1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The key to succeeding in academics is constant attendance in school. Oxford Dictionary

defines attendance as the action or state of going regularly to or being present at a place or event.

The success of the school in bringing the best in students by educating and socializing with them

is contingent to the attendance rate of students.

According to Alan Ginsburg, Phyllis Jordan, and Hedy Chang (2014), students with

higher absenteeism rates have lower scores on national standardized tests. It reinforces a growing

body of research confirming the connection between school attendance and student achievement

and reveals the critical importance of intervening as soon as absences begin to add up, whether

early in a child’s school career or at the beginning of the school year. Merriam-Webster defines

absenteeism as a tendency to be away from work or school without a good reason. However,

because of technology monitoring student attendance becomes easy.

One of the widely used technologies nowadays is the Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID) System. It was invented by Leon Theremin in the late 1940s and was used to detect

airplanes in World War II. The RFID system helps different people in solving their problems

with a less consuming of both financial and human resources. The RFID system is wireless

communication technology that is used to identify unique tagged objects or people. According to
 2

Sarmad Hameeda, Syed Muhammad Taha Saquibb, Moez ul Hassana, and Faraz Junejoa (2015)

the RFID system was able to change the applications of management, assessment, inventory

control and record database. With the assistance of this innovation our work end up more

straightforward due to this we can consider that the RFID System is a standout amongst the most

potential innovation later on.

Similarly in Meng Zhi and Manmeet Mahinderjit Singh (2014), the existing conventional

attendance system requires students to manually provide their signature on the attendance sheet.

The drawback of this conventional method is the loss of time in jotting down the attendance,

leading to human error and cheating issues and the inability of capturing and storing the

attendance record for other essential university activities. In this project, RFID will be designed

to cater to the limitation of the conventional attendance system. Its ability to uniquely identify

each person based on their RFID tag type of ID card make the process of taking the attendance

easier, faster, and secure as compared to conventional method. The overall system provides an

efficient, accurate and portability solution and work well for the real-life attendance environment

within the school.

The use of RFID in monitoring the attendance rate of the students is one of the functions

of RFID System. On July 11, 2012, the United States of America, among other countries,

acknowledged that students were their best assets. But approaches to improving education vary

widely because of different factors. They improved their attendance rate, kept kids and teachers

safe, and allowed more time in teaching rather than in administrative task. To solve the issues in

schools, including colleges and universities about the attendance rate, they began to implement

the use of RFID System in monitoring attendance rate. The first school to ever use RFID
 3

technology is believed to be Spring Independent School District near Houston, Texas in US in

1973.

The implementation of RFID System became a problem with parents and privacy

advocates because they were afraid that student’s safety could be compromised. Marc Rotenberg

(2012) said that “We don’t think kids in schools should be treated like cattle. We generally don’t

like it. My take on RFID is it is fine for products, but not so much for people. That’s one of the

places where the lines need to be drawn”. The providers behind this technology understand those

concerns and have taken steps to secure personal information, as well as to explain how the

technology works. As a result, more schools and parents understand the benefits of tracking

children, and RFID's use in the education sector is growing, slowly but surely.

Focusing on our country, there are many schools or universities that adapted with the idea

of having the RFID System. For example, the Polytechnic University of the Philippines uses

RFID to monitor the arrival and departure of students. In the Philippines, the first school to have

used the RFID system is the Intramuros campus of Mapúa Institute of Technology in 2014.

In 2017, the academe of Jose Rizal Institute – Orani has adapted the use of RFID system

in monitoring the attendance rate of students. Mr. Demros Ibarbia, a teacher in JRI, claimed that

the RFID system is helpful in improving and maintaining the students’ attendance. With just a

tap, the information about the students’ arrival and departure are secured and delivered to their

parents.

Based on a conducted survey on teachers in JRI, the students who have better attendance

are Grade 7 students and the elder students are tardy because of waking up late. According to

teachers, students often get absent because of illnesses and loss of interest in studying. It is

understandable that the problem with here is about the attendance rate. The purpose of this
 4

research is to find out how the RFID system impacts on the attendance rate of students in Jose

Rizal Institute – Orani.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of the study is. How does the RFID system impact the attendance

rate of Jose Rizal Institute-Orani?

In particular, it aims to answer the following questions.

1. How may the RFID System be described in terms of:

1.1 Monitoring and

1.2 Transmitting Information?

2. How may the attendance rate be described in terms of:

2.1 Number of days absent;

2.2 Number of days tardy and

2.3 Number of days present?

3. How may the students be described in terms of:

3.1 Age;

3.2 Gender and

3.3 Academic Performance?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the RFID System and attendance rate of

students?
 5

5. Are there any recommendations to solve the problem?

Significance of the Study:

The findings of this study are deemed significant to the following personalities in the

academe:

Students. The finding of this study will help the students to determine the impact of

RFID System on their attendance rate.

School Administration. The findings of this study will help the administration of the

school to maximize the use of the RFID System in monitoring and maintaining the attendance

rate of students. With the result of this study, the activities that will be provided, such as

seminars and orientations can be assured to be effective and helpful for the students and all RFID

System users.

Parents. The findings of this study will help the parents to build a trust with their

children and school administrator because the RFID system ensure the arrival and departure of

students.

Future Researchers. The end result of this study hopes to offer assistance and will serve

as a guide or basis of their own studies or research.

Scope and delimitation of the Study

This focus of this study is the impacts of RFID System to the attendance rate of students

in Jose Rizal Institute-Orani.

This will also determine if having RFID System improves the attendance rate of students

in Jose Rizal Institute-Orani School Year 2017-2018.

 6

The respondents of this study will be the students in Jose Rizal Institute-Orani from

Grades 7 to 12.

This study will center on knowing the impacts of RFID System on the attendance rate of

students in Jose Rizal Institute-Orani School Year 2017-2018. The RFID System-related factors

that will be involved are the monitoring and transmission of information. The attendance rate-

related factors that will be involved are the number of days absent, number of days present, and

number of days tardy. Lastly, the student-related factors that will be involved are the age, gender,

and academic performance.

The data will be tabulated, analyzed and presented using suitable statistical tools.
 7

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL BASES

This chapter presents the relevant theories, related foreign and local studies and literature

which will be analyzed to arrive at clearer perspective. It also includes the conceptual framework

and the research paradigm as well as the hypotheses of the study.

Relevant Theories

The theories included in this study are: Technological Evolution Theory, Unified Theory

of Acceptance and Use of Technology, and Argyris Maturity Theory.

Technological Evolution Theory was developed by Czech philosopher Radovan Richta.

The philosopher coined the name Technological Evolution to characterize the different states

humanity undergoes throughout history as an effect of quantum leaps in technology.

This theory explains how fast technology can take over the world. To relate the theory to

this study, RFID was first introduced as a device to detect airplanes back in World War II, but

just a couple of decades later, it is widely-used as a monitoring and tracking system. Even

schools have adapted this device.

Another theory included is the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology

(UTAUT) which was formulated by Venkatesh et al. (2003). The UTAUT tries to explain the

degree of acceptance of the use of information technology. This theory assesses whether the user
 8

will be able to accept the new technology and the user’s ability to deal with it. It consists of four

main concepts: Performance Expectancy (PE), Effort Expectancy (EE), Social Influence (SI),

and Facilitating Conditions (FC). These four main concepts are independent variables which

influence dependent variables, behavioral and usage. Gender, age, experience, and volunteers of

system use have indirectly influenced the dependent variables via the four main concepts.

Behavioral intention is seen as a critical predictor of technology use.

This theory explains how people in different gender and/or age react to technology,

which in this study’s case is the RFID system.

Last is the Argyris Maturity Theory by Chris Argyris. According to this theory, a

person’s development is processed along a continuous break of an immaturity situation to a

maturity situation. A mature person is characterized for being active, independent, self-confident

and self-controlled. On the contrary, an immature person is passive, dependent, has lack of

confidence and feels in need of control by others.

This theory seeks to confirm if age or maturity has something to do with the attendance

of students.

These theories are included in order to help explain how RFID has taken over schools

and how students react and got affected by it. These will also help in understanding the relations

of the variables involved in the study.

 9

Related Literature

Monitoring

Radio-frequency identification devices are a daily part of the electronic age — found in

passports, and library and payment cards. Eventually they are expected to replace bar-code labels

on consumer goods. Now, it invades schools across. Like most state-financed schools, the

district’s budget is tied to average daily attendance. If a student is not in his seat during morning

roll call, the district does not receive daily funding for that pupil because the school has no way

of knowing for sure if the student is there. But with the RFID tracking, students are not at their

desk but tracked on campus are counted as being in school that day, and the district receives its

daily allotment for that student (Kravet, 2013).

In the Philippines, RFID was first used in libraries before it took over attendance systems.

According to Taiwanese service provider ClarIDy Solutions, Mapúa was the first school in the

Philippines to install this UHF RFID solution in 2014.

According to Mapúa’s chief knowledge officer Emerald L. Lansangan in the year 2014,

the objectives of RFID in libraries are to improve the workflow processes in libraries, to solve

inventory problems, and to save time.

In 2014, the library of Lyceum of the Philippines-Laguna was using a traditional system

wherein students and employees had to write their names in the log sheet for their attendance in

the library. With the said system, the librarian had had a hard time in determining the statistics of

the library users. Moreover, it is a hassle for the users to log in the logbook and most of the time

they forgot to log in. This continuously observed situation led the proponent to investigate and
 10

find ways on how to address the need of technology. The application of radio frequency

identification would be a good solution.

Transmitting information

According to Barwuah & Walkley (1997, as cited in Espiritu et al., 2016), in the 1990s,

swipe cards were introduced in colleges. Students' swipe cards acquired an ID/Admin number

from the SIMS student record. All card readers were connected to a PC. Access to all rooms can

be controlled through 'timed' and 'dated' cards. The swipe system was relatively primitive: 'dumb'

readers which simply displayed a red light when a swipe was done. Cards were very basic.

Lecturers had to swipe two cards to identify themselves and the module or class they were

teaching. Students were required to make a single swipe.

Dellosa and Hemedes (2014) explain that the RFID system involves an RF tag, an RF

reader and a database. A reader scans the tag with the use computer program and transmits the

information to the computer. The captured information will be processed for intended use.

Wireless transmission of identification data rather than by manual transcription increases the 13-

quality and speed of data transmission and reception.

Number of days absent

Eneza Education (2013) defines absenteeism in school as the habit of staying away from

school without providing a genuine or any reason for not attending classes. Absenteeism is a

truant behavior that negatively affects the performance among students.

Clores (n.d) describes school absenteeism as an alarming problem for administrators,

teachers, parents, and the society, in general, as well as for the students, in particular. It may
 11

indicate low performance of teachers, students’ dissatisfaction of the school’s services, or lack of

or poor academic and non-academic structures or policies that address the problems or factors

influencing or reinforcing this behavior. Parents are financially burdened for having their

children to stay longer in the school, having to re-enroll them in subjects where they fail due to

excessive absences.

Number of days tardy

Many senior high school students come late to school and as a result; academic subjects

will be affected as well as the grades, and they will miss classes and it will affect their class

performance. A tardy student presents a lack of responsibility. Being frequently tardy is a sign of

carelessness and a waste of time. Being on time is not only a duty for students but also a part of

good manners, respect, and reputation. Hence, students should know how to value their time and

do their best not to be tardy at all times. Tardiness is not much of an issue for students nowadays;

to them it seems to be a normal thing. Nonetheless, some reasons that cause the tardiness among

students can tell whether it is being committed or not or being peer pressured (Fullo & Gramor,

2017).

According to Fuller (2017), students are tardy for a variety of reasons, but being late in

class can become a habit that can have a negative effect on their success in school. Schools often

establish an attendance policy that includes punishment for multiple tardiness. A firm policy can

help schools promote student punctuality and accountability – traits that students can carry with

them even after they finish school.

Number of days present

 12

The attendance rate is important because students are more likely to succeed in

academics when they attend school consistently. It is difficult for the teacher and the class to

build their skills and progress if a large number of students are frequently absent. In addition to

falling behind in academics, students who are not in school on a regular basis are more likely to

get into trouble with the law and cause problems in their communities. According to the National

Center for Student Engagement, schools are most effective in achieving high attendance rates

when parents, school leaders and community members work together to focus on reducing

absences and truancy, and keeping kids in schools (Greatschools, 2016).

In the Philippines, the House Bill No. 6504 authored by Rep. Evelio Leonardia (2016)

proposed in the House of Representatives, calls for close monitoring of the attendance of the

students and analysis of existing attendance reports to acquire a deeper understanding of chronic

absence in students and to help schools understand the impact of chronic absence. The House

Bill No. 6504 proposed by the Bacolod city mayor is also known as “Student’s School

Attendance Monitoring Act of 2016”. It defines attendance as the actual school attendance of a

student during the regular class day.

Age

Richardson (n.d) reports that mature students performed well in most academic settings

than younger students. Richardson reasons that mature students seek a deeper understanding of

their academic work unlike younger students who may adopt a surface approach.

Gender

The male-female ratio in higher education has been steadily moved in favor of the

females ever since the 1970s. Total enrollment figures show that females outnumbered their male
 13

counterparts for the first time in the late 1970s, and they have steadily increased their numerical

advantage ever since. The superiority first came in public universities, but soon private

universities saw female enrollment surpass male enrollment (Borzelleca, 2012).

Academic Performance

The "conventional wisdom" is that grades are related to class attendance and students

who attend classes more frequently obtain better grades and class attendance dramatically

contributes to enhanced learning (Smith, 2011).

Pascopella (2007, as cited in Aden et al., 2013) claims that attendance in school is

important because students are more likely to succeed in academics when they attend school

consistently. In the past decade, a number of studies have examined the relationship between

students' attendance or absenteeism and academic performance, generally finding that attendance

does matter for academic achievement. Students who are physically active tend to have better

grades, school attendance, cognitive performance, and classroom behavior.

Being absent for three days in a month strongly correlates with poor performance. As

educators, it is important to know the threshold. Drawing policies on school intervention

regarding absenteeism requires guiding information on where to draw the line. Policies cannot be

simply drawn out of thin air. Three days in a month, that number, a result of research, is a useful

guide for teachers and school administrators (Philippine Basic Education, 2013).
 14

Related Studies

The implementation of RFID technology has definitely quickened the entire of process of

recording attendance. On average, based on an experiment in India, the total time taken to record

the attendance of a class of 60 students by manual entry method took approximately 10 minutes.

This implies that approximately 10 seconds per student was required to record their attendance.

This time duration includes visual and written authentication, after which the teacher records the

attendance (Nainan et al., n.d).

A study was also conducted by the administrators in North Arizona University (NAU).

The idea is to install card readers in all classrooms that seat 50 or more students - those in which

it would be difficult or time-consuming to take attendance every day. Data from each class were

recorded, and instructors got reports on who was in class. The students did not like the system

because they believe that it violated their privacy.

In an academic institution, communication between parents and school is very

challenging and important one. One of the worries of the parents is that if their children are really

attending or not in the school during their class period. This is one of the challenges that Lipa

City Colleges is confronting. The school has no way of providing the immediate information to

the parents if their children are in or out of the school premises in a particular time. Hence, a

system development study was conducted in the school. After testing and evaluation, the system

was found to be functional, usable, reliable, extensible and performed well.

According to the final report of the Smart Border Alliance RFID Feasibility Study in

2005, RFID readers and tags do not have 100% accuracy in all instances. Environmental issues,

the make‐up of the items being tagged and the volumes of tags to be read, all impact read
 15

accuracies. Metal reflects radio waves, so that in a highly metallic environment, the RF signal

will be reflected and confuse both readers and tags. However, with proper design and tuning, the

presence of metal can be used to increase accuracy and performance.

A study by Agrawal and Bansal in 2013 identifies and explains the key benefits of RFID

technology. The student attendance system using Radio Frequency Identification technology

with object counter will significantly improve the current manual process of student attendance

recording and tracking system, especially in a university environment. The system promotes a

fully-automated approach in capturing the student attendance and monitoring the student in the

university campus. The attendance taken is secure and accurate. The system is user-friendly with

easily accessible switches and communication ports. Attendance can be stored and retrieved

easily.

In a conducted study, it was found out that approximately 5 to 7.5 million children in the

United States are missing at least 1 month of school (Chang & Davis, 2015).

Researchers also evaluate whether school-level factors influence student attendance.

Research suggests that a variety of school-level factors influence student attendance. The factors

relate to the culture and climate of the school; the condition of the school facility, particularly the

school's ventilation system; as well as the rigor and relevance of the school's instructional

program. These factors shape student perceptions of the school environment and thus shape the

desirability they feel to attend school. Moreover, the physical condition of the school impacts

student health and thus influences whether the child feels well enough to attend school (Indiana

Department of Education, 2014).

 16

Ried, (2000) and Harman, 2007 (as cited in Farrar, 2010) indicate that the National

Education for Statistics indicates that student tardiness occurs at a rate of 3.3% to 9.5% each day

for all students in kindergarten through grade twelve. It is clear that tardiness is a major problem.

Not only do students lose valuable educational instruction when they arrive late, but they disrupt

the educational environment and distract others who are in the class. Excessive student tardiness

has a negative impact upon a student's future.

In the Philippines, like most schools, Kidapawan City National High School confronted

the same problem in a certain class in 2016. There is about 20% of the Grade X - Phoenix class

who is always late in attending the flag ceremony as well as in attending to their subsequent

classes. This problem had accumulated from tolerable to habitual state and it has a significant

impact in their performance at school. Most of the class had been believed to be influenced by

their peers and will be embedded in their mind pattern until college and ultimately to their

vocation and their adventures in life. Other students had just the difficulty in optimizing their

time as their subject related activities grows in bulk (Parren, 2016).

A study conducted by Attendance Works in 2013, attendance improves when schools

engage students and parents in positive ways and when schools provide mentors for chronically

absent students. When students improve their attendance rates, they improve their academic

prospects and chances for graduating.

Improvement in class attendance was reported by teachers for 94% of the beneficiary

pupils; 92% of the children sustained good attendance (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016).

A study was conducted in a tertiary school in Singapore back in 2014. The specific

objectives of the study were to determine if factors such as gender, age, nationality of student,
 17

part-time employment, extracurricular activities and interest in pursuing higher studies affected

academic success. The results showed that the factors affected students’ academic performance

and success.

Smith (1998) emphasizes that attendance is a priority for educators. This study

investigates attendance in the primary grades. The goal is to identify early indicators of poor

attendance at the primary level in order to provide interventions that could have an impact on

middle and high school students’ attendance. Research conducted in this area could provide

school divisions with vital information about student attendance patterns at the primary level that

could reveal or predict an influence on student attendance in the middle and high school level.

Excessive absenteeism in the primary age child is usually a result of childhood illnesses or

parental educational neglect (Jones, n.d).

Voyles’ study in 2011 examines the possible relationship between student age and

student gender on academic achievement on a state mandated assessment for a cohort of North

Georgia elementary school students in their first, second, and third grade years. Study results

indicated that student age had a statistically significant impact on academic achievement for

students in their first and third grade years on the mathematics portion of the assessment. Older

students within the cohort scored at higher academic levels of achievement on the mathematics

assessment than did younger students. Student age did not have an impact on scores for the

reading portion of the assessment. Study results also indicated that student gender did not impact

achievement scores on either the mathematics or reading portion of the assessment.

The research conducted on University of Sussex, which involved two studies of almost

700 students from various courses at Sussex, one of the few institutions that keeps attendance

records, showed female students missed, on average, one in every 8.27 classes but males missed
 18

one in 6.32. The top excuses were illness, tiredness and personal reasons, but poor teaching,

competing academic studies and paid work were not high on the list of reasons.

A research paper on attendance from the University of Sussex, published in the journal

Studies in Higher Education, found that males are more likely to be absent from classes than

females, and the worst offenders are men with the highest intelligence levels (Smith, 2011).

In the Philippines, females students are also greater in number than males. The 2011

Annual Poverty Indicators Survey revealed that of the estimated 8 million females aged 16 to 24

years old nationwide, about 25.6 percent were attending post-secondary, college, and post

graduate courses at any time during the school year June 2011 to March 2012. This is higher than

the proportion of males with 20 percent.

Nationwide, of those attending post-secondary, college and post graduate courses, the

male-to-female ratio was 80 males for every 100 females. SOCCSKSARGEN had the lowest

proportion of males who were attending these levels of education with the ratio of 65 males for

every 100 females. In contrast, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was the

only region with more males attending these levels of education than females with the ratio of

102 males for every 100 females. The participation rate of females aged 12 to 15 years old in

secondary or high school education (73.8%) was also higher than the participation rate of males

(62.8%). In all regions, fewer males were attending high school education than females with a

ratio ranging from 68 to 95 males for every 100 females.

Identifying the factors that determine academic performance is an essential part of

educational research. Existing research indicates that class attendance is a useful predictor of

subsequent course achievements (Kassarnig et. al., 2017).

 19

Solar (2015) conducted study aimed to determine the attributions of academic

performance of third year and fourth year biology major students in the College of Education of

West Visayas State University in Philippines. The academic performance of the students were

measured in terms of test, projects, workbooks, and laboratory experiments, class participation,

and attendance. The result of the study revealed that the third year Biology major students

attributed their academic performance to effort which was shown to have the highest percentage

attribution and luck which was shown to have the least percentage attribution in the overall rank.

The result revealed further, that there was a significant difference in the attributions of academic

performance for third year and fourth year biology major students in terms of test.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework as in the paradigm of the study.

The first frame shows the independent variables that are classified into three

categories: RFID-related, attendance rate-related and student-related factors. The RFID-related

factors include monitoring and transmitting information. On the other hand, attendance rate-

related factors include number of days absent, tardy, and present. Lastly, the student-related

factors include age, gender, and academic performance.

The second frame presents the dependent variable which is the effects of RFID to the

attendance rate of Jose Rizal Institute – Orani students.

The firm line means that the independent variables such as RFID-related, attendance

rate-related and student-related factors may affect the attendance rate of the JRI students.
 20

Independent Variables Dependent Variable

6. RFID-related factors:

6.1 Monitoring and

6.2 Transmitting information

7. Attendance rate -related

factors:

7.1 Number of days absent; The Effects of RFID to the

7.2 Number of days tardy attendance rate of Jose Rizal

and Institute – Orani students

7.3 Number of days present

8. Student-related factors:

8.1 Age;

8.2 Gender and

8.3 Academic performance

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study.

Hypotheses of the study

In this study, the following null hypotheses will be tested:

1. RFID-related factors have no effect on the attendance rate of JRI Orani students.

2. Attendance rate-related factors have no effect on the attendance of JRI Orani students.

3. Student-related factors have no effect on the attendance rate of JRI Orani students.
 21

Definition of Terms

Absenteeism (conceptual). It pertains to the practice of regularly staying away from

work or school without good reason.

Academic performance (operational). It is the students’ graded performance in school.

Age (conceptual). It pertains to the length of time that a person has lived or a thing has

existed.

Attendance rate (conceptual). It describes the measure of percentage of students who

are attending the classes, lectures or seminars you provide within a given timeframe.

Conventional Wisdom (operational). It states that the grades are related to class

attendance and students who attend classes more frequently.

Database (conceptual). It is a data structure that stores organized information.

Effort Expectancy (conceptual). It is a belief that the use of a particular technology will

be easy and effortless.

Electronic Age (conceptual). It began when electronic equipment, including computers

came into use.

Facilitating Conditions (conceptual). These are perceived enablers or barriers in the

environment that influence a person's perception of ease or difficulty of performing a task.

Gender (conceptual). It is the indication of the students’ sexes, either male or female.

Information technology (conceptual). It refers to anything related to computing

technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet,

 22

Monitoring (operational). It is how the RFID supervises student attendance.

Performance Expectancy (conceptual). It is belief that the use of a particular

technology will be advantageous or performance enhancing to the individual.

Social Influence (conceptual). Social influence is the change in behavior that one person

causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally, as a result of the way the changed person

perceives themselves in relationship to the influencer, other people and society in general.

Tardiness (conceptual). It pertains to the quality or fact of being late.

Transmitting information (operational). It is how the RFID processes input and output

of data.

Technological Evolution (conceptual). It refers to the changes over time in technology

that give humans increased control over their environment.

Traditional system (operational). It is the manual method of attendance system.

 23

Notes in Chapter II

Sriram.(n.d.) Getting students to attend class: Using RFID-based attendance system to reduce
absenteeism. Retrieved from https://www.creatrixcampus.com/blog/getting-students-attend-
class-using-rfid-based-attendance-system-reduce-absenteeism

Smart Border Alliance. (n.d). RFID feasibility final report. Retrieved from
https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/foia/US-VISIT_RFIDattachD.pdf

Mojares, P., Villamin L., Gilles A.T., & Mojares, J. G. (2013). Inotified: an sms and rfid-based
notification system of Lipa City Colleges, Lipa city, Batangas, Philippines. Retrieved from
http://web.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=cra
wler&jrnl=19401833&AN=94267124&h=UD4GOPa3u5lmO%2fc1IuP3EHVBNb1QUfV
TZXJ%2bglfAnbGoBaZlbnCAeA0QGjBcaleeQsvES1yXas8fN2XcCaKDrA%3d%3d&crl
=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdir
ect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d19
401833%26AN%3d94267124

Indiana Department of Education. (2014). Contributing factors of absenteeism. Retrieved from

https://www.doe.in.gov/student-services/attendance/contributing-factors-absenteeism

Evers, T. (2016). Answers to frequently asked compulsory school attendance questions.

Retrieved from https://dpi.wi.gov/sites/default/files/imce/sspw/pdf/schlattendqa.pdf

Obrador, J. (n.d.) Absenteeism. Retrieved fromhttp://www.academia.edu/10614063/Absenteeism

Balkis, M., Arslan, G., & Erdinc, D. (2016). The school absenteeism among high school
students: Contributing factors. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307088341_The_School_Absenteeism_among_Hi
gh_School_Students_Contributing_Factors

Jones, D.J. (2017). The impact of student attendance, socio-economic status and mobility on
student achievement of third grade students in title i schools. Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0070/8957957402f9ffc4ffaa12cd83f263712e47.pdf

Lochmiller, C.R. (2013). Synthesis of existing research related to student absenteeism and
effective, research-based interventions. Retrieved from
http://www.attendanceworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Improving-Student-
Attendance-in-Indianas-Schools-CEEP-Indiana-DOE-Oct-2013.pdf

Bilocura, J. A. (2012). Chapter ii: Review of related literature and studies. Retrieved from
https://sites.google.com/site/bilocuraandguia/notes/chapteriireviewofrelatedliteratureandstud
ies
 24

Nunes, P. (2016). Argyris maturity theory. Retrieved from http://knoow.net/en/economics-

business/management/argyris-maturity-theory/

Espiritu, C.B., Oro, J.P.H., & Pura, I.J.D. (2016). CKSM student attendance monitoring system
with RFID technology. Retrieved from http://docshare01.docshare.tips/files/31412/3141289
75.pdf

Barwuah, A., & Walkley, P. (n.d.). Monitoring student attendance. Retrieved from
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED406548.pdf

Convergence Systems Limited. (2014). Mapua Institute of Technology streamlines library

processes with automated UHF RFID solution. Retrieved from
http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/mapua-institute-technology-streamlines-
library-processes-with-automated-uhf-rfid-solution-1918333.htm

Dellosa, R.M., & Hemedes, E. (2014). Developing user monitoring system for the LPU Laguna
library. Retrieved from http://www.iosrjen.org/Papers/vol4_issue6%20(part-
2)/A04620109.pdf

Clores, M.A. (n.d). A qualitative research study on school absenteeism among college students.
Retrieved from https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=3928

Philippine Basic Education. (2013). Absenteeism and student performance. Retrieved from
http://www.philippinesbasiceducation.us/2013/01/absenteeism-and-student-
performance.html

Fullo, G.J.C., & Gramor O.M. (2016). Causes and effects of tardiness of the senior high school
students of Southern de Oro Philippines College. Retrieved from
https://www.coursehero.com/file /19964828/research-paper/

Vukovik, R. (2017). The effect of student tardiness on learning. Retrieved from

https://www.teachermagazine.com.au/articles/the-effect-of-student-tardiness-on-learning

Farrar, R.J. (2010). Too late to learn: student tardiness in the middle school. Retrieved from
https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED515040

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2013). School attendance in higher level of education is higher
among females than males aged 16 to 24 years old (based from the results of 2011 annual
poverty indicators survey) Retrieved from https://web0.psa.gov.ph/content/school-
attendance-higher-level-education-higher-among-females-males-aged-16-24-years-old-0

Greatschools staff. (2016). Why attendance matters. Retrieved from https://www.great

schools.org/gk/articles/school-attendance-issues/

House of Representatives. (2016). Students school attendance monitoring act. Retrieved from
http://congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/basic_16/HB06504.pdf
 25

Luhan, J.L., Cox, J.H., & DiCarlo, S.E. (n.d.). Does sex (female versus male) influence the
impact of class attendance on examination performance? Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22139780

Sculles, K.K. (2013). Chronic student absenteeism: Implications for school leaders. Retrieved
from https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/46721/Kelly_Sculles.pdf

Parren, R. A. (2016). Action research on tardiness. Retrieved from http://rimmon-

educationinthephilippines.blogspot.com/2012/04/action-research-on-tardiness.html

Smith, A. (n.d). Male students more likely to skip lectures, study shows. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/mar/24/highereducation.uk

Christensson, P. (2006). IT definition. Retrieved from https://techterms.com

IGI Global. (n.d.). What is performance expectancy? Retrieved from https://www.igi-

global.com/dictionary/performance-expectancy/33261

IGI Global. (n.d.). What is effort expectancy? Retrieved from https://www.igiglobal.com

/dictionary/effort-expectancy/33257

Changing Minds. (n.d). Social influence. Retrieved from http://changingminds.

org/explanations/theories/social_influence.html

Teo, T. (2010). Examining the influence of subjective norm and facilitating conditions on the
intention to use technology among pre-service teachers: a structural equation modeling of
an extended technology acceptance model. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com
/article/10.1007/s12564-009-9066-4

Collins Dictionary (n.d). Definition of electronic age. Retrieved from https://www.collins

dictionary.com/dictionary/english/the-electronic-age

Christensson, P. (2009). Database definition. Retrieved from https://techterms.com

/definition/database

Jayanthi S. V. et al (2014). Factors contributing to academic performance of students in a

tertiary institution in singapore. Retrieved from http://pubs.sciepub.com/education/2/9/8/
 26

IMPACTS OF THE RFID SYSTEM ON THE ATTENDANCE RATE OF STUDENTS

___________________________________

A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of Jose Rizal Institute – Senior High School

___________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Practical Research I

___________________________________

By:

Santos, Brixter A.

Delos Reyes, Irish Gayle B.

Santos, Leia Mae C.

11 – STEM A
 27

Preliminary Survey

IMPACTS OF RFID SYSTEM TO THE ATTENDANCE RATE OF STUDENTS

1. Do you have a first period class? (morning and/or afternoon?)

 Yes  No
2. How many of your students are usually tardy in the first class of the morning and/or
afternoon?
 1 to 4  5 to 10  11 and above  none
3. Are there changes in the attendance rate of students with RFID system?
 Yes  No
4. Which students tend to be earlier and have better attendance rate? Check all that apply.
 Grade 7 students  Grade 10 students
 Grade 8 students  Grade 11 students
 Grade 9 students  Grade 12 students
5. Do you think that the RFID system is helpful in improving and maintaining the students’
attendance?
 Yes  No
6. What are the common reasons of the tardiness of students?
 Waking up late  Engagement in untimely domestic chores
 Distance/location of school  Others ___________________________
7. What are the common reasons of the absences of students?
 Illness  Death of a relative
 Loss of interest in studying  Others ___________________________