PERCEPTIO

N
MEANING
 Perception is an intellectual process
of transforming sensory
stimuli(understanding) to meaningful
information. It is the process of
interpreting something that we see or
hear in our mind and use it later to
judge and give a verdict on a situation,
person, group etc.

 Perception is a process by which

individuals organize and interpret
their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
IT CAN BE DIVIDED INTO SIX TYPES:

 Of sound: The ability to receive sound by

identifying vibrations.

 Of speech: The competence of interpreting and

understanding the sounds of language heard.

 Touch: Identifying objects through patterns of

its surface by touching it.

 Taste: The ability to receive favor of

substances by tasting it through sensory
organs known as taste buds.
 Other senses: They approve perception
through body, like balance, acceleration,
pain, time, sensation felt in throat and
lungs etc.
 Of the social world: It permits people
to understand other individuals and
groups of their social world.
Example: Priya goes to a restaurant and
likes their customer service, so she will
perceive that it is a good place to hang
out and will recommend it to her friends,
who may or may not like it. Priya’s
perception about the restaurant is good.
PROCESS

Receiving

Selecting

Organizing

Interpreting
RECEIVING- I STAGE

 It is the initial stage in which a person

collects all information and receives the
information through the sense organs.
SELECTING- II STAGE
 Here a person doesn’t receive the data randomly
but selectively. A person selects some information
out of all in accordance with his interest or needs.
The selection of data is dominated by various
external and internal factors.


External factors - The factors that infuence
the perception of an individual externally are
intensity, size, contrast, movement, repetition,
familiarity, and novelty.
 Internal factors - The factors that infuence
the perception of an individual internally are
psychological requirements, learning, background,
experience, self-acceptance, and interest.
ORGANIZING- III STAGE
 Keeping things in order or say in a synchronized
way is organizing. In order to make sense of the
data received, it is important to organize them.

 We can organize the data by 3 ways:

 Grouping them on the basis of their similarity,

proximity, closure, continuity.

 Establishing a fgure ground is the basic process in

perception. Here by fgure we mean what is kept as main
focus and by ground we mean background stimuli, which are
not given attention.

 Perceptual constancy that is the tendency to stabilize

perception so that contextual changes don’t afect them.
INTERPRETING- IV STAGE
 Process of interpreting which means
forming an idea about a particular
object depending upon the need or
interest.

Interpretation means that the information

we have sensed and organized, is fnally
given a meaning by turning it into
something that can be categorized. It
includes stereotyping, halo efect etc.
PERCEPTION IS IMPORTANT DUE TO
THE FOLLOWING REASONS:

 It's a physiological process through

which everything is this world is
interpreted and understood.

 It's the way people perceive things that

defnes their character and attitude.
Kindness,hate,love and all other
emotions originate from one's
perceptions about something.
 It's just perception which defnes what
happiness means to a person. For some
earning money is happiness, for some
spending money is happiness.

 Human perception towards God is the

main reason why are having so many religions
today . It not just shows that perceptions are
varied but also perceptions of a few have the
ability to infuence the mankind as a whole.

 Perceptions help in shaping up a person's

goal and his/her outlook on life. It's the
thing that initiates anyone to fnd their
purpose in life.
PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION

 Perceptual organization is the process

by which people stimuli into
recognizable patterns. Selection gives
way to organization, and the stimuli
selected for attention now appear as a
whole.

 Ex: a mental picture of an abject made

of wood and having four legs, seat, a
back and armrest: an image of a chair.
FACTORS IN PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION

 Ambiguous fgure

Perceptual organization become

a difcult task when there are
confusion an disorganized
stimuli in the external
environment.
FIGURE BACKGROUND
 Most basic form of perceptual organization
Figure background principal states that the
relationship of the target to its background
infuences perception.

Ex: In a noisy crowded restaurant one is able to

hold a meaningful conversation due to his
capability of distinguishing sight sound of
colleague from the sight sound of others.

 Individual perceives the entire scene yet

respond selectively to most relevant stimuli
PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
 Principal of grouping defned by Gestalt
psychologist.
Which include

Principal of Similarity
Principal of Proximity
Principal of Closure
Principal of
Continuity
Principal of
Area
PRINCIPAL OF
SIMILARITY
 It is exemplifed when objects of
similar shape size or color tend
to be grouped together.
 Ex: employees wear white collars may be
perceived as a common group when in reality
each one of them is a unique individual.

 In a company visitors may wear yellow

helmet and workers wear white to
diferentiate. So employee can be easily
identifed from the unfamiliar people at work
place.
PRINCIPAL OF
PROXIMITY
It underlines the tendency to
perceive stimuli which are
which are near one another
as belonging together.
Ex: employees in an organization may
be identifes as a single group.
Workers working on a machine
perceived to one group and the group
as a whole is responsible for any
failure in machine.
PRINCIPAL OF CLOSURE
It demonstrate the perceiver’s
ability to perceive a whole
object even though the only
part of object is an evident.
Ex: in an organization a manager facing a
complex decision may be able to develop a
fairly accurate understanding of issues even
though some details may be lacking.

Based on experience, imagination manager

can fll the gap to make a decision.
PRINCIPAL OF
CONTINUITY
 It is a tendency to perceive
objects as continuing pattern.
it is an useful organizing principle but
also negative aspects.

Ex: The tendency to perceive continuous

pattern may result in an inability to
perceive uniqueness and detect change.

Ex. In business forecasting a common

continuity error is to assume that future will
simply refect current events and trends.
PRINCIPAL OF AREA
 Where one part of an area
depicting an ambiguous
fgure is smaller in size than
remainder, it is more likely
that the smaller area will be
seen as a fgure and the rest
of the total area as
background.
PROCESS OF
INTERPRETING
Several factors contribute toward the
interpretation of data.

Perceptual set

Attribution

Stereotyping

Halo efect

Perceptual context

Perceptual
defence
PERCEPTUAL SET
Previously held belief about
objects infuence an individual’s
perception of similar objects.

Ex: manager may have developed a

general belief and attitude that
workers are lazy or shirkers.
Manager tend to interpret the behavior
of the workers according to his mental
state.
ATTRIBUTION
It refers to the process by which the
individual assigns causes to the
behaviors he or she conceives.
Ex: manager may have developed a
general belief and attitude that
workers are lazy or shirkers.
Manager tend to interpret the behavior
of the workers according to his mental
state.
STRIOTYPING
A tendency to assign attribution to
someone solely on the basis of a
category of people to which that person
belongs.

Help in assigning meaning to a mass of

data.

Ex : women, doctor , professor, artists,

software engineer, executives , workers
etc.
American, Indians, Britishers and
Africans