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A Dissertation Report
Submitted by
Shweta Deshmukh
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree
Of
Guided by
Dr. Rajashree Kotharkar
A Dissertation Report
Submitted by
Shweta Deshmukh
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree
Of
Guided by
Dr. Rajashree Kotharkar
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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project (Dissertation) titled
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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas
UNDERTAKING
I, Ms. Shweta Deshmukh, the author of the dissertation titled “Heat Stress in Urban areas”,
hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine, carried out towards partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Masters of technology Degree in Urban
Planning at the Department of Architecture and Planning, VNIT Nagpur. The work has not
been submitted to any other organization / institution for the award of any Degree/Diploma.
……………………………………………
Shweta Deshmukh
Enroll. No. MT16UPL015
M.Tech in Urban Planning (2016-2018)
Department of Architecture and Planning
VNIT Nagpur
Date: 4th Dec, 2017
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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas
DECLARATION
The content produced in the dissertation report is an original piece of work and takes due
acknowledgement of referred content, wherever applicable. The thoughts expressed herein
remain the responsibility of the undersigned author and have no bearing on or does not
represent those of Department of Architecture and Planning, VNIT Nagpur.
……………………………………………
Shweta Deshmukh
Enroll. No. MT16UPL015
M.Tech in Urban Planning (2016-2018)
Department of Architecture and Planning
VNIT Nagpur
Date: 4th Dec, 2018
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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas
AKNOWLEGEMENT
It is genuine pleasure to express my deep sense of thanks and gratitude to my guide Dr.
Rajashree Kotharkar, Associate professors, Department of Architecture and Planning
V.N.I.T, Nagpur. Her dedicated and keen interest and her overwhelming attitude to help
her students had been solely and mainly responsible for completing my work. Her timely
advice and meticulous scrutiny and scientific approach have helped me to a very great
extent to accomplish this task.
I owe my gratitude to Dr. Sameer Deshkar, Project Coordinator, Department of
Architecture and Planning VNIT, Nagpur. And Dr. V.S Adane, Head of Department for
their keen interest and timely suggestions have enabled me to complete my dissertation.
I thank all my batch mates, for their kind help and co-operation throughout my study
period.
It is my privilege to thank my parents, husband, son and all my family members for their
constant encouragement throughout my research period.
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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas
CONTENTS
UNDERTAKING ................................................................................................................ 4
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. 5
........................................................................................................................................ 12
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CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 29
References .......................................................................................................................... 30
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List of figures
FIGURE 1 SHOWING FACTORS DETERMINING COMFORT .............................................................................................. 12
FIGURE 2:SHOWING SCALES OF UHI STUDIES (OKE, 1997) ........................................................................................ 13
FIGURE 3 SHOWING EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE EXTREMITIES -IPCC REPORT,2007 ........................................................... 13
FIGURE 4 SHOWING METHODOLOGY OF STUDY ......................................................................................................... 15
FIGURE 5 SHOWING EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN HEALTH (CLIMATE COMMISSION REPORT, 2011) ..................... 16
FIGURE 6 SHOWING HEAT INDEX (NDMA, 2016).................................................................................................... 19
FIGURE 7 FLOW DIAGRAM SHOWING THE SELECTIN CRITERIA ....................................................................................... 20
FIGURE 8 SHOWING LCZ- BUILDING TYPES CLASSIFICATION (SOURCE: AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY MAGAZINE, 2012
............................................................................................................................................................. 22
FIGURE 9 SHOWING LCZ CLASSIFICATION- LAND COVER TYPES ..................................................................................... 23
FIGURE 10 SHOWING DEATHS CAUSED BY HEAT WAVE (IMD ANNUAL REPORT) ............................................................... 26
FIGURE 11 SHOWING (LEFT): HEAT WAVE 2015AFFECTED AREA(NOAA) (RIGHT) SHOWING HEAT WAVE 2016 WARNING MAP
(IMD) .................................................................................................................................................... 27
FIGURE 12 SHOWING HEAT WAVE AFFECTED STATES .................................................................................................. 27
FIGURE 13 SHOWING METEOROLOGICAL REGIONS IN INDIA ........................................................................................ 28
FIGURE 14 GRAPH SHOWING CLIMATIC EXTREMITIES OF 60 STATION OF CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL REGION ........................ 29
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List of Tables
TABLE 1 SHOWING COMFORT INDICES 17
TABLE 2 INDICES BASED ON HEAT STRESS MODEL 18
TABLE 3 SHOWING INDICES BASED ON HEAT BUDGET MODELS 18
TABLE 4 SHOWING APPROACH AND SCALE OF UHI STUDIES 20
TABLE 5 SHOWING CLASSIFICATION METHODS AND PARAMETERS STUDIED IN UHI STUDIES 23
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Urbanization and climate change are the two well discussed phenomenon in research
which show how the anthropogenic activities are interacting with the natural phenomenon
and causing substantial change in our quality of life. This change though gradual is
affecting our livelihood and existence. Therefore there is a need to understand the causes,
impacts and study the possible factors responsible for the change. This study focuses on
the types of heat stresses an urban area experiences and the factors responsible for them.
Study includes the approaches adopted in previous researches and the parameters used for
the same.
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LOCALIZED FACTORS:
PERSONAL FACTORS: FACTORS air movement, velocity,
Health, Clothing & DETERMINING
COMFORT temperature, humidity,
Activity level radiation
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Vertical scale of urban canopy layer is the one directly related to human comfort studies
which can be studied at different horizontal scales- local level, city level, regional level.
Studies related to the urban canopy layer are identified for literature review.
This extremes affect human health and welfare along with other impacts. The change
affects the localized factors of comfort leading to human discomfort. When the discomfort
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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas
is above the adaptable change the body system fails. Therefore it is necessary to understand
the discomfort parameters studied through the identified approach to classify urban areas
into comfortable, Tolerable and dangerous zones to propose some adaptation and
mitigation measures. (Tahbaz, 2010)
1.5 AIM
To study the heat stress in urban areas (Indian context)
1.6 OBJECTIVES
To understand the factors influencing the urban climate and its correlation with
comfort.
To understand different comfort scales and heat indices used globally and in India.
To study various urban heat island studies in India, to understand the different
factors governing it and explore the different approaches and classification
method adopted at different scale.
To determine the past trends of heat related extremities in India with the help of
meteorological data.
To identify the appropriate approach, classification method and the parameters to
be studied in Indian context.
1.7 SCOPE
The study will focus on social impact of heat stress in urban areas in Indian context.
1.8 LIMITATIONS
This study is limited to social impact due to urban heating and does not consider the
environmental and economical impacts of heat stress.
Urban heat island studies in India are studied, limited to a vertical scale of urban canopy
layer.
1.9 METHODOLOGY
Keeping in view the objectives the methodology was framed as shown below;
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Figure 5 showing effect of climate change on human health (climate commission report, 2011)
As shown in figure, Hughes and McMichael study shows that temperature above 39ºC
leads to heat exhaustion and temperature above 42 ºC leads to heat stroke, but the body
enters the heat stress as the body’s core temperature which is 37 ºC. (Hughes, 2011)
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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas
The behavior of the body also depends upon age, gender, weight and various other
parameters thus to quantify the average tolerable levels there are various indices develop
which quantify the comfort and heat stress.
This comfort indices are developed depending upon the location and has different
specification given for different climate types within those continents. But, many countries
like don’t have comfort indices.
There are various heat indices developed depending upon three different models namely;
Heat stress model- considers two parameters Temperature and Humidity
Heat budget model- considers the total energy gain and dissipation. This model considers
all the four parameters temperature, humidity, wind and radiation.
Synoptic approach model- considers more parameters relevant to the location. Parameters
like dew point temperature, visibility, sea level, air pressure, etc. are used to classify days
that are meteorologically homogeneous to form an index. This approach is comparatively
new and still under modification. This approach is mostly adopted in US cities like
Washington DC, Philadelphia, Dayton etc. (WHO, 2009)
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Later in 1990’s in US, cities were classified based on urban morphology, street
configuration and construction material (Effefsen, 1990))
Using these two classification system an urban Local Climate Zone classification (LCZ)
was developed by Oke and Stewart, (Oke, 2006) . This system classifies different zone
based on built types and land cover types.
This classification defines the building types based on compactness, vertical development
of building (high rise, mid rise, low rise), building material and land cover types.
The classification is as shown below;
Figure 8 showing LCZ- building types classification (source: American Meteorological society magazine, 2012
Along with building typology it also classifies land cover types shown as below;
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This classification is globally accepted because it classifies all the cities depending upon
height, density and land cover and it can be customized as per the development and
character of the city.
2.3.3 PARAMETERS OF UHI STUDIES
Table 5 showing classification methods and parameters studied in UHI studies
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Normalized difference
impervious surface
index (NDISI)
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Local climatic zones are the most recent and globally accepted classification method and
the parameters studies are temperature and relative humidity which are validated at local
level with the use of loggers.
Therefore further study will involve urban structure classification based on Local Climatic
Zone.
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The IMD gave different threshold limit depending upon temperature maximum and
terrain of an area. Depending upon these threshold limits IMD releases warning maps and
affected area maps in India.
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Figure 11 showing (left): heat wave 2015affected area(NOAA) (right) showing heat wave 2016 warning map (IMD)
The states which are affected by heat wave and are more susceptible to heat stress are as
shown in fig. (IMD, 2017) There are total 13 states affected by heat wave.
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As the study requires a bulk of meteorological data, it will be feasible to select the central
region as the regional Centre is at Nagpur.
The central Meteorological region consist of Madya pradesh, Chattisgarh and Vidarbh
area.
IMD provides the data for more than a century of climatic extremities for all
meteorological stations with the help of which a graph is prepared;
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Study of Heat Stress in Urban Areas
This graph shows the increase in frequency, intensity and extent of climatic extremes in
recent year, further emphasizing the need of study in the selected region.
CONCLUSION
The identified approach, parameters and classification method could be used for
analyzing the heat stresses in urban areas.
The same framework will be used for further study. Any urban area in Central
meteorological region will be selected depending upon the available meteorological data.
The city will be classified as per Local Climatic Zones to study the heat stress parameters
of Temperature and Relative humidity. The zones can be identified as comfortable,
tolerable & dangerous zones for taking the required adaptation and mitigation measures.
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References
Amirtham, L. R. (2016). Urbanization and its impact on Urban Heat Island intensity on
Chennai Metropolitin area. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(5),.
Aneesh Mathew, S. K. (2016). Spatial and temporal change in UHI effect and the effect
on percentage impervious surface area and elevation on LST case of chandigarh.
Elsevier, sustainable cities and societies.
Ansar Khan, S. C. (2016). Numerical simulation of urban heat island intensity under
urban–suburban surface and reference site in Kolkata, India. Springer publication,
Model. Earth Syst. Environ.
Bene, V. E. (1990). Retrieved from NCBI:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK331/
Bin Zhou, D. R. (2017). The role of city size and form on surface heat Island. nature,
scientific reports.
Chandler, T. (1965). The climate of London. London : Hutchinson of London.
Dr. Rajashree Kotharkar, A. B. (2017). Evaluating urban heat island in the critical local
climate zones of an Indian city. Elsevier Landsape and Urban Planning.
Effefsen, R. (1990). Mapping and measuring buildings. Energy and Buiding.
EPA. (2014). Reducing Urban Heat Islands. Retrieved from
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-
06/documents/basicscompendium.pdf
Gale. (2008). Retrieved from Encyclopedia:
http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/energy-government-and-defense-
magazines/urban-heat-islands
George Thomas*, S. A. (2014). Analysis of urban heat island in Kochi, India, using a
modified local climatic zone classification. Elsevier Procedia Environmental
Sciences.
Gert-Jan Steeneveld, C. J. (2011). Exploring UHI intensity in Dutch cities. Research gate.
HABITAT, U. (2012). Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org/urban-themes/climate-change/
Hughes, M. (2011). TThe Critical decade Climate Change and health. Climate
Commision.
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