IDB 225 Morphology I 22 December 2011 Asst. Prof.

Dr. Aygül UÇAR

Practice Exercises in Morphology

1) Morphemes
A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes. Say how many morphemes are there in the
following words.

1. boy 1 6. desirability 3

2. desire 1 7. gentlemanliness 4

3. boyish 2 8. undesirability 4

4. desirable 2 9. ungentlemanliness 5

5. boyishness 3 10. antidisestablishmentarianism 7

2) Free and Bound Morphemes

List the morphemes in each word below, and state whether each morpheme is free (F) or bound (B).

1. creating {create} (F) + {ing} (B) 6. unhealthy {un} (B) + {health} (F) + {y} (B)
2. seaward {sea} (F) + {ward} (F) 7. waiter {wait} (F) + {er} (B)
3. wastage {waste} (F) + {age} (B) 8. reconsider {re} (B) + {consider} (F)
4. incomplete {in} (B) + {complete} (F) 9. keys {key} (F) + {s} (B)
5. modernize {modern} (F) {ize} (B) 10. astronomer {astro} (B) + {nomy} (B) + {er} (B)

3) Derivational and Inflectional Affixes

For each word below, indicate whether the word is morphologically simple (S), includes an
inflectional affix (I), or includes a derivational affix (D).

1. rider D 6. reader D
2. colder I 7. redder I
3. silver S 8. radish S
4. lens S 9. redness D
5. legs I 10. rotation D

4) Stems and Affixes

Separate the affixes from the stems in the following words:

1. train/s 4. predetermine/ ed 7. instructional

2. succeed/ed 5. retroactive

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3. light/er 6. confusion/s

5) Word Trees
For each word below, draw a word tree. Then state whether it has inflectional affixes, derivational
affixes, or both.

1. shipper 7. simply
2. disobey 8. jumping
3. resettled 9. digitizes
4. anticlimaxes 10. activated
5. unemployment 11. confrontational
6. bookworm 12. tax collector

6) Compound / Affixes
Study the following passage and then answer the questions below. Take your examples from the passage.

The dogs swam ahead, fatuously important; the foals, nodding solemnly, swayed along behind up to their necks:
sunlight sparkled on the calm water, which further downstream where the river narrowed broke into furious
little waves, swirling and eddying close inshore against black rocks, giving an effect of wildness, almost of
rapids; low over their heads an ecstatic lightning of strange birds manoeuvred, looping-the-loop and
immelmanning at unbelievable speed, aerobatic as new-born dragonflies. The opposite shore was thickly
wooded.
(Malcom Lowry, Under the Volcano)

(immelmanning – (n) an aircraft manoeuvre used to gain height while reversing the direction of flight. It consists of a
halfloop followed by a half roll.)

(a) Identify 3 compound words. For each one, name the grammatical category of the compound, and the
grammatical category of the elements that compose it. (Example: watertight is an adjective, made up
of noun + adjective.)
sunlight (N+N); downstream (P+N); newborn (A+A); dragonfly (N+N)

(b) Divide the following words into their component morphemes, labeling each morpheme F (free), I
(inflectional), or D (derivational):

unbelievable dragonflies
un (D) + believe (F) + able (D) dragon (F) + fly (F) + es (I)

(c) What is the function of the suffix –ly in the words fatuously, solemnly, and thickly?
To make adverb

(d) Identify two other words containing (different) derivational suffixes, name the grammatical category
of the stem to which the suffix is attached, and the grammatical category of the derived word.

(e) Describe the function of the suffix –s in foals and waves, and that of the suffix-ed in swayed and
sparkled.

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 -s : plural marker -ed: past tense marker (f)
Comment on the past tense forms swam and broke.
Internal change

7) Compounds
Compounds are often frequent in modern technical areas where new vocabulary is being created. Find the
compounds in the following passage:

Free Talker Nokia 610 Car Kit

The (cell phone)stays by your side -- instead of your ear -- with Nokia's ((hands-free)(Bluetooth system)). An
unobtrusive dash-mounted screenprovides the same information as your cell-phone display, and you can
effortlessly (download)(contact info)from your phone. A small ((console-mounted) (control unit))with three
intuitive buttons and a dial is but one way to manage calls and messages, which sound off through your car's
speakers: Choose to use Nokia's decent (voice-recognition (software)) and neither hand has to leave the wheel.
$300; www.nokia.com.
CNN Business (http://www.business2.com/b2/web/articles/0,17863,695018,00.html)

8) Morphological Analysis Esperanto

Esperanto is an artificial language that was invented by Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887. It
was designed to be easy to learn and is based largely on the languages of western Europe. It is now primarily
spoken in France, although it may also be found in eastern Asia, South America and eastern Europe. There are
now between 200-2,000 native speakers and about 2,000,000 people worldwide speak it as a second language.
Examine the following data from Esperanto and then answer the questions below:

1. bono ‘goodness’ 11. portistino ‘female porter’

2. instrua ‘instructive’ 12. pura ‘pure’
3. malfacila ‘difficult’ 13. malbone ‘badly’
4. patrino ‘mother’ 14. facile ‘easily’
5. instruisto ‘teacher’ 15. bona ‘good’
6. porti ‘to carry’ 16. malgranda ‘small’
7. facila ‘easy’ 17. bone ‘well’
8. patro ‘father’ 18. facilo ‘easiness’
9. portisto ‘porter’ 19. granda ‘big’
10. instrui ‘to instruct’ 20. instruo ‘instruction’

A. What are the morphemes that correspond to the following lexical categories and concepts?
i. Nouns {-o} iv. Adverbs {-e}
ii. Verbs {-i}(infinitive) v. Feminine {-ino} iii.
Adjectives {-a} vi. The opposite (not…){mal}

B. Translate the following English words and phrases into Esperanto.

i. “purity” puro

ii. “bad” malbona

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iii. “female teacher” intruistino

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 9) Word-formation processes
This task is all about reconstructing the word-formation 'stories' of the lexemes in bold print. Identify for each
of the stories in (1 a-g) the corresponding sequence of word-formation processes from the set in (1 A-G).

(1) a. rap music > rap > to rap >rapper C (1) A. conversion – derivation
b. rehabilitation > rehab > to rehab D B. blend –conversion
c. vacuum cleaner > to vacuum-clean > to vacuum F C. compounding – clipping – conversion – derivation
d. campaign > to campaign >campaigner A D. derivation – clipping – conversion
e. tailor-fit > to tailor-fit G E. blend – back-formation
f. breathalyser> to breathalyse E F. compounding – back-formation – clipping
g. brunch> to brunch B G. compounding – conversion

10) Word-formation processes

The words in column 2 have been created from the corresponding word in column 1. Indicate the word formation
process responsible for the creation of each word in column 2.

Column 1 Column 2 Word Formation

Process
1 automation automate backformation
2 humid humidifier affixation
3 stagnation, inflation stagflation blending
4 love, seat loveseat compounding
5 énvelope envélope conversion (with stress)
6 typographical error typo clipping
7 aerobics, marathon aerobathion blending
8 act deactivate affixation
9 curve, ball curve ball compounding
10 perambulator pram clipping
11 (a) comb comb (your hair) conversion (no stress)
12 beef, buffalo beefalo blending
13 random access memory RAM acronym
14 megabyte meg clipping
15 teleprinter, exchange telex blending

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 11. Minor Processes of Word Formation

1. Identify the process of word formation responsible for each of the following words. Try to determine the
process before you consult a dictionary, though it may be necessary for you to do so.

(a) curio clipping > curio(sity)

(b) (to) laze backformation > lazy
(c) (to) network conversionN > V
(d) (to) cohere backformation> coherence
(e) (a) sitcom clipping> situation comedy
(f) (the) muppets blending> marionette puppets
(g) what-not phrasalcompound
(h) margarine clipping> (oleo)margarine
(i) dystopia false morphological division : dis+utopia> u/topia
(j) serendipity literarycoinage
(k) diesel communization/ coinage >Rudolp Diesel
(l) (a) ha-ha reduplication
(m) (to) make up phrasalverb

(n) (to) total conversion

(o) (the) hereafter compounding, conversion >Prt + Prt> N
(p) amphetamine acronym
(q) (a) construct conversion V> N
(r) (the) chunnel blending ch(annel) + (t)unnell
(s).....guesstimate blending >gu(ess) + estimate or guess + (es)timate
(t) canary communization / coinage > Canary Islands
(u) brain-gain reduplication
(v) boojum root creation (used by physicist N. David Mermin following creation by Lewis Carroll
(w) gaffe-slack reduplication
(x) psycho clipping>psycho(path)
(y) walkie-talkie reduplication, diminutive, conversion (z) bonfire compound

Boojum is a geometric pattern on the surface of one of the phases of superfluid helium-3.

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2. The words in column A have been created from the corresponding words in column B. Indicate the word
formation process responsible for the creation of each word in column A.

Column A Column B
(a) stagflation stagnation + inflation blending
(b) nostril nosu + thyrl 'hole' (in Old English) compound
(c) bookie bookmaker clipping, diminutive
(d) van caravan clipping
(e) Amerindian American Indian blending
(f) CD compact disc initialism
(g) RAM random access memory acronym
(h) televise television backformation
(i) xerox xeroxography clipping, coinage
(j) telathon television + marathon blending, false morphological analysis
(k) sci-fi science fiction clipping
(l) elect election backformation
(m) deli delicatessen clipping, false morphological analysis (delicat+essen)

(n) scuba self-contained underwater breathing apparatus acronym

(o) scavenge scavenger backformation (p) hazmat
hazardous material clipping

12. Inflectional Affixes

For each of the bold words in the passage from Wallace Stegner's "The Dump Ground" below, label the
inflectional suffix: pres = present tense compr = comparative degree
past = past tense supl = superlative degree
prsprt = present participle poss = possessive case
pstprt = past participle pl = plural number
The place fascinated us, as it should (past) have. For this was the kitchen midden of all the civilization we knew.
It gave us the most (supl) tantalizing glimpses into our neighbors' (pl, poss) lives and our own; it provided an
aesthetic distance from which to know ourselves (pl).

The town dump was our poetry and our history. We took (past) it home with us by the wagonload, bringing
(prsprt) back into town the things the town had used (pstprt) and thrown away. Some little part of what we
gathered (past), mainly bottles, we managed to bring back to usefulness, but most of our gleanings we left lying
(prsprt) around barn or attic or cellar until in some renewed (pstprt) fury of spring cleanup ourfamilies (pl)
carted them off to the dump again, to be rescued and briefly treasured by some other boy. Occasionally something
we really valued with a passion was snatched from us in horror andreturned (pstprt) at once. That happened to
the mounted head of a white mountain goat, somebody's(poss) trophy from old times and the far Rocky
Mountains, that I brought (past) home one day. My mother took one look and discovered that his beard was
full of moths.
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I remember (pres) that goat; I regret him yet. Poetry is seldom useful, but always memorable. If I were a
sociologist anxious to study in detail the life of any community I would (past) go very early to its (poss) refuse
piles. For a community may be as well judged (pstprt) by what it throws away - what it has to throw away and
what it chooses (pres) to - as by any other evidence. For whole civilizations we sometimes have nomore
(compr) of the poetry and little more of the history than this (from Wolf Willow 1955: 35-36).

13. Writing Morphemic Rules

1. Examine the following past tense forms in English:

hated pulled roared walked raided

opened hugged pushed faded
groomed robbed missed fitted
mowed bruised hoped mated cried
loved fetched loaded paid judged
laughed

(a) Determine the allomorphs of this inflectional suffix.[əd], [d], [t]

(b) Determine the conditioning environments for each of the allomorphs.

The [əd] allomorph follows roots ending in [t] or [d];
The [d] allomorph follows roots ending in voiceless obstruents;
The [t] allomorph follows roots ending in voiced stops and fricatives, liquids, nasals and vowels.
(c) Decide on the underlying (or "elsewhere") form of this morpheme from which the other allomorphs are
derived. For what reasons did you choose this particular form as the base?
The underlying elsewhere form is likely to be [d] since it is found after the greatest variety of
sounds. In addition, it is easy to derive the other allomorphs from it by natural phonological
processes: schwa insertion to break up a cluster of two alveolar stops will yield [əd] and voice
assimilation will yield [t].

(d) Write a morphemic rule.

{past} [əd] / after alveolar stops
[t] / after voiceless consonants
[d] / elsewhere
(e) Consider the following past tense forms. How are they conditioned? How are they realized?
sang bought cut went rang
fought put were

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 They are grammatically conditioned. Some are realized by a vowel change (sing / sang; ring / rang),
some by a vowel change plus an inflectional ending (bring / brought; fight / fought), some by a zero
morph (cut / cut; put / put) and some by a different form (supletion – gor / went; be / was, were).
(f) How do you account for the following variants: learned/learnt, dreamed/dreamt, burned/burnt? These
forms are in free variation.

2. Consider the following words:

illegal ineligible inactive imbalance

irrelevant intolerant indeterminate immature
impossible insecure illogical irregular immoral
infamous imbalance injudicious
impatient injury ingrate incongruous

(a) Determine the allomorphs of this derivational prefix.

The allomorphs appear to be il-, ir-, im- and in-. Note, however, that il- and ir- are both
pronounced [ı], im- is pronounced [ım], in- is pronounced [ın] (in intolerant, insecure,
infamous, etc.) but [ıŋ] in ingrate and incongruous.
(b) Determine the conditioning factors for each of the allomorphs.
The [ı] allomorph is conditioned by a following liquid (as initial sound of the root), the [ım]
allomorph by a following bilabial, the [ıŋ] by a following velar stop, and [ın] by a following
vowel, or labiodental, alveolar, or alveopalatal consonants.

(c) Decide on the underlying (or "elsewhere") form of this morpheme from which the other allomorphs are
derived. Justify the base form.
[ın] appears to be the underlying form since it is found in the greatest variety of environments
and is the form from which the other forms can be derived most easily: [ım] and [ıŋ] by
assimilation in place of articulation to the place of the following sound (with no change in
manner of articulation), and [ı] by loss of the nasal.
(d) Write a morphemic rule.
{IN} [ı] / before liquids
[ım] / before labials

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 [ıŋ] / before velars
[ın] / elsewhere
(e) State the meaning of the morpheme.
The meaning is ‘not’
(f) Why are the forms ignoble and ignominious, which presumably contain the same prefix, a problem?
Try to account for this problem. (Hint: Look up the etymologies of these words.)
The word ignoble comes from Latin gnōbilis ‘noble’ (which later lost its initial consonants to
give nōbilis, hence noble). When in- was combined with gnobilis, the first n dropped out, giving
English ignoble. The g is thus part of the root, not part of the prefix. The word ignominious
comes from Latin nōmen‘name’; it acquired a g by mistaken analogy withgnōsco, a process
called “contamination”.

3. Consider the following words:

collect cohabit collide

correct coalesce corrode
connect collate confess
commute commend cohere

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 combat contend coexist
compute consent coincide
compare condemn

(a) Determine the allomorphs of this derivational prefix.

The orthography is a bit misleading. The allomorphs seem to be col-, cor-, con-, co- and com-.
However, the phonological forms are actually [kǝ ], [kǝ n], [koʊ ] and [kǝ m] since the [l] in col-
, the [r] in cor-, the [n] in con- before alveolar nasal, and the [m] in com- before the bilabial nasal
is actually part of the root.
(b) Write a morphemic rule, specifying the underlying form, allomorphs, and conditioning environments.
{CON}  [kǝ ] / before liquids and nasals
[kǝ n] / before dentals (alveolars and labiodentals)
[kǝ m] / before bilabial stops
[koʊ ] / before vowels and [h]
It is rather difficult to know which is the “elsewhere” form in this case.
Historically, the com- [kom] form is original. If it is considered the underlying form, the [kǝ n]
form is derived by assimilation in place of articulation to the following stop with vowel
reduction, the [kǝ ] form by reduction of the vowel and loss of the [m] before liquids and nasals,
and the [koʊ ] form by loss of the [m] and vowel shift.

(c) State the meaning of the morpheme, if possible.

The meaning is either associative ‘with, together’ as in compare, cohabit, coexist, collect etc. or
intensive ‘completely’ as in correct, contend, corrode etc.

4. Consider the following pairs of words:

sign signature
design designation
resign resignation

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 (a) What is the root allomorphy exhibited by all of the forms?
In all of the words, the final syllable in the unsuffixed form is [aın] and the same syllable in the
suffixed form [ıgn].
(b) Write a morphemic rule for the first set of words.
{SIGN}  [sıgn] / - derivational suffix
[saın] / elsewhere

14. Derivational Prefixes and Suffixes

1. Sort the prefixes in the words below into the following seven categories according to meaning:

a. Time

b. Number

c. Place

d. Degree
e. Privative

f. Negative, and

g. Size

Each category has two prefixes. After you have classified the prefixes, use a dictionary to identify whether the
prefix is native English, Latin, or Greek in origin.
postdate maladjusted macrocosm forewarn
bifocal outdoor hyperactivity demilitarize
megawatt defrost polyglot nonentity
disclose foreshadow macroeconomics malpractice
polygon bisexual postelection nonsmoker
subway disarm megalosaur outhouse
ultraconservative hyperthyroidism subfloor ultraviolet

a) Time - post- postdate, postelection fore- forewarn,

foreshadow

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b) Number - bi- bifocal, bisexual
poly- polyglot, polygon

c) Place - out- outdoor, outhouse

sub- subway, subfloor

d) Degree - hyper- hyperactivity, hyperthyroidism

ultra- ultraviolet, ultraconservative

e) Privative - de- demilitarize, defrost

dis- disclose, disarm

f) Negative - non- nonentity, nonsmoker

mal- maladjusted, malpractice

g) Size - mega- megawatt, megalosour

macro- macrocosm, macroeconomics

English: fore-, out-

Latin: post-, bi-, sub-, ultra-, de-, dis-, non-, mal-

Greek: poly-, hyper-, mega-, macro-

2. Sort the suffixes in the words below according to their class-changing function. The categories include the
following:
a) N > N

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 -dom kingdom, stardom
-ster gangster, mobster
-(ic)ian politician, rhetorician

b) V > N
-al refusal, trial
-ant inhabitant, participant
-ure seizure, closure

c) A > N
-th warmth, width
-ism conservatism, idealism
-hood falsehood, likelihood

d) N/A > V
-en broaden, straighten
-ate facilitate, vaccinate

e) N > A
-ic historic, syntactic
-less friendless, penniless
-ish selfish, boyish

f) V > A
-ory advisory, contradictory
-less tireless, thankless

g) N/A >Adv
-wise stepwise, clockwise
-fold twofold, manifold
(There are two examples of each suffix.)
broaden syntactic width idealism
participant falsehood closure straighten
rhetorician clockwise refusal vaccinate
gangster stardom warmth tireless
twofold trial accidental selfish
advisory likelihood friendless politician
conservatism mobster kingdom facilitate
inhabitant contradictory boyish seizure
manifold stepwise thankless global
historic penniless

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3. (a) Can you think of a reason why -en may attach to some adjectives, but not to others, as shown below?
blacken broaden stiffen ripen
deafen tighten soften loosen
*thinen *longen *slimen
*nearen *slowen *narrowen

*highen *holyen *noblen

The reason here is phonological: -en may attach only to monosyllabic adjectives ending in obstruents (stops
& fricatives) not to those ending in vowels, nasals or liquids.

(b) Can you think of a reason why -ed may attach to some nouns, but not to others, as shown below?

brown-haired kind-hearted low-spirited

left-handed narrow-minded strong-headed
*brown-coated *heavy-pursed *long-skirted
*one-childed *two-catted *silly-hatted

The reason here is semantic: -en may attach only to adjectives denoting inalienable possession (things
that are possessed intrinsically) and not to those denoting alienable possession (things that may be
separated from the possesor).

4. Which is the proper derivation of unknowledgeable? Explain.

(a) (b)

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(c)

(a) is incorrect. Un- does not attach to

nouns; it produces the nonword of English
*unknowledge.

(b) is correct. Every stage in the derivation

produces a word of English.

(c) is incorrect. Because while un- does

attach to verbs, this also produces the non-
word of English *unknowledge.

15. Compounding

1. Identify the syntactic pattern in each of the following compounds and express it in a lexical rule.

Example: gravedigger N + V + -er> N

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(a) hovercraft V+N > N
(b) dairyman N+N > N
(c) bath-towel N+N >N
(d) goldfish N+N >N
(e) inroads Prt + N + -s > N
(f) bystander Prt + V + er > N
(g) setback V + Prt > N (conversion)
(h) meltdown V + Prt > N (conversion)
(i) blackout V + Prt > N (conversion)
(j) stand-in V + Prt > N (conversion)
(k) turnout V + Prt > N (conversion)
(l) money-hungry N+A>A
(m) dugout V + en + Prt > N (conversion)
(n) hardhearted A + N + ed > A
(o) homesick N+A>A
(p) proofread N+V>V
(q) overqualified Prt + V + en > V / A
(r) overachieve Prt + V + > V
(s) badmouth A + N > V (conversion)
(t) redhead A+N> N
(u) birth control N+N/V>N/V
(v) breakfast V+N>N
(w) thoroughgoing A + V + ing > A
(x) quick-change A + V > A (conversion)
(y) lukewarm A+A>A
(z) law-abiding N + V + ing > A
(aa) far-reaching A + V + ing > A
(bb) homemade N + V + en > A
(cc) clean-cut A + V + en > A
(dd) fighter-bomber V + er + V + er > N
(ee) earthenware N + en + N > N

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(ff) driver's seat V + er + ‘s + N > N
(gg) baking powder V + ing + N > N
(hh) drip-coffee V+N>N
(ii) wisecrack A+V>V+N
(jj) snowplow N+V/N>V/N

2. The following words are compounds which also include derivational affixes. Analyze the words,
identifying the roots and their parts of speech, as well all the affixes and their function as
nominalizer, verbalizer, adjectivalizer, or adverbializer.

Example: housekeeper house (root - noun) + keep (root

- verb) + -er (nominalizer)

(a)
flightworthiness
flight (root-noun) + worth (root-noun) + -y (adjectivalizer) + -ness (nominalizer)
(b) chatterbox
chat (root-verb) + -er (nominalizer) + box (root-noun)

(c) owner-occupied own (root-verb) + -er (nominalizer) + occupy (root-verb) + -en

(past participle /
adjectivalizer

(d) freedom-loving free (root-adjective) + -dom (nominalizer) + love (root-verb) + -ing

(present participle /
adjectivalizer

(e) handicraft
hand (root-noun) + -y (adjectivalizer) + craft (root+noun)

(f) broken-hearted
break (root-verb) + -en (past participle / adjectivalizer) + heart (root-noun) + -ed
( adjectivalizer)

(g) safety-tested safe (root-adjective) + ty (nominalizer) + test (root-verb) +-ed

(past participle /
adjectivalizer)

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 (h) worldly-wise
world (root-noun) + -ly (adjectivalizer) + wise (root-adjective)

(i)
antiaircraft
anti (prefix) + air (root-noun) + craft (root-noun)
(j) machine-readable machine (root-noun) + read (root-verb) able
(suffix- adjectivalizer)
(k) chartered accountant charter (root-noun) + -ed (suffix-
adjectivalizer) + account (root-verb + -ant) + suffic+ noinalizer)

3. (a) Look at the following set of words naming berries. The second half of each is the recognizable
root berry. Can you analyze these as compounds?

blueberry blackberry cranberry marianberry

strawberry raspberry loganberry

Does a more recent formation such as cranapple provide evidence for or against these forms as
compounds?
Blueberry, blackberry: the first parts of these compounds are clearly the morphemes {BLUE}
and {BLACK}.
Strawberry: the first part of this compound is straw, but it is uncertain whether this is the
morpheme {STRAW}; the form apparently does not have its usual meaning here.
Raspberry: the first part of this compound is rasp, which is not a recognizable morpheme of
English (it is not the verb rasp ‘to scrap’, which is pronounced [ræsp], not [ræz]).
Cranberry: the first part of this compound is cran, which is also not a clearly recognizable
morpheme of English.
Loganberry, marianberry: the first parts of these compounds appear to be brand names.

(There are various theories to account for the meaning of straw in strawberry, that it, for
example, refers to the yellow flecks on strawberries, or to the use of straw in strawberry fields.
Also, cran is sometimes related to crane; either the birds are thought to eat cranberries or the
blossoms resemble the heads of cranes.)
If we treat forms such as raspberry and cranberry as true compounds analogous to blueberry
and blackberry, then rasp and cran exist in only one word and are semantically rather opaque.

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 Recent formations such as cranapple suggest that cran is becoming a recognizable morpheme,
though it might be better to analyze such forms as blends since it still lacks an identifiable
meaning.

(b) A problem of morphological analysis arises for forms such as the following:
fish-monger
broadcaster
gossip-monger
sportscaster
scandal-monger newscaster

ironmonger

war-monger

Are these forms compounds?

Although historically monger is an independent form (deriving from Latin mangō ‘to peddle,
deal’), it rarely occurs independently today. Therefore, would we be better to consider it a
bound form, a suffix?
The form caster never occurs independently. It appears that sportscaster and newscaster are
blends based on broadcaster.

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