private sector developers for these sites shall follow
direction provided by zone in the Development Guidelines
and general Design Guidelines shown below.
MIXED-USE ZONES
High Density
Medium Density
Neighborhood Center
0 200
m pedestrian experience as a priority to sculptural quality.
ft
0 800
MIX E D U S E C O MME RC IA L Z O N E
The Kimihurura Sub Area is a Class A mixed use/commercial
district, designed to visually and functionally anchor the whole
Kimihurura Roundabout area, including the new Convention
Center/Hotel and adjacent development. The Kimihurura Plan
has been designed to create a place that both punctuates the
area and produces a network of linkages to its surroundings.
The urban complex serves as an iconic point of arrival in
Kigali, and its height, massing and density guidelines suggest
a high density sculptural urban quality with high peaks at
the Roundabout stepping down to meet the development
surrounding the site.Building functions,building configurations
and lot occupations that help shape height and massing of the
area are shown in Tables 12-14.
In addition, Tables 12-14 show Site Planning Guidelines,
including setbacks, building sitings and parking guidelines
that work with the public rights-of-way to produce a vibrant
street life and “outdoor living space,” and results in a network
of surrounding open space. The goal of these guidelines is
to work with the public circulation rights-of-way to assure
that block and building development shapes the public and
pedestrian spaces to create sustainable and socially attractive
urban spaces. Please see Chapter 1 for more information and
definitions on the terms in these tables.
From the perspective of sustainable urban design, building
setbacks and façade design shall consider the role of the building
within the assemblage in its block or plaza. The goal is to create
public urban space between the buildings that is “larger and
more interesting than the sum of its parts,” and that serves
and excites the users. Building facades shall relate to adjacent
and nearby buildings. They shall be articulated horizontally
with detail so they do not appear massive, considering the
Private developer block design shall link to adjacent public
spaces and effort shall be made to ensure a well designed and
varied public/private space network with no cut-offs or insecure
cul-de-sacs. Large urban spaces shall be complimented with
more intimate urban corridors, passageways and pocket parks
within blocks. All block site design shall consider the broader
“desire lines” for pedestrians, bikeways and autos, so that the
block links pedestrian, bicycle, automobile and mass transit
users to surrounding context. Pedestrian systems are designed
to create a friendly environment for walkers, with welcoming,
gentle walkways and plazas. Mass transit stops shall be
considered in block design so that people have appropriate
entry points and waiting areas. Parking entrances shall be
secondary to alternative transportation services. Together,
these elements shall reflect an interpretation of town life by
creating true public spaces, where it is easy to be out of doors,
to encounter friends, and in doing so, to build the community
spirit.
Site elements shall be designed together with buildings so that
they are implemented together; and architectural budgets shall
include site design buildout.
Following, general Design Guidelines are outlined that reflect
key considerations for sustainability and Rwanda appropriate
design.
Siting Considerations. Careful integration of buildings and
other improvements with the natural landscape is critical to
successful environmentally sensitive site planning, including
Preserving and protecting existing and distinctive natural setting
and ecosystems, responding to views and solar orientation,
maintaining existing drainage patterns, minimizing grading
and vegetation removal, and minimizing potentially adverse
impacts to adjacent properties.
Parking. In addition to parking shown on roadway rights-
of-way, parking shall be located primarily on the interior of
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 TABLE 12:Mixed
KIMIHURURA MIXED-USE
KIMIH U RU RA
m Density Kinyinya Use High Density GUIDELINES KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G
Zone T5-MU-HD
A. BUILDING CONFIGURATION
T5
1. Building height shall be measured in
number of stories, excluding attics and
raised basements.
blocks behind or under buildings. Urban blocks with a grade- Street Furniture. Benches within the urban public space shall
2. Stories may not exceed 4.25 m. in
height from finished floor to finished change of one floor level or more provide an opportunity for be amply provided for seating and walls shall be designed for
ceiling, except for a first floor
commercial function which must be a covered parking garage space accessed from the lower side of seating.
minumum of 3.3 m. with a maximum of
7.5m. the block. This configuration would allow the space above to
3. Height shall be measured to the eave be utilized for pedestrian plazas or terraces, where not directly Kiosks and Information Boards. Shall be provided within
or roof deck.
BUILDING FUNCTION
under a building. Uncovered outdoor parking lots shall have a public spaces, with protection from rain and appropriate dark
Mixed Uses permitted minimum of two canopy trees every 10-15 parking spaces for a sky lighting.
Residential permitted on upper floors "N" stands for any Stories above those shown, up to the maximum. Refer to metrics for exact minimums and
maximums.
minimum of 35% shade coverage of paving (after 5 years plant
Lodging limited use within overall structure
maturity) and shrubbed or groundcovered medians between Trash Receptacles shall be provided regularly on every block
Office permitted
Retail
parking bays. and shall be covered and consistently designed and labeled.
permitted B1. SETBACKS - PRINCIPAL BLDG.
Civic permitted Clearly labeled recycling receptacles shall be placed next to all
Education (elementary) permitted Servicing. All commercial uses must house materials and large trash receptacles.
1. The facades and elevations of principal
BUILDING CONFIGURATION (See Table A)
buildings shall be distanced from the lot trash internally until pickup and all materials and garbage /
4 stories min. 10 stories lines as shown.
Principal Building
max.w/stepped back penthouse recycling must be concealed from view. Transformers and Bicycle Racks. In general, bike racks within the urban
Outbuilding not permitted other utility boxes will be located in landscape areas or set into public spaces shall be provided on every block and shall be of
2. Facades shall be built along the
LOT OCCUPATION principal frontage to the minimum
sloped banks to partially conceal them from view. Planting consistent design and provide a unifying site element, placed
Lot Width as per Sub Area Plan specified width in the table.
shall be used to ease their visual presence. Utility connections in easily accessible locations.
Lot Coverage 60% min. 70% max.
and meters shall be incorporated into building or landscape
BUILDING DISPOSITION
Edgeyard
walls for convenient access and minimal visual impact. Fencing may be used to control circulation, for safety
not permitted
Sideyard permitted protection, and to define edges of special areas. They shall not
Rearyard permitted Landscape Site Work. Landscape site materials, such as privatize the Kimihurura public space or cut it off from public
Courtyard permitted B2. SETBACKS - OUTBUILDING
1. Outbuildings are prohibited in this zone.
retaining walls, pedestrian pavements, steps and stairs, shall access. They shall be similar in design to adjacent buildings
SETBACKS - PRINCIPAL BUILDING (See Table B1)
be complementary of the site’s unique setting, using Rwandan and shall not restrict views except when concealing service
Front Setback Principal (g.1) 0-3 m. max.
Front Setback Secondary (g.2) 0-3 m. max. materials such as cobbles or granite block pavers if possible. areas.. All pool amenity areas are to be fenced.
Side Setback (g.3) 0-3 m. max. These shall be standardized to create a unified and consistent
Rear Setback (g.4) 0-3 m. max.
“village” aesthetic, further re-enforcing the sense of place. Signage. Signage shall follow a sign code developed to prevent
Frontage Buildout 80% min. at setback

SETBACKS - OUTBUILDING (See Table B2)

• Walls shall maximize seating areas if possible. the distraction of overstated displays of information and to
setbacks are prohibited in this zone • For Paving: Stone or pre-cast concrete pavers are acceptable. establish a common visual character.
FRONTAGES Variations in pavers and patterns are encouraged in seating
Common Lawn not permitted
areas and patios outside the flow of pedestrian traffic to Lighting. Detailed lighting designs shall be established for all
Porch & Fence not permitted C.PARKING PLACEMENT
Terrace or Courtyard permitted 1. Uncovered parking spaces may be highlight different establishments. of Kimihurura with the first construction project. In general,
provided within the third layer as
Forecourt permitted
shown in the diagram
• Pedestrian walkways across curbs shall be handicapped it shall provide safe and adequate illumination to allow for
Stoop not permitted
accessible. the movement of pedestrians and vehicles, shall facilitate
Shopfront & Awning permitted
Gallery permitted 2. Covered parking shall be provided • Steps, Stairs, Ramps shall be handicapped accessible and nighttime activities, and contribute to overall ambiance within
within the third layer as shown in the
Arcade permitted
diagram
non-slip for safety and provide handrails supported by the area. Illumination levels shall be high enough to facilitate
PARKING PROVISIONS open railings or balusters rather than solid walls. They safety with a minimum of 10 lux on pedestrian surfaces, but
1 space per 300 SM//10 bicycle 3. Trash containers shall be stored
Commercial
spaces per 300 SM within the third layer. shall be designed as extensions of buildings and blend not to create a bright, overly lit pedestrian environment.
Residential
1 space per 5 DU/1 bicycle parking with adjacent pavement.
space per DU.

K I M I H U R U R A - D E V E L O P M E NT & DE SI GN GU I DE LI NE S 5-31

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 DEVE LOP ME NT & DESIGN GU IDEL INE S
Lighting shall be utilized as an overall compositional element
linking various pedestrian corridors and distinguishing
individual neighborhoods. Lighting shall strive to minimize
energy consumption in all aspects of design. Light fixtures shall
have a “cut off ” configuration to prevent light pollution into
the night sky and beyond site boundaries. Light sources shall
not produce more than 6 lux at site boundaries. Emphasis shall
be placed on creating higher illumination levels at building
entrances, stairs, ramps, major pedestrian spaces, decision
points, etc. General lighting shall be from an LED, metal
halide or high pressure sodium source and shall not overwhelm
other secondary light sources used for retail display signage.
Landscape Design. All new development shall prepare and
present a landscape / revegetation plan which shall emphasize
natural design, indigenous plant materials and revegetation of
disturbed areas. Landscaping is encouraged to shade from the
sun, cool hardscapes and provide beauty.
• Landscape plantings are to define entries, design accents,
and outdoor spaces; frame desirable views and vistas; buffer
prevailing winds and provide color and/or shade.
• Trees are to be selected for appropriate scale, canopy form,
and durability. Shade trees with broad canopies above
human standing height are encouraged.
• Low spreading shrubs may be planted as understory to
tree groupings, in particular in larger sized planting areas,
on steeper slopes to control erosion, and on the outer
perimeter. Ground level shall be covered by the most
durable and low water plan materials available.
• Perennial flowers or herbs shall be planted wherever
possible within the urban center; and annual flowers shall
be minimized to avoid excessive cost of replacement.
• Lawn may be used in appropriate places such as for passive
recreation, but shall be minimized in favor of perennial
groundcover, low shrubs and native grasses where possible
to preserve irrigation.
5-32 KIGALI S UB AREA PLANN IN G
5_KIMI_Book.indb 32
• Gray and harvested water shall be used where possible for
irrigation.
• Trees or groups of trees adjacent to the construction area
(especially heritage trees) shall be fenced and protected
during the construction period. Trees and other existing
vegetation are valued and are to be preserved whereever
possible.
• Water conserving irrigation systems shall be installed
where appropriate. Mulch all planting areas.
• Berms must appear to be a natural landform. They shall be
compacted and have maximum slope of 2:1.
• Rocks that are uncovered during foundation excavation
can be used very effectively to add visual interest by
incorporating it into to the landscape design.
FIGURE 60:
KIMIHURURA HOTEL
ZONES
ME D IU M A N D L O W D E N SITY HO TE L
ZONES
Design Themes and Guiding Principles. Kimihurura Hotels
will support the functions of the Conference Center, business
community and provide a premier level of attraction to both
residents of Rwanda and visitors. Each building design
shall respect its place as part of the larger neighborhood
community, and the City government may wish to consider
the development of more refined design guidelines that ensure
coherence in hotel design. While the unique character of
each hotel is welcomed so that it may distinguish it from the
others, hotel design shall be mindful the overall quality of the
Sub Area, the layout of the hotel zone in a park-like setting,
HOTEL ZONES
High Density/Conference Center
Medium Density
Low Density
(Eco-Tourism/Retirement Housing)
0 200
m
ft
0 800
and sensitivity to surrounding neighborhoods. The following
development guidelines provide minimum requirements for
the Kimihurura hotel zone.
Professional Design Assistance. A high level of design
quality will be expected at Kimihurura. It is required that all
Owner/Developers engage a licensed architect familiar with
the building types and who personally visits the site during the
initial stages of the design review process. “Off the Shelf ” or
stock plans are not acceptable design solutions.
Environmental/Urban Sustainability shall be an integral part
of development given a high level of attention. While unique
designs are appreciated in the Kimihurura hotel district, hotel
design shall be mindful of the following:
• Integration with site; protection and preservation of site,
trees, and surrounding natural environment
• Minimize surface parking by providing underground
parking for the majority of new development projects.
• Wherever practical and economical, use environmentally
friendly, native, and natural materials and sustainable
design standards
• Recycled materials be used where ever possible to make
sustainable construction and maintenance a priority.
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 KIMIH U RU RA
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G

TABLE 13: KIMIHURURA MIXED-USE GUIDELINES

Kimihurura Hotel Medium Density Kimihurura Hotel Low Density

Zone T2-H-MD Zone T2-H-LD
Integration With The Hotel Park. A key element of these
sites is their adjacency to the large park situated between them. T2 T2 T2 A. BUILDING CONFIGURATION
1. Building height shall be measured in
number of Stories, excluding attics and
This park is intended to provide a peaceful setting for walking, raised basements.
sitting and contemplation amidst a heavily tree’d setting. All
2. Stories may not exceed 4.25 m. in
development surrounding the park shall be mindful of this height from finished floor to finished
ceiling, except for a first floor
restful quality and hotel siting shall be designed accordingly. commercial function which must be a
minumum of 3.3m with a maximum of
For example, hotel sites shall provide pedestrian orientation 7.5m.
and access to the park, with transport and services accessing BUILDING FUNCTION BUILDING FUNCTION
Residential restricted use Residential restricted use Height shall be measured to the eave or "N" stands for any Stories above those shown, up to the maximum.
from behind. Roadways between hotels shall be ornamental, roof deck. Refer to metrics for exact minimums and maximums.
Hotel Medium Density 200-300 rooms Hotel Low Density 100-200 rooms
with heavier service access coming from the northern and Office within hotel and conf. ctr. Office within hotel and conf. ctr. B1. SETBACKS - PRINCIPAL BLDG.
southern ends of the hotel sites. Retail within hotel Retail within hotel 1 The Facades and Elevations of
Principal Buildings shall be distanced
BUILDING CONFIGURATION (See Table A) BUILDING CONFIGURATION (See Table A)
from the lot lines as shown.
Principal Building 4 stories max. Principal Building 2 stories max. 2. Facades shall be built along the
Medium and Low Density Hotels. The hotel sites provide principal frontage to the minimum
Outbuilding 2 stories max. Outbuilding 2 stories max. specified width in the table.
options for different types of hotel zones. In no case shall
LOT OCCUPATION LOT OCCUPATION
there be high density hotels of more than four stories
Lot Width 20 m. min. Lot Width 20 m. min.
and 300 rooms located in Kimihurura. Hotels of medium Lot Coverage 60% max. Lot Coverage 60% max.
density/activity provide a more urbanized environment, with BUILDING DISPOSITION BUILDING DISPOSITION

restaurants and shops, support conference/meeting rooms, Edgeyard permitted Edgeyard permitted B2. SETBACKS - OUTBUILDING
Sideyard permitted Sideyard permitted 1. The Elevations of the outbuilding shall
spas and other facilities. Low density/activity hotels would Rearyard permitted Rearyard permitted
be distanced from the Lot lines as
shown.
be smaller, with a neighborhood bed and breakfast ambiance. Courtyard permitted Courtyard permitted

These would not include a high level of amenity, opting for a SETBACKS - PRINCIPAL BUILDING (See Table B1) SETBACKS - PRINCIPAL BUILDING (See Table B1)

more tranquil atmosphere. They would tend to have a more Front Setback Principal (g.1) 7 m. min. Front Setback Principal (g.1) 7 m. min.
Front Setback Secondary (g.2) 3.66 m. min Front Setback Secondary (g.2) 3.66 m. min
garden like setting. Side Setback (g.3)
Side Setback (g.3) 3.66 m. min 3.66 m. min
Rear Setback (g.4) 3.66 m. min Rear Setback (g.4) 3.66 m. min
Frontage Buildout 40% min. at setback Frontage Buildout 40% min. at setback
Development Guidelines for building function and
SETBACKS - OUTBUILDING (See Table B2) SETBACKS - OUTBUILDING (See Table B2)
configuration, lot occupation, building disposition, setbacks,
Front Setback Principal (h.1) 6 m. min. + bldg. setback Front Setback Principal (h.1) 6 m. min. + bldg. setback
frontages and parking are shown in Tables 12-14. Zoning Front Setback Secondary (h.2) 1 m. min. or 2 m. at corner Front Setback Secondary (h.2) 1 m. min. or 2 m. at corner
standards shape the general regulations regarding layout, Side Setback (h.3) 1 m. min. Side Setback (h.3) 1 m. min. C. PARKING PLACEMENT
PRIVATE FRONTAGES PRIVATE FRONTAGES 1. Uncovered parking spaces may be
density, massing and Floor Area Ratio (FAR). These inlcude: provided within the second and third
Common Lawn permitted Common Lawn permitted
• permitted building function and usage layer as shown in the diagram.
Porch & Fence permitted Porch & Fence permitted
• building configuration (height/stories) Terrace or Lightwell not permitted Terrace or Lightwell not permitted
Forecourt permitted Forecourt not permitted 2. Covered parking shall be provided
• lot occupation (lot layout and coverage) within the third layer as shown in the
Stoop permitted Stoop permitted
• site building disposition, setbacks and frontages diagram. Side- or rear-entry garages
Shopfront & Awning permitted Shopfront & Awning not permitted
may be allowed in the first or second
• parking provisions Gallery permitted Gallery not permitted layer by warrant.
Arcade permitted Arcade not permitted
PARKING PROVISIONS (See Table C) PARKING PROVISIONS (See Table C) 3. Service facilites and trash containers
Please see Chapter 1 for more information and definitions on shall be stored within the third layer.
.5 spaces per room plus 10% overflow .5 spaces per room plus 10%
Hotel Hotel
the terms in these tables. and 10% employee overflow and 10% employee

.5 bicyicle space per employee .5 bicyicle space per employee

K I M I H U R U R A - D E V E L O P M E NT & DE SI GN GU I DE LI NE S 5-33

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 DEVE LOP ME NT & DESIGN GU IDEL INE S
KIMIH U R U R A R ES ID ENT IA L Z O N E S
The Kimihurura neighborhood center includes two residential
zones: Residential Medium High (100 DU/Ha) and Residential
Medium Low (70 DU/Ha) areas. Development Guidelines for
building function and configuration, lot occupation, building
disposition, setbacks, frontages and parking are shown in Table
14. Development guidelines that are unique to the Kimihurura
residential site follow below. Please see Chapter 1 for more
information and definitions on the terms in these tables.
The neighborhood provides housing, commercial and
community facilities for a variety of residents, including
Rwandan residents who enjoy a more urban lifestyle,
employees of government facilities located in the vicinity, as
well as foreign visitor conducting business in Kigali, especially
in the vicinity. The location makes it convenient for those who
must travel extensively, with convenient access to the Kigali
International Airport.
In general, guidelines for basic principles of sustainable urbanist
neighborhoods outlined in Chapter 2 will be appropriate
for this area. While there are two different densities, the
fundamental layouts and guidelines for the two zones are very
similar, except that they will be different stories and will need
to accommodate different parking.
Residential blocks have been designed to support sustainable
urbanist objectives outlined in Chapter 2.1 Blocks are laid
out along the traditional lanes from the former military base
already found on the site, with buildings close to the setbacks
so that streets are “living” and peoples’ “eyes are on the street”
for safety and security. Pedestrian and bicycle traffic are
maximized while automobile traffic is minimized.
The Kimihurura Residential Zones diverge slightly from the
Standard Zone configuration found in Rebero or Kinyinya for
several reasons.
• Because there is such a high proportion of retail in the
mixed-use commercial center, neighborhood community
centers and retail would be limited in this zone to groceries,
small shops selling necessities, and pharmacies.
1 ft
Single family housing Housing Guidelines were outside the
scope of this project.
5-34 KIGALI S UB AREA PLANN IN G
5_KIMI_Book.indb 34
• Because the market population for this neighborhood is
expected to be more short term, transient, or professionally
oriented, the interior block landscaping is envisioned to
be more low maintenance with urban agriculture tending
towards fruit trees and ornamentals rather than subsistence
or market gardens.
• For the same reasons, this area has a lower proportion
of school children than more long term established
neighborhoods; however, an Primary School is located
to the southwest to accommodate children from this and
surrounding neighborhoods.
• and released into open storm drainage systems. Use in
The Kimihurura Neighborhood Center is a moderate
density area that includes primarily residential
development. It is designed to promote the feeling of a
“small town” community with easily walkable access to the
commercial core, the conference center.
• The siting of this neighborhood follows the existing
FIGURE 61:
KIMIHURURA
RESIDENTIAL ZONES
neighborhood layout and every effort shall be made to
respect existing heritage trees and cultural landscapes.
Adjacent buildings shall reference each other with
incremental sensitivity and attention to the spaces
in between them so that the whole project reads as a
community that evolves over time. Where site elements
are closely related to the buildings, they may extend
architectural design elements into the landscape, such as
low walls, handrails, etc., which are direct extension of the
building design.
A RC HITE C TU RA L S TA N D A RD S
FO R A L L K IMIHU RU RA B U IL D IN GS
All buildings should be sited and designed to take advantage
of the local climate for optimum sustainability in cooling and
air quality. This includes orientation and design features that
incorporate sun/shade factors and wind/breezes. Buildings
RESIDENTIAL ZONES
High Density
Medium-High Density
Medium-Low Density
0 200
m should step down from the massive to the personal/ pedestrian
0 800
should generally be oriented along an east/west axis, or
configured to reduce low east morning and low west afternoon
sun exposure on facades and into windows.
Building Roofs. Roofs may be pitched or flat. Flat roofs
shall be constructed with a waterproof membrane that slopes a
minimum of two percent (2%) to drain. Roof tiles or shingles
shall not be used on pitches less than 25%.
• Rainwater Harvesting. All roofs must be capable of
accommodating the catchment and collection of rain water
for other use. At a minimum, rainwater shall be controlled
landscape irrigation is encouraged. Storage of rainwater
for use in “gray” water systems, such as waste removal, will
lighten the demand on potable water distribution.
• Green Roof Gardens. Flat roofs shall be capable of
accommodating the growth of live plant materials on
these surfaces.
• Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Panels Or Films. Roofs shall be
capable of accommodating solar pv panels or films for the
generation of electricity. On large flat roofed buildings,
these may be placed on the roof of the highest (penthouse)
level flat horizontally to the sky or as a translucent canopy
over a green roof.
• Water Storage Tanks. Roofs of buildings over four stories
shall be structurally capable of supporting water storage
for gravity feed gray water and fire extinguishing systems.
• Deep overhangs are generally recommended for shading
and weather protection of wall surfaces.
• Roof surfaces shall be light in color to avoid heat absorption
and creation of heat islands.
• Rooftop accoutrements and equipment (including such
items as mechanical units, vents, satellite dishes and
antennae) shall be either integrated into the design,
concealed from view or painted to reduce the visual
impact.
• Note: the commitment to installing green roofs, solar
pv and water storage tanks at initial construction is not
required. The initial design and construction should
be capable of adding these features in the future, if not
initially installed, without major structural modification.
Exterior Façade/Walls. Large building facades and massing
scale. Building extensions, such as covered entries, porches,
overhangs and/or arcades are used to add texture to buildings,
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 TABLE 14: KIMIHURURA RESIDENTIAL GUIDELINES KIMIH U RU RA
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G

Kimihurura Residential-Med.Low Density Kimihurura Residential-Med. High Density

Zone T4-R-MLD Zone T4-R-MHD
to provide a connection to the outdoors, and bring large buildings down to a pedestrian
T4 T4 A. BUILDING CONFIGURATION scale. These extensions are also important factors contributing to energy efficiency by
1. Building height shall be measured in number
of Stories, excluding attics and raised providing shading and breaking up the building envelope.
basements. • Overhangs, sunshades, light shelves, awnings and living “green” walls are
encouraged for use in keeping the building cool. Large areas of un-shaded glass
2. Stories may not exceed 4.25 m. in height from shall be avoided. Glass curtain walls shall be placed in predominately shaded
finished floor to finished ceiling, except for a
first floor commercial function which must be areas or be equipped with integral shading devices.
a minumum of 3.3m with a maximum of 7.5m. • Building wall surfaces (other than glass, solar walls, living “green” walls, native
BUILDING FUNCTION BUILDING FUNCTION stone, brick and accent walls) shall be generally light in color, capable of reflecting
Residential open Residential open "N" stands for any Stories above those shown, up to the maximum. at least thirty five percent (35%) of the daylight striking them.
Community Center w/in Refer to metrics for exact minimums and maximums.
Community Center w/in neighborhood 3. Height shall be measured to the eave or roof
open open
neighborhood block block deck.
Lodging
limited use: guest houses and
Lodging
limited use: guest houses and Bed Building Systems. Cooling shall be implemented by natural ventilation, shading,
Bed and Breakfast and Breakfast
building configuration and other passive means as is optimal. The use of radiant
limited use encouraged for limited use encouraged for
Office Office barriers, insulation, vented skin and low emissivity glass in the building envelop will
neighborhood office neighborhood office B1. SETBACKS - PRINCIPAL BLDG.
limited use encouraged for limited use encouraged for 1 The facades and elevations of principal reduce the demand of day time heat gain. Night time flushing of air can cool the
Retail Retail
neighborhood retail neighborhood retail buildings shall be distanced from the lot lines
as shown. interior thermal mass. Supplementary ventilation and cooling, if necessary, shall
BUILDING CONFIGURATION (See Table A) BUILDING CONFIGURATION (See Table A)
be designed to minimize energy use. Strategies must take advantage of variable
2. Facades shall be built along the principal
4 stories max/2 stories min. av. 2- 6 stories max.w/stepped back
Principal Building
3 stories
Principal Building
penthouse
frontage to the minimum specified width in the demand and diversity of use. Alternatives to high electrical demand direct expansion
table.
Outbuilding
air conditioning (DX) systems such as: evaporative cooling during dry seasons,
2 stories max. Outbuilding 2 stories max.
geothermal heat exchange with release of heat in ground coils or subsurface water,
LOT OCCUPATION LOT OCCUPATION
Lot Width
domestic water cooling of the structure in perimeter chill beams and in floor “radiant”
by block per Sub Area Plan Lot Width by block per Sub Area Plan
cooling shall be considered.
Lot Coverage 60% min. 70% max. Lot Coverage 60% min. 70% max. B2. SETBACKS - OUTBUILDING
1. The elevations of the outbuilding shall be
BUILDING DISPOSITION BUILDING DISPOSITION
distanced from the lot lines as shown. Day-lighting. Day-lighting shall be optimized to reduce building electrical demand.
Edgeyard not permitted Edgeyard not permitted
Sideyard permitted Sideyard permitted
Strategies such as: high windows and ceilings, clerestories above light shelves, exterior
Rearyard permitted Rearyard permitted light reflective surfaces, perimeter reflective louvers, interior transoms, borrowed light
Courtyard permitted Courtyard permitted windows, skylights, sunlight tubes will enhance the penetration of natural light deep
SETBACKS - PRINCIPAL BUILDING (See Table B1) SETBACKS - PRINCIPAL BUILDING (See Table B1) into the interior of the structure.
Front Setback Principal (g.1) 0 m. min., 4 m. max. Front Setback Principal (g.1) 0 m. min., 4 m. max.
Front Setback Secondary (g.2) 0 m. min., 4 m. max. Front Setback Secondary (g.2) 0 m. min., 4 m. max.
Efficient artificial light fixtures such as direct/indirect pendants for office space and
Side Setback (g.3) 0 m. min., 4 m. max. Side Setback (g.3) 0 m. min., 4 m. max.
Rear Setback (g.4) 0 m. min., 4 m. max. Rear Setback (g.4) 0 m. min., 4 m. max.
fixtures with reflective housings and diffuse lenses with LED, T8, T5 or compact
Frontage Buildout 60% min. at setback Frontage Buildout 60% min. at setback fluorescent lamps will maximize the lumens per watt of electricity.
SETBACKS - OUTBUILDING (See Table B2) SETBACKS - OUTBUILDING (See Table B2) C. PARKING PLACEMENT
Front Setback Principal (h.1) 6 m. min. + bldg. setback Front Setback Principal (h.1) 6 m. min. + bldg. setback 1. Uncovered parking spaces may be Seismic/Earthquake Protection. Because of significant seismic activity, an epicenter
provided within the second and third layer in the Albertine Rift Zone and recent tectonic activity in the Virunga Mountains, all
Front Setback Secondary (h.2) 0 m. min. or 1m. at corner Front Setback Secondary (h.2) 1 m. min. or 2 m. at corner
as shown in the diagram.
Side Setback (h.3) 1 m. min. Side Setback (h.3) 1 m. min. construction in Rwanda must comply to building codes which specify resistance to
2. Covered parking shall be provided within earthquakes in order to protect human life and safety.
FRONTAGES FRONTAGES
the third layer as shown in the diagram.
Common Lawn permitted Common Lawn permitted Side- or rear-entry garages may be
Porch & Fence permitted Porch & Fence limited allowed in the first or second layer by As of 2006, KIST accepted a peak ground acceleration coefficient of 0.27gh ;
Terrace or Lightwell permitted Terrace or Lightwell permitted warrant.
also, short period Ss design spectral response of 1.24 and one second S1 design
Forecourt permitted Forecourt permitted
Stoop 3. Service facilites and trash containers shall
spectral responses of 0.56 were reported in a US Army Corps of Engineers technical
permitted Stoop limited
Shopfront & Awning permitted Shopfront & Awning permitted be stored within the third layer. memorandum in 2002). Seismic design criteria shall be updated, then applied to all
Gallery permitted Gallery permitted new construction. It is recommended that all construction follow life safety codes for
Arcade permitted Arcade permitted structural live, dead and wind loads as well as fire.
PARKING PROVISIONS (See Table C) PARKING PROVISIONS (See Table C)
Residential 2 parking spaces per 5 units Residential 2 parking spaces per 5 units
1 bicycle space per unit 1 bicycle space per unit

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 MUN ICIPAL FINANC ING
This chapter addresses the Capital Improvement Plan and
Municipal Financing strategies for development of the
Kimihurura site and includes a phasing plan and payment/
municipal financing recommendations for implementation of
the proposed plan outlined in previous chapters.
PHA SIN G PLA N
The phasing plan has been synchronized across all infrastructure
systems to best accommodate various factors, including
infrastructure engineering considerations, typical real estate
development patterns, marketing strategies, and expropriation,
and residential needs. Phasing should be adjusted only with
guidance from engineers and designers because any major
modification will change the infrastructure required to be
constructed as a result of the adjustment. This will not only
affect the scope of work to be completed but could increase the
costs associated with that phase as well as the overall project
cost.
The Kimihurura sub area is an existing city center with a strong
government and military presence.
The phasing plan has been synchronized across all infrastructure
systems to best accommodate various factors, including
infrastructure engineering considerations, typical real estate
development patterns, marketing strategies, and expropriation
and residential needs. As shown in Figure 62, there are 4 phases
to the Kimihurura plan.
Phase 1 allows for the development of the hotel and
convention center, the mixed use high density areas, the plaza
and promenade, the central areas of medium-high density
residential and medium density hotels.
• Major infrastructure associated with the first phase
includes the construction of:
1. The water system including additional storage,
offsite transmission line, a portion of the on-site
main transmission line, and approximately ¾ of the
distribution lines and the associated service lines.
5-36 KIGALI S UB AREA PLANN IN G
5_KIMI_Book.indb 36
2. The wastewater system including the temporary
mechanical plant, the main collection line, the
associated service lines, and ½ of the minor collection
lines.
3. The electrical system including the main transmission
line and ½ of the distribution lines and the associated
service lines.
4. The road system including the major arterial roadway
running north-south, the major collector around the
convention center, and a portion of the connecting
collector and local roadways.
5. The drainage system including the ETZ with
constructed wetlands, storm drainage pipes around
the convention center major collector roadway, bio-
retention water dissipation areas, and aesthetic storage PHASE I
pond.
Phase 2 allows for the development of the school, the low
density hotels, and the remaining residential areas.
• Major infrastructure associated with the second phase
includes the construction of:
PHASE III
1. The water system including a portion of the main
PHASE II
transmission line and ¼ of the distribution lines and
associated service lines.
2. The wastewater system including ¼ of the minor
collection lines and associated service lines.
3. The electrical system including ½ of the distribution
lines and associated service lines.
4. The road system including a portion of the collector
and local roads in the southwest area of the site.
5. The drainage system including a portion of the major
drainage swale and sedimentation basin.
PHASE IV
PHASE IV
LEGEND
ELECTRIC
200MM HIGH PRESSURE WATERLINE
250MM HIGH PRESSURE WATERLINE
200MM SANITARY SEWER
250MM SANITARY SEWER N
FIGURE 62: PHASING MAP
6/17/2010 8:09:44 PM
 K I M I H U R U R A
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G

• Phase 3 allows for the development of the remaining hotels and adjacent park M UN I C IPA L FIN A N C IN G The remainder of this chapter walks through the process of calculating what the fair
south of the convention center. share should be for each development type.
Summary of Analysis For Kimihurura, the planning team has prepared an estimate
• Major infrastructure associated with the third phase includes the construction • The first step in calculating the proper allocation of costs is the creation of an
of the cost of infrastructure required to support the proposed plan. As has been
of: infrastructure plan. This step is shown in the previous parts of this section.
discussed in the Chapter Three general introduction to infrastructure finance, it is
1. The water system including service lines to the hotel area. • Second, cost estimates are made for the infrastructure plan, and this is shown
our opinion that development should pay for both the project level and municipal
2. The wastewater system including ¼ of the collection lines, located along the below in Table 16: Summary of Results.
infrastructure needs it creates. In this spirit, the following chapter provides an
eastern most collection road. • Third, the analysis determines a cost allocation methodology to each type of
example of how the municipal infrastructure cost responsibilities for Kimihurura
3. The electrical system including service lines to the hotel area. infrastructure improvement.
could be distributed among the planned development.
4. The road system including the north-south collection road along the eastern • Fourth, this allocation methodology is applied to each type of development to
boundary of the site. determine the fair share of infrastructure costs to be applied to that development
The overall cost allocation can be met in a number of ways, as will be elaborated later
5. The drainage system including a portion of the major drainage swale. type.
in this chapter. Simply put, it comes down having the City of Kigali pay for the costs
• Lastly, the fair share allocation is calculated on a per unit or per square meter
of infrastructure “up front,” with a reimbursement made by the developer through
Phase 4 allows for the development of the east-west arterial roadway south of the site. basis and integrated with the development program to generate a phased
various mechanisms.
Although described here, Phase 4 is not included in the cost and revenue analysis in infrastructure revenue plan. This, combined with the phased infrastructure costs,
this chapter. is the infrastructure financing plan.
For the City’s upfront costs, there are two options: cash payment or financing. If a
cash payment is made, this would come from a government/ministerial budget from
Major infrastructure associated with the first phase includes only the construction of TABLE 16: SUMMARY OF RESULTS
a variety of sources such as government funds, general taxes, donor contributions,
the major east-west arterial roadway system.
etc. If the City finances its expenditures, funding could come through bonds, donor
lending (including bilateral, multilateral, development banks etc.), or private lending. Estimated Fair Per
Development Program. Table 15 details the development plan for Kimihurura, Share Units/ Unit/Sq. Financed
If costs are financed, there will be additional costs of interest which makes the cost Infrastructure Square Meter Annual Cost
by development type and by phase. The phasing plan below is coordinated with the Category Cost (RwF) (USD) Meters (RWF) (USD) (RwF)1 USD
higher in the end.
infrastructure phasing plan to both minimize initial costs and maximize development
Residential (per unit)
potential. Although some infrastructure has been delayed to Phase III, all of the
Regardless of how upfront costs are paid for by the Rwanda/Kigali government,
development is completed by the end of Phase II. Med-Low Density 1,914,115,082 3,358,097 286 6,692,710 11,742 733,163 1,286
it is recommended that they are reimbursed by real estate developers. But this Med-High Density 2,786,421,983 4,888,460 434 6,420,327 11,264 703,324 1,234
High Density 730,803,850 1,282,112 120 6,090,032 10,684 667,142 1,170
reimbursement must be shared by developers fairly according to transparent formulas.
TABLE 15: DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Commercial (per Square Meter)
This analysis presents a clearly laid out approach to dividing up the costs by type of Hotel 3,084,615,004 5,411,605 81,818 37,701 66.14 4,130 7.25
use, based on a dwelling unit or per square meter rate. Table x provides a summary Office 6,774,862,550 11,885,724 180,000 37,638 66.03 4,123 7.23
Type Phase I Phase II Phase III Total Units Total Retail 2,275,615,534 3,992,308 45,000 50,569 88.72 5,540 9.72
Sq. Meters of that analysis, with a cost per unit or square meter, as appropriate. It shows the cost
in the left hand column. Assuming the cost is financed and paid back over 20 years 1
Assumes financing at an interest rate of nine percent annually and a term of 20 years.
Residential (units) at an average 9 percent interest, the annual debt service is indicated in right hand
Sources: Oz Architecture, Tetratech, City of Kigali, AECOM

Medium-Low Density 143 143 286 column in the table below.

Medium-High Density 434 434
High Density 120 120
Total 697 143 0 840

Non-Residential (square meters)

Hotel 39,273 28,364 14,182 1,500 81,818
Conference Center 180,000 180,000
Community Commercial 45,000 45,000
Total 264,273 28,364 14,182 306,818

Sources: Tetratech, AECOM

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 MUN ICIPAL FINANC ING

Infrastructure Costs Table 17, below, provides a summary of the estimated
improvement costs for the Kimihurura plan. As shown in the table, the total costs
are estimated at 17.6 billion RwF, or approximately $30.8 million USD. The majority
of these costs are in paths/trails, road, and shallow utility improvements.
Table 18, below, provides a breakdown of infrastructure costs by phase. As can be seen
in the table, the lion’s share of infrastructure costs, RwF 13.5 billion, or $23.7 million
USD, occur early on, but significant costs are delayed to the third phase. To assist
with financial feasibility, the infrastructure plan has been phased to minimize upfront
costs to the greatest extent possible in order limit the initial capital requirements
of implementing the development plan. The third phase is largely unnecessary for
development of Kimihurura but rather consists largely of road improvements that
benefit city and district-level transportation.
Cost Allocation Methodology Once the capital improvement program is
determined, the next step is to determine the allocation of costs across development
types in a methodology that assigns a fair share burden for each. Table 19, below,
summarizes the allocation of infrastructure costs among the development types.
Each type of infrastructure is allocated according to a specific methodology. Road
costs are allocated by vehicular trip generation, for example, while water and sewer
costs are allocated by water demand for each development type. For each allocation
methodology the table calculates a percentage distribution, which is applied to the
infrastructure costs as described in Table 20.
Using the percentage allocations from Table 18, Table 19, calculates the fair share
burden of infrastructure costs for each infrastructure type and allocates it to the
proposed development. The total allocated infrastructure costs for each development
type is in turn divided by the number of units or square feet for that development type
to arrive at an average burden, labeled “Total Cost per Unit/SqM” in Table 20. In the
case of the medium-low density residential units, for example, the total infrastructure

TABLE 17: SUMMARY OF IMPROVEMENT COSTS TABLE 19: COST ALLOCATION FACTORS

New BIP Costs 2009 Cost Allocation Factors

Item (RwF) (USD) Kimihurura Conceptual Infrastructure Financing Plan

Potential Residential Residential Uses

Grading 808,151,000 1,417,809
Allocation Totals Low/Open Low Med-Low Medium High
Drainage 312,804,600 548,780 Methodology [1] Density Density Residential Density Density Hotel Office Retail
Water System 1,963,601,822 3,444,915
Wastewater 912,365,725 1,600,642
Shallow Utilities 2,951,810,340 5,178,615 Future Developed Hectares
Roads 4,433,784,980 7,778,570 Total Developed Hectares 28.5 0 0.0 2.5 3.1 1.0 8.0 11.0 3.0
Landscaping 250,110,568 438,790 % Distribution 100% 8.6% 10.9% 3.5% 27.9% 38.5% 10.5%
Paths/Trails 5,759,879,880 10,105,052 Dwelling Units and Square Meters
Admin. Costs 173,925,089 305,132 Dwelling Units 840 286 434 120
% Distribution 100% 34.0% 51.7% 14.3%
Commercial Square Meters 306,818 81,818 180,000 45,000
Total Cost 17,566,434,003 30,818,305
% Distribution 100% 26.7% 58.7% 14.7%
Square Meters per DU 2,000 130 130 130
Sewer/Water DUEs
DUEs per Unit or SqM of Space 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.67 0.64 0.64
TABLE 18: Conceptual
Kimihurura SUMMARYInfrastructure
OF IMPROVEMENTS AND COSTS BY PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT
Financing Plan
Total DUEs 2,228 0 0 286 434 120 938 360 90
% Distribution 100% 0.0% 12.8% 19.5% 5.4% 42.1% 16.2% 4.0%
Storm Drainage DUEs
Item Estimated Costs By Improvement and Phase DUEs per unit or per acre 0.00 1.00 1.46 1.94 239.36 307.75 307.75
Phase I (RwF) (USD) Phase II (USD) Phase III (USD) Total (RwF) (USD) % Total DUEs 7,367 0 286 635 233 1,905 3,385 923
% Distribution 100% 0.0% 3.9% 8.6% 3.2% 25.9% 46.0% 12.5%
Trip Generation
Total Costs Trip DUEs 1.40 1.25 1.00 0.70 1.00 1.00 2.00
New PM Trips 4,746 358 434 84 900 1,980 990
% Distribution 100% 7.5% 9.1% 1.8% 19.0% 41.7% 20.9%
Grading 600,872,240 1,054,162 135,292,670 237,356 71,986,090 126,291 808,151,000 1,417,809 5% Demographic Characteristics
Drainage 196,144,000 344,112 101,037,850 177,259 15,622,750 27,408 312,804,600 548,780 2% Persons per household 2.72 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Water System 1,625,049,239 2,850,964 301,435,585 528,834 37,116,998 65,118 1,963,601,822 3,444,915 11% New Population 3,360 1,144 1,736 480
Wastewater 829,068,925 1,454,507 58,016,925 101,784 25,279,875 44,351 912,365,725 1,600,642 5% % Distribution 100% 34.0% 51.7% 14.3%
Shallow Utilities 2,518,785,545 4,418,922 418,213,600 733,708 14,811,195 25,985 2,951,810,340 5,178,615 17% Employment: SqM per employee 55 23 23
Roads 3,504,870,640 6,148,896 781,003,640 1,370,182 147,910,700 259,492 4,433,784,980 7,778,570 25% New Employees 11,400 1,500 7,920 1,980
% Distribution 100% 13.2% 69.5% 17.4%
Landscaping 142,344,298 249,727 92,531,070 162,335 15,235,200 26,728 250,110,568 438,790 1%
Daytime Population [2]
Paths/Trails 3,936,640,440 6,906,387 1,617,141,040 2,837,090 206,098,400 361,576 5,759,879,880 10,105,052 33% New Daytime Population 9,060 1,144 1,736 480 750 3,960 990
Admin. Costs 133,537,753 234,277 35,046,724 61,485 5,340,612 9,369 173,925,089 305,132 1% % Distribution 100% 12.6% 19.2% 5.3% 8.3% 43.7% 10.9%

Total 13,487,313,080 23,661,953 3,539,719,104 6,210,034 539,401,820 946,319 17,566,434,003 30,818,305 [1] The 'Allocation Factor' column in the follow ing table indicates w hich of these factors have been applied to allocate each category of costs.
% of total 77% 20% 3% 100% [2] Daytime population is defined as population plus half of the employment.
This is intended to reflect low er impacts on service costs by employees than by residents
Sources: Tetratech, AECOM

Sources: Tetratech; AECOM

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 K I M I H U R U R A
KI G A L I S U B A RE A P L A N N I N G

costs are RwF 1.9 billion. This total is divided by the number of medium-low density
TABLE 20: SUMMARY OF BIP COSTS AND AREA DEVELOPMENT COST BURDENS
residential units in the Kimihurura plan, 286, to arrive at an allocated responsibility
Allocation Non-residential Uses
per unit of approximately RwF 6.7 million per unit.
Facility Total BIP Factor Med-Low Medium High
Costs (RwF) Utilized (1) Residential Density Density Hotel Office Retail
In order to understand the effect on development feasibility of imposing this cost
Developer BIP Costs
burden, Table 20 also compares the cost burden to the likely market value of the units
Grading 808,151,000 Trips 60,881,674 73,909,500 14,305,065 153,268,549 337,190,808 168,595,404 in question. In the case of residential units, we assume that the units will sell for
Drainage 312,804,600 Impermeable Surface 12,143,523 26,952,697 9,872,783 80,898,743 143,736,101 39,200,755
Water System 1,963,601,822 Water Demand 252,116,777 382,582,802 105,783,263 826,431,743 317,349,789 79,337,447 between RwF 55 million ($96,000 USD) and RwF 65 million ($113,000 USD) each.
Wastewater 912,365,725 Water Demand 117,143,254 177,762,839 49,151,015 383,992,309 147,453,046 36,863,262
Shallow Utilities 2,951,810,340 Daytime Pop. 372,723,072 565,600,745 156,387,303 244,355,161 1,290,195,248 322,548,812
The calculated development burden for the residential types is from ten to eleven
Roads 4,433,784,980 Trips 334,017,096 405,492,083 78,482,339 840,882,200 1,849,940,841 924,970,420 percent. As a rule of thumb, infrastructure burdens should not exceed ten percent
Landscaping 250,110,568 Trips 18,841,961 22,873,878 4,427,202 47,434,308 104,355,479 52,177,739
Paths/Trails 5,759,879,880 Daytime Pop. 727,296,091 1,103,659,103 305,159,199 476,811,248 2,517,563,391 629,390,848 of total development value (and the lower it is, the lower the effect on feasibility), so
Administration Costs (2) 173,925,089 1% of costs 18,951,634 27,588,336 7,235,682 30,540,743 67,077,847 22,530,847 the burden calculated for residential development in Kimihurura appears just above
TOTAL BIP COSTS 17,566,434,003 1,914,115,082 2,786,421,983 730,803,850 3,084,615,004 6,774,862,550 2,275,615,534 the level of feasibility.
Area Development Impact Fee Burdens
Total Cost per Unit/SqM na na RWF 6,692,710 RWF 6,420,327 RWF 6,090,032 RWF 37,701 RWF 37,638 RWF 50,569 This analysis does not contemplate the implementation of affordable housing.
Average Market Values na na RWF 65,000,000 RWF 60,000,000 RWF 55,000,000 RWF 605,000 RWF 605,000 RWF 605,000 The analysis puts the entire burden of infrastructure on market-rate housing and
Costs as Percent of Value na na 10.3% 10.7% 11.1% 6.2% 6.2% 8.4%
commercial development and assumes that affordable housing (as well as schools
(1) This column indicates w hich allocation factor is used to allocate each cost item; see table prior for allocation formulas. and other public facilities) do not contribute. Any allocation of infrastructure burden
(2) Administrative Costs are assumed to be one percent of infrastructure and public facilities costs.
would either reduce affordability or increase the subsidy necessary to maintain
affordability.

Kimihurura ConceptualOF
Infrastructure The general analysis in this chapter does not incorporate assumptions about affordable
TABLE 21: SUMMARY BIP COSTSFinancing
AND AREAPlan
DEVELOPMENT COST BURDENS, OPTION A
housing, but affordable housing in Kimihurura may be as high as one third of total
Allocation Non-residential Uses units, as recommended by the Sub Area Plan and the Kigali Conceptual Master
Facility Total BIP Factor Med-Low Medium High
Costs (RwF) Utilized (1) Residential Density Density Hotel Office Retail
Plan approach to mixed standings. If affordable housing is envisioned, then the
formula would change, so that the analysis puts the entire burden of infrastructure
Developer BIP Costs on market-rate housing and commercial development and assumes that affordable
Grading 808,151,000 Trips 43,247,359 52,501,689 10,161,617 163,311,706 359,285,753 179,642,876
housing (as well as schools and other public facilities) do not contribute. This is
Drainage 312,804,600 Impermeable Surface 12,143,523 26,952,697 9,872,783 80,898,743 143,736,101 39,200,755
Water System 1,963,601,822 Water Demand 414,905,465 255,055,201 70,522,175 826,431,743 317,349,789 79,337,447 because any allocation of infrastructure burden to affordable housing would either
Wastewater 912,365,725 Water Demand 192,781,205 118,508,560 32,767,344 383,992,309 147,453,046 36,863,262
Shallow Utilities 2,951,810,340 Daytime Pop. 283,656,334 430,131,557 118,964,648 278,823,395 1,472,187,525 368,046,881 reduce affordability or increase the subsidy necessary to maintain affordability.
Roads 4,433,784,980 Trips 237,269,386 288,041,716 55,750,009 895,982,295 1,971,161,049 985,580,525
Landscaping 250,110,568 Trips 13,384,407 16,248,482 3,144,868 50,542,514 111,193,531 55,596,766
Paths/Trails 5,759,879,880 Daytime Pop. 553,499,792 839,317,509 232,136,217 544,069,258 2,872,685,683 718,171,421 In Table 21: Summary of BIP Costs and Area Development Cost Burdens, Option
Administration Costs (2) 173,925,089 1% of costs 17,508,875 20,267,574 5,333,197 32,240,520 73,950,525 24,624,399
A, 1/3 of the housing is removed from the residential infrastructure burden. In this
TOTAL BIP COSTS 17,566,434,003 1,768,396,345 2,047,024,985 538,652,858 3,256,292,482 7,469,003,002 2,487,064,332 case, market rate development will bear a higher burden of the costs. However, the
Area Development Impact Fee Burdens tangible and intangible benefits of incorporating affordable housing must be part of
Total Cost per Unit/SqM na na RWF 9,274,806 RWF 7,074,971 RWF 6,733,161 RWF 39,799 RWF 41,494 RWF 55,268
a broader evaluation of feasibility and long term sustainable development.
Average Market Values na na RWF 65,000,000 RWF 60,000,000 RWF 55,000,000 RWF 605,000 RWF 605,000 RWF 605,000
Costs as Percent of Value na na 14.3% 11.8% 12.2% 6.6% 6.9% 9.1%

(1) This column indicates w hich allocation factor is used to allocate each cost item; see table prior for allocation formulas.
(2) Administrative Costs are assumed to be one percent of infrastructure and public facilities costs.

Sources: Tetratech; AECOM

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Infrastructure Financing Plan Ideally, the income from development fees would be
available before municipal infrastructure was built, but this is not so. Infrastructure is
usually built prior to private sector investors and developers come “on board,” and it
is often the incentive that attracts them to overcome risk and build in an area.
Therefore, the City must evaluate the financial picture over time to see how and
when development fees will start to accrue and to assess how much it will need to
finance in the interim. The next step in the Financing Plan is to examine the balance
of costs and revenues accruing to determine the shortfall between them, and the
extent to which supplemental funding will be necessary to cover temporary shortfalls.
Shortfalls can be long-term or short-term and ultimately the method used to cover
them will be determined by their duration, among other factors.
This analysis is done by assessing the comparative patterns of revenue expenses and
income over time. Costs are assessed over time in Tables 20 and 21. To balance out
the analysis, an assessment of revenues is required; and Table 22 calculates the fee
revenue that will accrue to the financing plan from the development of Kimihurura.
Typically, many of the larger infrastructure costs are up front, before sufficient
development occurs to cover its costs. The gap between expenses and income can
be derived by comparing them in a table that shows a cash flow analysis, as in Table
23: Cost and Revenue Phasing. Using the impact fee revenue in Table 22 and the
cost allocations in Table 19, Table 23, calculates the infrastructure finance cash flow
for the table below combines the revenue calculated in the table directly above and
the infrastructure costs detailed earlier in this chapter to calculate an infrastructure
financing cash flow for the Kimihurura plan. As shown on Table 23 below there is a
surplus of RwF 1.5 billion as the Phase I infrastructure required is less than the fair
share cost allocation for the Phase I development. This is unusual for infrastructure
financing plans, and it provides a cushion of funding for later phases.
Next Steps The calculation of the infrastructure burdens is only the first step in
developing an infrastructure financing plan. It provides an overview of the relationship
of each development type to the infrastructure required to implement the plan. This
information also allows for a discussion of the infrastructure burden created by each
type of development and the ability of that development to bear its fair share. To
the extent development cannot support its fair-share burden, for example, because
it includes affordable housing or community facilities, the City can either assist or
make adjustments to the development program to aid in the feasibility of the plan.
Adjustment scenarios are discussed in Chapter Three, Municipal Financing and in
Appendix 1: Making Housing More Affordable.
For example, the City can allow for financing of the fee that would allow for smaller
annual payments to cover the infrastructure costs allocated to each development
type. In addition, the City can waive part or the entire infrastructure burden to
encourage particular types of development or particular projects. It is important to
note, however, that where the burden is waived the City will have to come up with
alternate financing to cover the costs. Conventional development should not typically
receive subsidies without a compelling policy justification. The issue of variance to the
standard development fee assessment is a policy question that must be decided after
considered analysis and transparent public discussion. The point of these calculations
is to provide an example of how infrastructure costs can be allocated and what the
general burdens might be for each development type.

TABLE 22: INFRASTRUCTURE

p FEE REVENUE
g By understanding the details and timing of its infrastructure burden, the City can
make judicious choices about how to proceed with its expenditures. Separately the
Phased Revenue government must decide how to structure the financing mechanisms that pay for
Type Phase I (RwF) (USD) Phase II (RwF) (USD) Phase III (RwF) (USD) Total (RwF) (USD)
these investments. A more detailed discussion of the options is contained in Chapter
Residential (units) Three.
Med-Low Density 951,570,258 1,669,422 951,570,258 1,669,422 0 0 1,903,140,517 3,338,843
Medium-High Density 2,783,779,505 4,883,824 0 0 0 0 2,783,779,505 4,883,824
High Density 725,492,620 1,272,794 0 0 0 0 725,492,620 1,272,794
Total 4,460,842,384 7,826,039 951,570,258 1,669,422 0 0 5,412,412,643 9,495,461

Non-Residential (square meters)

Hotel 1,483,401,070 2,602,458 1,071,345,217 1,879,553 535,672,609 939,777 3,090,418,896 5,421,788
Office 6,785,174,563 11,903,815 0 0 0 0 6,785,174,563 11,903,815
Retail 2,278,427,901 3,997,242 0 0 0 0 2,278,427,901 3,997,242
Total 10,547,003,535 18,503,515 1,071,345,217 1,879,553 535,672,609 939,777 12,154,021,361 21,322,844

TABLE 23: COST

Kimihurura AND
Conceptual REVENUEFinancing
Infrastructure PHASING
Plan

Item Phase I (RwF) (USD) Phase II (RwF) USD Phase III (RwF) (USD) Total (RwF) (USD)

Revenues 15,007,845,919 26,329,554 2,022,915,476 3,548,975 535,672,609 939,777 17,566,434,003 30,818,305

Costs 13,487,313,080 23,661,953 3,539,719,104 6,210,034 539,401,820 946,319 17,566,434,003 30,818,305

Net 1,520,532,839 2,667,601 (1,516,803,628) (2,661,059) (3,729,211) (6,542) 0 0

Sources: Tetratech, AECOM

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