Perceptualand Motor Skills, 1998,87,575-584.

O Perceptual and Motor Skills 1998

VALIDATION OF SEVERAL METHODS O F ESTIMATING

MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE IN YOUNG MEN '
LARS McNAUGHTON P H I L HALL AND DEAN COOLEY
Kingsto12 University University of Tasrnania at Lar,nceston

Surnmay.-The purpose of this study was to i d e n t b the most accurate predictor

of V02max from a variety of running tests. 32 young adult male undergraduates of
(mean +SE) age 20.14 lf: 0.34 yr., height 179.4 f 1.8 cm, weight 73.7 f 2 . 8 kg, and
V02max 57.89k 1.1 m l . kg-' . m i . - ' were randomly tested on four different predic-
tive V02max running tests to assess their actual V02max, based on a continuous,
progressive treadmill protocol and obtained via gas analysis. The four tests consisted
of a treadm~Ujogging test, 1.5 mile run, Cooper's 12-min. run, and the 20-m progres-
sive shuttle-run test. An analysis of variance applied to means indicated significance.
Post hoe analysis between the means with correction by Scheff.6 showed significant dif-
ference between the €redicdve submaximal treadmill jogging test and the 12-min. run
but no other ddFeren .es. The strength of the relationship between predictive tests and
V02max varied, wit' the 12-m~n run having the highest correlation of .87, followed
by the 1.5 d e rur .87, 20-m progressive shuttle run 3 2 , and the treadmill jogging
test .50. The 12-min. run had [he h~ghestcorrelation of all tests with V02max in
young men, with active to rrsined levels of fitness. The 1.5 mile and 20-m shuttle run
also provided accurate predictions of VOzmax and so should be used for on accurate
prediction of young men's V02max.

Aerobic fitness is an essential component of performance in a wide vari-

ety of prolonged sporting activities. It is developed and maintained by large
muscle movement and can be an indcator of the health of specific organs
involved in exercise or of general over-all health (Sharkey, 1990). Maximal
oxygen uptake (V02max), defined as the greatest rate at which oxygen is
consumed whilst performing dynamic exercise (Harries, Clyde, Stanish, &
Micheli, 1994; Nieman, 1993) is often used to categorise cardiorespiratory
fitness ~7iththe higher the value the greater the aerobic capacity of the sub-
ject (Pollock, W h o r e , & Fox, 1984). Direct measurement of V02max can
only be undertaken in laboratory or field settings with very expensive and
technical equipment. Laboratory graded exercise VOzmax testing using a
treadmdl or cycle ergometer, although very accurate, has several disadvan-
tages in that it requires expensive equipment and trained technicians and is
time consuming, all of which limit abllity to test large numbers of subjects.
This type of testing may also be dangerous to certain types of people as it
requires maximal physical effort and requires a medical examination or clear-
ance prior to exercise.

'Address aU correspondence to Professor Lars McNaughton, Lngsron University, Sports Sci-

ence, Faculty of Life Science, Penrhyn Road, Gngston upon n a m e s , Surrey KT1 2EE, En-
gland or e-mail (l.mcnaughton@kingston.ac.uk).
576 L. McNAUGHTON. ET AL.

In nonlaboratory settings, such as sporting grounds and gymnasiums,

V02max is usually estimated with either maximal or submaximal tests which
use walking (Ebbeling, Ward, & Puleo, 1991; Hermiston & Faulkner, 1971;
Kline, Porcari, Hintermaster, Freedson, Ward, McCarron, Ross, & Rippe,
1987), running (Burke, 1976; Doolittle & Bigbee, 1968; Getchell, Kirkendall,
& Robbins, 1977; Maksud & Coutts, 1971; Metz & Alexander, 1971), cy-
cling (Kasch, Wallace, Huhn, Krogh, & Hurl, 1976; Sinconolfi, Cullmane,
Carleton, & Thompson, 1982), or bench stepping (Jette, Campbell, Mon-
geon, & Routhier, 1976; Johnson & Siegel, 1981). One of the most common
forms of exercise for estimating V02max is continuous running tests. These
tests require limited equipment, can be completed fairly quickly, and are
suitable for a wide variety of sports. Running field tests usually fall into three
categories, those that require the subject to cover as much distance as possi-
ble within a time h i t (e.g., Cooper's 12-min. run), those which require the
subject to cover a set distance in the fastest time possible (e.g., 1.5 mile
run), and finally progressive shuttle run tests (e.g., 20-m), which requires sub-
jects to complete shuttle runs with decreasing time intervals until volitional
exhaustion. All of these tests either require an initial maximal and continu-
ing effort or are progressive in nature until maximal effort is obtained so that
vahd results are achieved (Ramsbottom, Brewer, & Wfiams, 1988). A true
maximal effort, however, is hard to obtain in field conditions, as few sub-
jects will push themselves to true exhaustion or maximal effort. Katch, Pech-
ar, McArdle, and Weltman (1973) also reported that distance run tests are
uncontrolled exercise tasks that are performed inconsistently so true aerobic
capacity is difficult to attain. A predictive laboratory treadmdl jogging test,
however, should avoid the problems associated with maximal effort tests as
the work requirements can be kept below 70% HR,,,,(George, , Vehrs, All-
sen, F e h g h a m , & Fisher, 1993b). Recently such a jogging test was devel-
oped for fit college-age indviduals (George, Vehrs, Allsen, F e h g h a m , &
Fisher, 1993a). This test was developed because jogging is a popular activity
and is generally preferred above walking for young, fit individuals. Tread-
mills are found in many gymnasiums as are heart-rate monitors, so these au-
thors felt that a simple test using such equipment would be advantageous.
The aim of this research was to identlfy the best estimate of V02max from a
number of different running tests conducted in both laboratory and field
settings and to compare these to an obtained V02max test conducted on a
treadrndl in a laboratory.
METHOD
Subjects
Thirty-two undergraduate men, from the Department of Human Move-
ment Studies at the University of Tasmania at Launceston volunteered to
 ESTIMATION OF VOzMAX 577

participate. Frior to selection subjects were screened to ensure they were not
currently involved in progressive training, were nonsmokers, had no inhibit-
ing injuries, no history of cardiovascular disease or other major health prob-
lems, and were not talung any medication known to affect oxygen uptake.
The subjects had no formal training in athletics, and none were nationally
ranked athletes; however, all subjects had active lifestyles and regularly par-
ticipated in various activities. Subjects were informed verbally and in writing
about the nature of the study and the physical tests to be undertaken. In-
formed consent documents were signed by all subjects in accordance with
University of Tasmania Human Ethic Committee's Guidehes. The physical
characteristics of the subjects were ( M f SE): age 20.1 f 0.3 yr., height 179.4
f 1.8 crn, weight 73.70 f 2.8 kg, and VOzmax 59.87 f 1.1 ml . kg-' . min-'.
Protocol
A total of five tests were conducted at three different venues. Tests 1
(V02max) and 2 (submaximal treadmd jogging) were conducted at the Hu-
man Performance Laboratory at the University of Tasmania at Launceston.
Tests 3 (1.5 mile run) and 4 (12-min. run) were held at the local 400-11-1ath-
letic track in Launceston, whilst Test 5 (20-m shuttle run) was conducted in
the university's gymnasium. All subjects were required to have at least a 48-
hr. break between tests and subjects were tested at approximately the same
time of the day. All tests were completed in a random fashion. Subjects ar-
rived for all testing at least 4 hours postpranlal and consumed no alcohol
or caffeine on the day of testing.
VOzrnax and Submaximal Treadmill logging Test
These two tests were combined into one continuous run. The testing
protocol for the submaximal treadmd run has been described previously
(George, et ai., 1993a). Prior to testing the subjects' body mass (kg) was
measured (AnD scales UC-300) wearing only light running shorts. An elec-
tronic heartrate monitor was then fitted (Polar Sports Tester, PE4000).
Subjects were famiharised with the motor-driven treadmill (Quinton Model
No. Q65) and mouth piece (Hans Rudolph Model No. 2700) prior to com-
mencement of testing. Hand signals were used to change treadmill speed or
to give an indication that performance was near maximal. The submaximal
treadmdl test has been described previously (George, et al., 1993a) but basi-
cally requires subjects to sustain a jogging pace (1.94 to 3.3 m . s-'; on a
level grade) until a steady state heart rate was achieved. Exercise heart rate
was considered steady state when consecutive heart rates (30 sec. apart) dif-
fered by less than or equal to 3 b . min.-' following approximately 3.0 min.
of jogging at a constant speed. Subjects used hand s~gnalsto select treadmd
speed, but to ensure a submaximal level of exertion, the testing protocol re-
quired that a restricted speed of less than 3.3 m . s-' and a steady state exer-
578 L. McNAUGHTON, ET AL.

cise heart rate of less than 180 b . min.-' be maintained. To obtain a VOzmax
value from the treadm~Ujogging test the multiple regression equation de-
rived by George, et al. (1993b) was used: VOzmax=54.07+i'.062 .Sex
(0= women, 1=men) - 0.1938 . Weight (kg) +4.47 . Speed (miles . hr.-') -
0.1453"(HR).
VOzmax was then assessed by increasing the treadrndl speed by 0.56
m . s-' every 2 min. starting from the last speed of the VOzmax jogging test.
This was continued until a speed of 5.28 m . s-' afier which speed remained
constant and grade increased by 2% every minute. Metabolic data were col-
lected on h e by the Quinton Metabolic Cart. This study used two of the
following three criteria for assessing V02max, those being a leveling off of
V 0 2 and an increase in work load; respiratory exercise ratio greater than or
equal to 1.1 and a HR,,, f 10 b . min.-' to age predicted maximum (220 mi-
nus age).
Predicting VOzmax vza 1.5-mile Run
Prior to testing subjects were informed of the requirements of the test.
Subjects were instructed to complete 6.400-111 laps as quickly as possible.
The final lap required the addition of an extra 19 m to ensure the exact dis-
tance of 1.5 mile was completed. Elapsed time was maintained by a hand-
operated stopwatch (Casio HS-IOW). Testing was completed at similar times
over several days on an outdoor athletic track (Resalite surfaced) with negli-
g~bleadverse environmental conditions during testing. Subjects were able to
warm-up and stretch prior to testing and their HR had to be less than 100
b . rnin-' at the commencement of the test. V02max values were obtained
using a formula derived from the results given by Pollock, et al. (1984), the
formula being V02max = 90.97 - 0.062 . Time (sec.).
Predicting VOzmax via Cooper's 12-min. Run
Prior to testing each subject was informed about the requirements of
the test. Subjects ran in pairs and were instructed to keep in the inner most
lane at all times (except when passing the other subject). Upon completion
of 12 min. a whistle was blown, and the subjects were required to stop run-
ning and stand still. The distance was then measured and VOzmax values
were then estimated from the formula devised by Cooper (1968), that being,
VOzmax=(Distance (miles) - 0.3138)/0.0278. Subjects were able to warm-
up and stretch prior to testing and their heart rates had to be less than 100
b . min-' at the commencement of the test. Elapsed time was maintained by
a hand-operated stop watch (Casio HS-1OW). Testing was completed at sim-
ilar times over several days on an outdoor athletic track (Resahte surfaced)
with negligible adverse environmental conditions during testing.
Predicting V02max via Progressive Shuttle Test
The test protocol followed that developed by Ramsbottom, et al. (1988).
 ESTIMATION O F V 0 2 W 579

Subjects were instructed to run in a straight line, to pivot upon completing a

shuttle and to pace themselves in accordance with the time intervals. Testing
ceased if the shuttle could not be completed within the given allotted time.
The tape used was calibrated over a 1-min. duration and the tape machine
was checked for accuracy prior to each test. Subjects were instructed to per-
form adequate warm-up and stretching activities prior to testing. A heart
rate of less than 100 b . min-' was required prior to commencement of the
test. The running surface was varnished wood. V02max levels were esti-
mated from the data provided by Ramsbottom, et al. (1988).
Analysis
An analysis of variance was used to assess whether differences between
means were statistically significant. The significance level ( p < .05) was cho-
sen prior to the commencement of testing. Post hoc analysis was carried out
on the means involved in significant F ratios using a Scheffe test (Keppel,
+
1982). Data are reported as means SE, except where stated otherwise.
RESULTS
A series of five tests were completed to obtain V02max values from
different tests. Four of the tests, a submaximal treadrndl jogging test, 1.5-
mile run, Cooper's 12-min. run and a progressive (20-m) shuttIe run obtain-
ed predctive values of V02max. The fifth test obtained a real V02max val-
ue. T h e equations for prediction of V02max are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
REAL AND PREDICTEDV O ~ M A X . KG . MIN.?)AND
VALUES( M L ,

PREDICT~ON
EQUATIONS
FORTHE FOURTESTS
Test VOzmax Value Equation
M SD
Actual 59.73 5.9
Jogging 54.15 3.8 y=117.125 +(0.787 . X )
P S T 20-rn 58.11 4.9 y =2.819+ (0.976 . X )
1 . 5 - d e Run 58.99 2.8 y = -45.851 = (1.788.X)
12-min. Run 60.75 6.9 v = 14.668+ (0.739 . X )

An analysis of variance conducted between the tests was significant

(F,,,,, =3.97, p < ,001). Post hoc analysis showed significant difference be-
tween the mean predictive submaximal treadmd jogging test and the 12-
min. run ( p < ,001). No significant mean ddferences were found between oth-
er tests completed, although a ( p < .07) was obtained between the actual and
submaximal jogging test means.
A correlation analysis was carried out among the five V02max tests
completed, the results of which are presented in Table 2. All results indicate
that the predictive tests provide valid results when compared to actual
580 L. McNAUGHTON. ET AL

V02max. Strong positive correlation coefficients were obtained from all pre-
Active tests with actual values of V02rnax except for the predictive jogging
test which had only a moderate relationship. The strength of the relationship
between each of the predictive tests and V02max varied, with the 12-min.
run having the highest correlation, followed by the 1.5 mile run, 20-m shut-
tle run, and the treadmill jogging test. Other very strong correlations were
achieved when comparing the prehctive tests against each other, with high
correlations among 1.5 mile, 12-min. run, and 20-m shuttle run. Low to
moderate correlations were shown for all comparisons with the predictive
jogging test.

Test 1 2 3 4 5 M SE
1. Jogging
2. PST 20-117
3 . 1.5-mile
4. 12-min.
5. V0,rnax

DISCUSSION
Health and fitness professionals require accurate tests to estimate indi-
viduals' maximal aerobic capacity (V02max). The values are used to class*
individuals for prescribing exercise programs and detecting changes in aero-
bic capacity over a period of time as a consequence of training (Zwiren,
Freedson, Ward, Wllke, & h p p e , 1991). The aim of this research was to as-
certain the best estimate of laboratory measured V02max from a number of
predictive running tests which we carried our in both the laboratory as well
as a field setting. The predictive tests used were a recently devised submaxi-
mal treadmd jogging test (George, et al., 1993a), a 1.5-mile run, Cooper's
12-min. run, and the 20-m progressive shuttle run (Leger & Lambert, 1982).
V02max predictive tests should have high correlations, low standard error of
estimation, similar mean values and standard deviations with laboratory rnea-
sured values of V02max (Lohman, 1981). The 12-min. run was the most ac-
curate predctor of V02max from the running tests used within this study
with a mean value of 60.75 and SE = 1.714 rnl . kg-' . rnin-'. The mean 12-
min. run value was 1.7% above the mean ac~ualVOzmax value with a very
strong correlation (r = .87) which is comparable with those of other studies
completed with similar aged subjects (Burke, 1976; Cooper, 1968; Johnson,
Oliver, & Terry, 1979; McCutcheon, Sticha, Giese, & Nagle, 1990; Wynd-
ham, Strydom, Van Graan, Greyson, & Vander Walt, 1971). This conflicts
 ESTIMATION OF VOzMAX 581

with the statement made by Safrit, Hooper, Ehlert, Costa, and Patterson
(1988), that very strong correlations have not been routinely substantiated in
recent studies. The correlation obtained in this study may be attributed to
subjects having high motivation and the ability to gauge intensity of per-
formance as all participants had active ldestyles. Kearney and Byrnes (1974),
however, reported a correlation of .64 when comparing physical education
majors (n = 10). This is much lower than the correlation obtained here which
may reflect lower mean cardiovascular fitness levels (43.80 f SD: 1.69) of
subjects tested by Kearney and Byrnes (1974). As a result of lower cardio-
vascular fitness in their study, subjects may also have had &ficulty in
optimally gauging intensity of performance over the 12-min. as pacing ability
is claimed to be a h i t i n g factor in performance (Katch, et al., 1973; Mc-
Cutcheon, et al., 1990). The ddference in results found in this study and in
previous ones (Kearney & Byrnes, 1974; Wyndham, et al., 1971) may be re-
lated to some subjects within the current study participating in recreational
jogging. Watson (1979) claimed that a group containing recreational joggers
may skew results, with team sport participants being better suited for the
12-min, run. The correlation between 12-min, run times and V02max re-
ported by Maksud and Coutts (1971) was .65; however, the subjects tested
were 11 to 14 yr. of age, so comparative analysis with the present study
cannot be made, as age is a major determinant of V02rnax (Nieman, 1993;
Wllrnore & Costill, 1994). The results suggest that the 12-min. run is a valid
predictor of V02max for well motivated, young Australian men.
The submaximal jogg~ng test gave a mean V02max value of 54.15
ml . kg-' . min-I (SE = 0.97 1 ml . kg-' . min.-') which was 6.2 % below the
mean V02max value. A moderate correlation of .50 was the lowest for the
four tests and differed from the higher values of r,di=.88, obtained by
George, et al. (1993b) when using the same testing protocol. The adjusted r
reported by George, et al. (1993a) relates to the cross-validation group
(n =63) and not to all subjects; however, the value for the vabdation group
(n=66) was also very strong (radi=.84). The difference between the correla-
tion obtained by George, et a/. (1993a) and that in the present study, may
be based on the smaller sample in this study. The r,di values reported were
also for a mixed sex group rather than for a single-sex group, but this
should not have had a significant influence, as separate regression equations
were developed to handle this variable. The cardi~respirator~ fitness of the
group may have also influenced the outcome with male subjects tested by
+
George, et al. (1993a) having lower mean VOzmax values (51.1 SD: 5.1)
+
than those in the present study (57.89 SD: 3.1).
The intensity of work for each test varied considerably, with the sub-
maximal jogging test being the shortest in both duration and distance cov-
ered. The results of this test may reflect work intensity as Burke (1976)
582 L. McNAUGHTON, ET AL.

claimed that in general, tests of longer duration and greater intensity appear
to be the best measures of aerobic capacity. An indcation of aerobic power
is provided through oxygen uptake, so its relationship with performance
should increase as a function of the aerobic component of the task (Kearney
& Byrnes, 1974). Latin and Elias (1993) also found that predictions derived
from running (70% V02max) were more accurate than those obtained from
walking (50% V02max). To increase the duration of the submaximal tread-
~ L jogging
U test to be comparable with the other prediction tests, the for-
mula would have to be altered for the greater duration. This would require
the steady heart-rate variable to be modified as this variable was attained
within 3 to 4 min. when exercising at a constant intensity. The submaximal
jogging test devised by George, et al. (1993a) had more predictor variables
than the other predictive running tests, hence the adjusted r , which may
have resulted in greater possible sources of error. The difference between re-
sults suggests that the submaximal jogging test may be best suited for use
with untrained to moderately active young Australian men, rather than those
with an active to trained levels of V02max as defined by Sharkey (1990). It
has been suggested that a minimum of approximately 35 ml 0 2 . kg-' . min-'
is required to sustain even a slow jogging pace, but this is an "average" val-
ue for an 18- to 29-yr.-old male.
The mean predicted V02max for the 1.5-mile run was 56.99 and the SE
0.71 rnl . kg-' . min-' which was approximately 2% below the mean V02max.
These values and the subsequent correlation of .87 compare favourably with
the recent results using similar subjects (George, et al., 1993b). Mayhew and
Andrew (1975) reported a correlation of .74 which compares favourably
with the results otained in this study. Other studies (Getchell, et al., 1977;
Zwiren, et al., 1991) tested females only, reporting strong to very strong cor-
relations. These results, however, are not directly applicable here, as sex sig-
nificantly influences V02max values ( W h o r e & C o s d , 1994). Massicotte,
Gauthier, and Markon (1985) reported strong correlations with young teen-
agers; however, their ages excluded them from direct comparison here.
Subjects generally preferred the 1.5-mile run over the 12-:nin. run be-
cause they could pace themselves over a set distance rather than running to
a set time duration. George, et al. (1993a) also reported subjects having a
similar preference because they could better gauge intensity of exercise. The
12-min. run and the 1.5-mile run had very similar correlation coefficients for
these subjects. The 1.5-mile run result is a valid predctive running test for
young adult Australian men with levels of fitness similar to those subjects
used in the present study.
The 20-m shuttle run correlated ( r = .82) with the actual V02max test.
A mean value of 55.41 and SE of 1.2 ml . kg-' . min-' were obtained; the
mean was approximately 3 % below mean actual V02max. These figures are
 ESTIMATION O F VOzMAX 583

very similar to the results obtained by Ramsbottom, et al. (1998) when com-
paring male performance in the original study of the 20-rn shuttle run. The
correlation in this study was slightly less (.82, p < ,005) than that found for
the other field tests (1.5-mile, 12-min. run). This difference occurs as some
subjects experience difficulty with the stop-start nature of the test. Only a
few subjects within the group participated in team sports where frequent
short bursts of running occur. The test is often used to test athletes partici-
pating in sports with frequent stop-starts such as soccer (Leger, Mercier, Ga-
doury, & Lambert, 1988), so these results may reflect some subjects' inabil-
ity to adapt to this form of exercise testing compared to a continuous run.
The results do indicate that this test is a vahd for estimating V02max in
young Austrahan men.
In conclusion, the results show that the 12-min. run is the best predic-
tor of V02rnax in young adult male subjects with active to trained levels of
fitness. The 1.5-mile and 20-m shuttle run also provide accurate predictions
of V02rnax with very strong correlations with actual V02max. The recently
developed submaximal treadmdl jogging test, however, had only a moderate
correlation with actual V02max. Further validation of the submaximal tread-
mill jogging test with subjects of varying cardiovascular fitness is required.

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Accepted July 22, 1998.