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This document is a working draft (version 0.1) of an enterprise architecture for a Key
National Indicator System for the United States. It is being published solely by the State of
the USA in concert with its technical advisors for open comment. It is specifically intended
for technical audiences – in all sectors and at all levels of our society.
Its purpose is not to finalize a design but to start a specific dialogue over the next year that
will underpin important technical decision-making. (Please see www.stateoftheusa.org for
more information on the Key National Indicator System and the State of the USA.) Hence,
it is not a consensus document. There is ongoing debate and discussion amongst our
team and advisors on dozens of issues. However, it is time to open up the process and
expand involvement in the project with the publication of this initial version.
The architecture outlines key principles but does not suggest product selection. It
generates working hypotheses but does not define operational specifications. It has a five
year planning horizon but is only a first step toward designing an official Key National
Indicator System implementation. It represents the hard work of a dozen individuals but
anticipates engaging hundreds from around the country in a dialogue based on this
document.
We are actively seeking critiques, ideas and suggestions about purpose, structure, content
and process. Out of this dialogue will come the requirements, design and specifications for
how best to start and then evolve an architecture for a Key National Indicator System.
The evolution of democratic society has always been about striving to achieve increasing
specificity about progress and higher degrees of transparency. These mutually reinforce
one another to accelerate learning and improve accountability for the use of scarce
resources our nation grows. The State of the USA is grateful to the John D. and Catherine
T. MacArthur Foundation for their visionary support of this activity.
We have concluded that design challenge for a Key National Indicator System can only be
accomplished with a combination of an open and inclusive approach – guided by
individuals who have histories and track records of large-scale, complex enterprise and
systems development. For this reason, the State of the USA Open Architecture Project
has been especially fortunate to be guided in this early stage of our process by a
Why is openness so important? Our intent is to make the asset that is built for the nation
accessible to the widest range of possible users, from individuals to institutions and from
the public to application developers. This is best achieved through a transparent and
collaborative process that involves representatives from diverse user and stakeholder
communities. Hence, this architectural document anticipates discussions about open
standards, open communities and open source software that would all be a vital
underpinning of a KNIS.
Please join all of us on this journey to create a Key National Indicator System for the
United States. It is one that cannot help but advance our capability to answer vital
questions about how to define, measure and communicate about progress – or the lack
thereof – in entirely new ways.
Most Sincerely,
Christopher Hoenig
President and CEO
Bill Allman, Vice President, E-Media for Bonniercorp.com and noted enterprise
information dissemination and visualization thought leader.
Peter Blair, Executive Director of the Division of Engineering and Physical Sciences
at the National Research Council.
George Brucia, Experienced enterprise technologist with a long history of fielding
well-engineered, user-focused systems of high quality, at large scale at both public
and private enterprises.
Hank Conrad, Managing Partner of CounterPoint Corporation and expert in IT
business alignment, systems integration, program management, outsource
management, process improvement, relationship management, change
management, and new technology introduction.
David Epstein, Chief Operating Officer, MAK. A senior technology executive with
leadership experience in the IBM, U.S. military, global research, and national health-
related information technology organizations on bio-surveillance, adverse drug and
quality of care events, intelligent building and city infrastructure, advanced water
management, and market analysis.
Larry Filetti, Managing Partner, 716 Group, Inc and proven enterprise technology
and strategy executive known for enterprise architecture, IT transformation,
technology introduction and delivering systems of high usability, including business
intelligence and enterprise IT to organizations like Argonne National Labs, First
national Bank of Chicago and McDonald's.
Jamie Gaughran-Perez, Partner at Threespot. Creator of user-focused web-
delivered content and systems including delivery of highly scalable solutions to
clients such as Brookings, the NFL, national TV programs and the U.S. Congress.
Scott Gilkeson, Chief Data Officer, State of the USA, and Website Development
Team.
Bob Gourley, Chief Technology Officer, Crucial Point LLC and editor,
CTOvision.com. Project Lead, SUSA KNIS Architecture.
Marvin (Marv) F. Langston, Principal, Langston Associates, and former Deputy
Chief Information Officer for the Department of Defense.
Howard Parnell, Vice President, Content and Creative at the State of the USA
In preparations for continued support to a Key National Indicator System (KNIS) for the
United States, the State of the USA has drafted this architectural vision, principles, concept
and plans relevant to the implementation of a KNIS. The purpose for this document is to
leverage shared assets and accelerate learning among the many participants in a national
indicator system to maximize its full potential for service to the American people.
The version outlines key principles but does not suggest product selection. It generates
working hypotheses but does not define operational specifications. It has a five year
planning horizon but is only a first step toward designing an official Key National Indicator
System implementation. It represents the hard work of a dozen individuals but anticipates
engaging hundreds from around the country in a dialogue based on this document.
We are actively seeking critiques, ideas and suggestions about purpose, structure, content
and process. Out of this dialogue will come the requirements, design and specifications for
how best to start and then evolve an architecture for a Key National Indicator System.
The evolution of democratic society has always been about striving to achieve increasing
specificity about progress and higher degrees of transparency. These mutually reinforce
one another to accelerate learning and improve accountability for the use of scarce
resources our nation grows. The State of the USA is grateful to the John D. and Catherine
T. MacArthur Foundation for their visionary support of this activity.
The mission of the State of the USA is to help the American people assess the progress of
the nation for themselves, using the nation’s best quality measures and data. Its vision is
to make these available to the public on the web as a free service in such an easily usable
form that they become a shared frame of reference for civic debate on whether we are, in
fact, making progress on the major issues we face.
Starting in 2010, the growing movement by Americans to assess progress with key
indicators officially reached the national level. After many years of development and
bipartisan support, a Key National Indicator System for the United States has been
mandated by law (P.L 111-148, sec. 5605). A bipartisan Commission on Key National
Indicators is being constituted by Congressional leadership of both parties. That
Commission will then negotiate an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences to
implement a web-based KNIS in partnership with a non-profit institute, the State of the
USA.
Although these relationships are still being formalized, preparation has begun in earnest,
which is the reason for SUSA’s publication of this document. As a public/private
partnership, resources and talent from both the public and private sector must be involved
early in the process of preparation. This document has not been reviewed or approved by
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of
Medicine or the National Research Council.
A Key National Indicator System can help millions of Americans become better informed
about the progress of the United States on a wide range of issues, from education to
innovation, from the environment to the economy, and from families and children to health.
The question this document begins to address is how best to design this system for the
country.
For clarity, this is an architecture for a ―national‖ system, not a ―governmental‖ system. It
must take account of and complement efforts in government. But a national system in our
society must involve the government, business, media, non-profit and academic sectors. It
must involve government at the federal, state and local levels as well as international
organizations that collect and publish data for purposes of comparing the U.S. to other
countries.
In addition to such a broad scope, the design task is made doubly challenging by a
technology environment with a dizzying rate of evolution and innovation. The design must
optimize performance and openness, innovation and continuity for the nation, as well as
balancing hundreds of other potential tradeoffs. It must support continuing, high quality
production while keeping pace with the external technical environment.
We have concluded that this design challenge can only be accomplished with a
combination of an open and inclusive approach – guided by individuals who have histories
and track records of large-scale, complex enterprise and systems development. For this
reason, the State of the USA Open Architecture Project has been especially fortunate to be
guided in this early stage of our process by a distinguished group of technical advisors.
If you have comments, please send them to feedback@stateoftheusa.org. The goal of this
project is to continually expand participation in order to increase its scope, depth and
diversity. At the conclusion of this version, the State of the USA technical advisors
identified several areas that are high priority for inclusion in our work program for the next
iteration of this document – version 0.2. Hence, these are of special interest for those
providing feedback. Those areas are:
Design Principles
The following are KNIS architecture design principles. These principles guide the KNIS
architecture decision-making process, including actions of the governance team, the
design team, and SUSA staff:
1. The entire effort is focused on the users and their experience.
2. Web services will be used to the greatest extent possible.
3. Open source approaches are preferred.
4. We standardize on open standards.
5. KNIS designs will be OS independent.
6. KNIS designs will be client and browser independent.
7. The architecture will be broadly understandable and broadly communicated.
8. The design will empower communities.
9. We design for scalability.
10. We design for interoperability.
11. We design for flexibility, extensibility and an ability to evolve.
12. We design for universal accessibility and usability
1. The entire effort is focused on the user and their experience. The priority driving
principle of the Key National Indicator System is that humans must be empowered for
greater understanding and better decision-making. This activity is all about people who will
be using the system and the design team will build architectures that place the American
people’s experience in the primary position it deserves. We also recognize that success
here will require far more than design. It will also require continuous process of usability
testing and community engagement.
2. Web services will be used to the greatest extent possible. Web services enable
system-to-system communication, creating a means for reliable exchange of information
and autonomous synchronization. The standards and specifications associated with web
services have been proven to provide scalable, reusable, interoperable capabilities and will
be used in KNIS designs. Implications: The architecture will come with the many benefits of
web services, but care must be taken to ensure reliability meets expectations. With web
services, reliability must be engineered in.
3. Will design with the open source community in mind. KNIS framework designs are
not being built to favor any single software package or suite of tools. But as a key
architecture principle, KNIS will design with the open source community in mind. The KNIS
framework should be implementable for a low cost and deliver high availability with solid
security. Commercially supported open source is supportive of these requirements. If,
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during design work, the team identifies requirements that are best met by proprietary
approaches or software, these components will be well-articulated and steps will be taken
to ensure that transition away from proprietary solutions is possible in the future.
Implications: This early attention to open source solutions will help build community free
from undue influence. However, care must be taken to ensure all decisions, open source or
proprietary, are documented well.
4. We standardize on open standards. It is the intent of the design team to follow best
practices as articulated by the open standards group. These may include groups such as
The Open Group, the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information
Standards (OASIS) and the Object Management Group (OMG). Using the standards and
implementation guidance of widely known and highly respected organizations will help
ensure standards are implemented in repeatable ways. We intend on following the SoaML
(Service oriented Architecture Modeling Language) as a way of clearly articulating
implementations of standards. Implications: use of best practices provides lessons learned
from many other environments. The design team will be well-versed in these best practices
and will only deviate when there is good reason. Here too, a key implication is that design
choices must be well documented. We also expect to use open standards, where possible,
for data security (especially data integrity).
5. KNIS designs will be OS independent. The KNIS framework is being built in a way that
can be implemented by a wide range of organizations. Although we intend on engineering
for secure scalability with reliable systems (and open source operating systems will be the
first choice) we will take every step to be as implementable as possible in any operating
system to ensure the greatest possible adoptability. Implication: Engineering for OS
independence requires attention to detail and experience with a wide range of OSs.
6. KNIS designs will be client and browser independent. The KNIS designs will support
users on any client, including traditional PCs, smartphones, cell phones and tablets. End
users will access most information from the framework via browsers, and we intend on
supporting all major browsers. Implication: This goal can be hard to achieve but we view it
as very important to attempt, since there is no lock-in by any one OS or other software
platform vendor for client devices. Citizens should be able to interact with the KNIS
architecture from any device.
8. The design will empower communities. We expect and will engineer for a high degree
of community involvement in the resulting system. The design being produced will be
implemented by the KNIS to provide a web presence for a community (i.e., virtual,
geographic, demographic). But we also expect this to be empowering in a different way. It
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is also to be designed for the use of an empowerment of any other community which can
benefit from it, including international communities. We intend on the design supporting
communities but recognize that success here will require far more than design. It will also
require a continuous process of usability testing and community engagement.
10. We design for interoperability. A KNIS will require data, results, graphics and
spreadsheets being exported from systems for further use, including embedding in sites
and consumption by other automated tools. This interoperability will be designed in from
day one. Implications: The design will need to be tested for interoperability characteristics.
11. We design for flexibility, extensibility and an ability to evolve. Designs must be
established so that they will allow any single component to be removed and replaced. This
is important for the design's ability to evolve over time and is also an important enabler to
allowing variation between sites in ways that does not impede interoperability. To the
greatest extent possible, the architecture will not require specific software packages.
Implications: Enhancements in functionality and the introduction of new technologies are
expected. When they are made, the design will enable smooth evolution, in small
increments that will minimally impact other systems.
12. We Design For universal accessibility and usability. Designs will adhere to the
highest standards of providing access to users with visual, auditory, and motor disabilities
as specified in Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act. In addition, our design will strive to
serve the needs of users with cognitive limitations and low literacy or numeracy skills, while
keeping in mind the needs of young/old and novice/expert users.
These principles are a key means of evaluating the architecture and will be a continual
compliance check to ensure the architecture below sets the KNIS on the right path.
The KNIS architecture provides data and services to end users via their client devices and
also enables syndication of data to other systems. The conceptual architecture includes:
Enterprise Tier Components – This is the realm of overall governance (e.g. strategy,
fiduciary, policy, requirements and leadership as well as technology and data governance).
Client tier components – Software that must reside on the client hardware (e.g., desktop
PC, PDA, cell phone, etc.). In general, these are restricted to browser software.
Presentation tier components – Software responsible for rendering information that will
be conveyed to the end-user (including system administrators). All of the screens specified
High-level Guidelines
The following are KNIS guidelines for the logical architecture:
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Reuse and Purchase Before Developing
The development team should seek to reuse existing infrastructure and, when none exists
to meet business requirements, make informed buy-versus-build decisions before
proceeding with new development projects.
Open Systems and Open Standards
In any system purchase or development project, open systems and open standards should
be preferred above proprietary technologies, after considering comparative functionality,
total cost of ownership and track records for adoption and innovation.
Vendor Specific Extensions
When vendor capabilities are used they are to be maintained in as open a configuration as
possible. All vendors, even those which base their capabilities on open source, provide
means to extend their capability. In most cases, extending capabilities like this introduces
future interoperability issues and can end up having the same negative interoperability and
vendor lock-in issues as purchase of closed source proprietary capabilities does. If vendor
specific extensions are used, they should be encapsulated and well
commented/documented so they can be removed or replaced with the least impact on the
surrounding systems.
Separation of Concerns
The logical architecture provides focus on the separation of concerns within the application:
each tier deals with a specific logical area of the application (presentation, processing, data
management, etc.) and each component within a tier should focus on one and only one
concern.
Decomposition
Because decomposition isolates specific responsibilities to individual components, so they
may be addressed independently, it is important to ensure that the required functionality
can be delivered by components working in collaboration. To provide the proper context for
the development and use of each of component, functional responsibilities for each
component must be assigned and documented.
Systemic Qualities
Systemic requirements (such as performance and uptime) and functional requirements are
of critical importance and are articulated where possible in this logical architecture. To
properly address systemic qualities, sets of collaborating components must be considered
together. Performance, for example, should be addressed in terms of the patterns of
interaction the design calls for, not just from the perspective of the individual parts.
Business Continuity
Recoverability, redundancy, and maintainability should be addressed during application
design, based on criticality and impact to the mission, in order to determine the required
level of continuity.
Enterprise Tier
The enterprise tier is the domain of business processes, governance and key standards
and is intentionally articulated here in the logical architecture section since it is a driver of
all other components of this tier (the KNIS is a mission-driven capability).
KNIS core processes
The KNIS institution will support four key processes:
- Content Management: Including selection of issues, sourcing of data sets,
presentation, publication, design, evolution and adaptation of information over time,
as well as data quality.
- Product Management: Focused on product/service design, development and
maintenance to performance specifications.
- Strategic Development: Includes communications, fundraising, marketing, public
relations, partnership and stakeholder management.
- Institutional Management: Includes all aspects of relationships with public and
private stakeholders, the National Academy of Sciences and the State of the USA
All four of these core KNIS processes have complex interactions between them. But they
are bounded in the context of larger societal processes of debate, learning and change. It
is vital to understand those boundaries. A KNIS will focus on the presentation of measures
and data, in the context of issue frames and with a high enough utility that they can be
used for analysis by users. However, the boundaries of the KNIS enterprise processes do
not extend into education, choice, change or dialogue. A simplified model for societal
processes is diagrammed below in Figure 5:
Decision Mechanisms
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KNIS leadership must find balance between broad coordination with a large base of
stakeholders and agile action designed to support our mission. This balance will be found
by use of two levels of collaborative groups: an executive architectural board and
subordinate working groups.
The KNIS Executive Architecture Council is used by the SUSA CEO and senior staff to
ensure appropriate vetting of ideas and decisions with a broad range of internal and
external stakeholders. This council is an enterprise systems and technology decision-
making body.
The KNIS Architectural Council is chaired by the SUSA CEO or, in the CEO’s absence, by
the CTO. This council has approval authority over the KNIS architecture and its principles
and will help adjudicate issues brought to the council by working groups (further described
below). This council is about ensuring the right architecture decisions and will keep user
issues at the forefront of design decisions.
KNIS Architecture Working Groups are an additional decision mechanism which will also
be used to enable the best coordinated advice from technologists. Working groups are to
be chartered as required and will be empowered with terms of reference approved by the
SUSA Architecture Executive Council.
Working groups may be chartered to work on specific issues, however, at least two are
envisioned to be of extended duration: The KNIS Architecture design working group and
the KNIS Data Working Group. Additionally, although this is the governance process for
technology issues, there are key processes underway in the higher level KNIS governance
structure for other critical topics including issue frames and measurements. SUSA
leadership has noted that the complex interrelationships between issue frames,
measurements and data issues can lead to ambiguity by those working the issue and will
work to ensure leadership of these working groups are in constant communication to
ensure this ambiguity is reduced.
The KNIS Architecture Design Working Group will be assigned responsibility for
maintaining each chapter of the KNIS enterprise architecture and will work to keep the
architecture aligned with the KNIS vision, coordinated with the community and relevant for
designers.
The KNIS Data Working Group will work technical data issues among public and private
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data providers, data consumers and designers. This group will also maintain and update
the data section of the SUSA enterprise architecture.
Each working group charter will spell out their role in capability certification, which is a
mechanism the CEO will be able to use to grant approval for capability roll-out. SUSA
intends on using ITIL v3 as a framework for operations and maintenance and artifacts
required by ITIL will be provided by working groups prior to capabilities being certified as
ready to run. ISO standards for business process certification will also be used where
appropriate.
Oversight/Execution/Feedback
Decisions regarding architecture of the KNIS will be promulgated by the CEO and
compliance ensured by effective communication to all involved and monitoring to ensure
execution. It is the intent of SUSA to ensure dialog and evaluation of multiple courses of
action in architectural decisions, and mechanisms will be put in place to surface competing
ideas.
Issue Areas, Culture, Standards and Data Mechanisms
The KNIS architecture governance structure and process must cover a broad range of
issue areas covering many stakeholders, information consumers and data providers. The
scope of this effort means open collaboration and coordination and open processes are
key. The governance team will ensure transparency at all levels to assist in broad input and
involvement by all able to contribute.
Architecture, Design Guidance, Implementation Directives
The KNIS architecture governance process relies on broad understanding, continuous
feedback and dialog. Therefore a key operating concept of KNIS architecture governance
is to provide all architectural artifacts in openly sharable formats for all stakeholders, from
users to data providers to developers to architects, to review and provide input on.
Additionally, a KNIS should provide virtualized instances of the KNIS capability for
developer use. The provisioning of these virtualized instances will be provided upon
approval of the KNIS CTO as resources allow.
Contributing Back to the Open Source Community
The KNIS architecture is designed with the meta-requirement of usability, and it is user
focused. This has driven an approach that is open in many ways, including a strong bias
towards open source software. Wherever possible it is our intention of sharing back with
the Open Source community. One early way to do that will be in providing use cases
showing ways a KNIS is implementing open source. When possible we will also share back
suggestions for code improvements and contribute in other ways. KNIS interactions with
the open source community will be under the umbrella of the KNIS architectural
governance structure and coordinated by the KNIS CTO.
Calling Process
Application
Code
Service Interface
Service API Service
network call
Service Implementation
Proxy
Service Process
A well designed service does one thing and does it really well. Combining unrelated
business functionality into a single service is confusing to users and makes it hard to
evolve related services in a consistent manner. In contrast, having a service implement just
one business operation is wasteful due to the added overhead associated with the
deployment and management of a service.
A good measure of how well a service is designed is the number of interfaces it supports in
its API. As illustrated in Figure 7, a well designed service should have only one or two
business-related interfaces, a monitoring interface, and a configuration interface for remote
administration.
network call
network call
Business Interface Monitoring Interface Configuration Interface
Service
Implementation
Service Process
The business interface is called via proxy code that is integrated with the part of the
application used by the end-user. The monitoring and configuration interfaces would be
called via proxy code that is integrated with the part of the application (or a general
monitoring and administration program) that is used by the system administrators. If the
application is running in a portal, both interfaces may be made available by the portal at
different times to different users based on their current roles.
Shared Services
Some services provide business functionality that is general enough to be useful across
multiple applications. These are called shared services. See Figure 8.
Applications that leverage shared services have the potential to realize several business
benefits:
- Reduced time to market; integrating existing services, rather than developing
redundant code, speeds application development and enables upgrades to better
deliver consistent results
- Reduced total cost of ownership; costs for implementing and maintaining the
service are assumed by the service provider rather than the service consumer; as
new features are added to these services, consumers realize increased functionality
at little cost
The benefits of shared services come at a cost. Shared services have more dependencies
on them and require more care when upgrading implementations or changing interfaces.
network call
network call
Business Interface
Service
Implementation
Service Process
2. Other large scalable systems serving users with dynamic issue relevant data include Wikipedia. The core Wikipedia database consists
of 163Gig of text. For more info relevant for comparisons see
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Technical#How_big_is_the_database.3F
Data Curation
Upon import of source data, the KNIS architecture will support the creation of multiple
dynamic data labels for each data element to support finding data in multiple ways, but
each data element will have consistent names on the key label. The system and
associated processes must allow for both manual and automatic labeling. In addition, the
curation/import process must support the mapping of source data labels to existing KNIS
labels and normalization of benign data labels such as date formats.
Data Source Lists
The KNIS architecture must support the storing and processing of source data identification
tables to include:
Data source feed location
Data refresh rate
Data rights (store locally, syndicate)
Data label history (complete history of all labels applied to any given data element)
Data Registry
A data registry is ―a system of record that provides unique identifiers and required key
descriptors for discrete business objects.‖ We extend this definition to require data
registries also to provide a published service API that is application domain specific. As
with other business services the API encapsulates business rules for data validation and
insulates application components from the data management system that implements the
API (such as a database). In this case, the components are those that use the business
processing tier data registry.
Content Management Systems
A content management system (CMS) is a specialized application for creating, editing,
storing, accessing, and distributing structured content (and user comments). Content is, in
essence, any type of digital information – it can be text, images, graphics, video, sound,
etc.
CMSs are distinct from document management systems (DMSs), where the managed
entity is a complete document with specific name, size, and content – documents are
Interaction Applicability
response.
Middleware, such as queues, should also be used for synchronous communication when
multiple instances of an application or service may respond to a request and load
balancing or high availability are necessary. When supported by the API, time-outs must be
employed to avoid calls from blocking forever when there is no response.
Indirect integration for synchronous interaction is also applicable when direct access is
blocked by a firewall. In such situations the synchronous access is facilitated by an
intermediary, such as a synchronous messaging server.
If the application requires guaranteed delivery of information or must broadcast or multicast
information (i.e., send information to multiple recipients at the same time) it should use
indirect integration facilitated by middleware such as a message broker. Most
asynchronous interaction should take place indirectly via middleware to leverage the
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Figure 7: Indirect Synchronous Integration
guaranteed delivery (sometimes referred to as ―fire and forget‖) and decoupled nature of
such interaction.
6 A native XML database is one that stores XML documents in its native form without decomposing it.
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Choose a directory server solution if the application has many of the following
characteristics:
- Relatively low write to read ratio (low W/R – lots of lookups and occasional
changes to lots of data such as user profile data, application configuration data, etc.)
- Dynamic discovery of resources
- Data published to a large number of users in many different locations while
maintained in a loosely consistent state
- Infrastructure for centralizing user, resource, and security information replication
- Little or no reporting requirements
- Runtime resource provisioning such as network bandwidth allocation
- Support for multi-valued attributes
- Flexibility for schema modifications
- Suitable for distributed infrastructure needs, due to features such as chaining and
referral
Choose a file system solution for logging.
Applications that employ directory servers must use the KNIS's enterprise directory server
setup. An application may not have its own dedicated directory server, unless required for
a vendor product and/or an exception is granted.
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)
After identifying the system and/or technology for the data resource tier, the development
team must choose the data-access APIs.
Java applications must interact with RDBMS using JDBC API. This requires:
1. Loading an appropriate JDBC driver
2. Creating a connection or a pool of connections
3. Creating and executing SQL statements that return result sets
4. Closing the statement
5. Closing the connection or releasing it to the pool for reuse (optional)
JDBC drivers manage connectivity to the RDBMS and provide support for caching result
sets.
J2EE (Web and EJB) containers provide connectivity to data resources, including
connection pooling and transactional semantics; the development team does not need to
code this function.
Data Storage
Data can be stored in the cloud and locally. To allow for scale, the KNIS can utilize
advanced cloud platforms for data storage using a blended approach of storing some core
data in the cloud.
OSI model
7. Application Layer
NNTP · SIP · DNS · FTP · HTTP · NFS · NTP · SMPP · SMTP ·DHCP · SNMP
6. Presentation Layer
5. Session Layer
4. Transport Layer
TCP · UDP ·
3. Network Layer
ARP · Ethernet
1. Physical Layer
802.11 · USB
This document – Version 0.1 -- was produced by the SUSA architecture team. Your input
and ideas for improvement are strongly desired.
or
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