Subject of GTAW Stainless steel duplex

Optimization of the pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding

(PCGTAW) parameters for corrosion resistance of super duplex
stainless steel (UNS S32760) welds using the Taguchi method
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011, Pages 782-788

Abstract: In the present work, a design of experiment (DOE) technique, the Taguchi
method, has been used to optimize the pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding
(PCGTAW) parameters for the corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steel
(UNS S32760) welds. A L9 (34) orthogonal array (OA) of Taguchi design which involves
nine experiments for four parameters (pulse current, background current, % on time, pulse
frequency) with three levels was used. Corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl solution was
evaluated by anodic polarization tests at room temperature. Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) is performed on the measured data and S/N (signal to noise) ratios.
The higher the better response category was selected to obtain optimum conditions. The
optimum conditions providing the highest pitting potential were estimated. The optimum
conditions were found as the second level of pulse current (120 A), second
level of background current (60 A), third level of % on time (80) and third
level of pulse frequency (5 Hz). Under these conditions, pitting potential was
predicted as 1.04 VSCE that was very close to the observed value of
1.06 VSCE. As a result of Taguchi analysis in this study, the pulse current was
the most influencing parameter on the corrosion resistance and the background current had
the next most significant effect. The percentage contributions of pulse current, background
current, % on time, and pulse frequency to the corrosion resistance are 66.28%, 25.97%,
2.71% and 5.04%, respectively. Consequently, the Taguchi method was found to be
promising technique to obtain the optimum conditions for such studies. Moreover, the
experimental results obtained confirm the adequacy and effectiveness of this approach.

1
Optimization of the pulsed current gas tungsten arc
welding (PCGTAW) parameters for corrosion resistance of
super duplex stainless steel (UNS S32760) welds using the
Taguchi method
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011, Pages 782-788

Abstract: In the present work, a design of experiment (DOE) technique, the Taguchi method, has been
used to optimize the pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW) parameters for the corrosion
resistance of super duplex stainless steel (UNS S32760) welds. A L9 (34) orthogonal array (OA) of
Taguchi design which involves nine experiments for four parameters (pulse current, background current,
% on time, pulse frequency) with three levels was used. Corrosion resistance in 3.5%NaCl solution was
evaluated by anodic polarization tests at room temperature. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed
on the measured data and S/N (signal to noise) ratios. The higher the better response category was
selected to obtain optimum conditions. The optimum conditions providing the highest pitting potential
were estimated. The optimum conditions were found as the second level of pulse current
(120 A), second level of background current (60 A), third level of % on time (80)
and third level of pulse frequency (5 Hz). Under these conditions, pitting potential was
predicted as 1.04 VSCE that was very close to the observed value of 1.06 VSCE.
As a result of Taguchi analysis in this study, the pulse current was the most influencing parameter on the
corrosion resistance and the background current had the next most significant effect. The percentage
contributions of pulse current, background current, % on time, and pulse frequency to the corrosion
resistance are 66.28%, 25.97%, 2.71% and 5.04%, respectively. Consequently, the Taguchi method was
found to be promising technique to obtain the optimum conditions for such studies. Moreover, the
experimental results obtained confirm the adequacy and effectiveness of this approach.

Study of the characteristics of duplex stainless steel

activated tungsten inert gas welds
Materials & Design, 2011, Pages 255-263

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the specific fluxes used in the tungsten
inert gas (TIG) process on surface appearance, weld morphology, angular distortion, mechanical
properties, and microstructures when welding 6 mm thick duplex stainless steel. This study
applies a novel variant of the autogenous TIG welding, using oxide powders (TiO2, MnO2, SiO2, MoO3,
and Cr2O3), to grade 2205 stainless steel through a thin layer of the flux to produce a bead-on-plate joint.
Experimental results indicate that using SiO2, MoO3, and Cr2O3 fluxes leads to a significant increase in
the penetration capability of TIG welds. The activated TIG process can increase the joint penetration and
the weld depth-to-width ratio, and tends to reduce the angular distortion of grade 2205 stainless steel
weldment. The welded joint also exhibited greater mechanical strength. These results suggest that the
plasma column and the anode root are a mechanism for determining the morphology of activated TIG
welds.

2
TIG (AA-TIG) welding on crystallographic orientation
relationship of duplex stainless steel weld - Proceedings of
the 1st International Joint Symposium on Joining and
Welding - Effect of oxygen in shielding gas of advanced A
Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Symposium on Joining and Welding, 2013, Pages 517-521

Abstract: The duplex stainless steel, SUS329J4L, was welded using the double-shielded advanced A-TIG
(AA-TIG) welding method. The experimental condition was changed by altering the oxygen content in
the outer shielding gas, while the inner gas remained pure argon. The effect of oxygen was investigated
with respect to the oxide distribution and the orientation relationship between the ferrite and the austenite
phases in the fusion zone. The results showed that the orientation relationship as well as the number
density of the oxide changed whether there was oxygen in the shielding gas or not.

Studies on weldability of iron-based powder metal alloys

using pulsed gas tungsten arc welding process
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2009, Pages 3937-3942

Abstract: The extended use of powder metal components can be improved by the use of welding joining
methods. This work investigates the weldability of iron-based powder metal alloys (Fe–Ni, Fe–Ni–P
alloys) using the pulsed gas tungsten arc welding process (GTAW) with three different filler metals
(AWS R 70S-6, AWS R 309L, AWS R Fe–Ni). Results revealed that the Fe–Ni powder metal alloy does
not present any metallurgical difficulty concerning the weldability for all types of filler metal studied. The
Fe–Ni–P powder metal alloy, microstructural examinations showed that, despite its high content of
phosphorus (0.25 wt%), the utilization of pulsed GTAW process with stainless steel 309L
filler metal resulted in welds free of porosities and solidification cracks. Metallographics examinations
suggest that the absence of solidification cracks in this alloy can be mainly attributed to the presence of
delta ferrite in the stainless steel weld metal which absorbed part of the phosphorus and significantly
reduced the formation of the Fe3P low-melting eutectic in the weld pool during cooling. In contrast,
solidification cracks were observed when joining the Fe–Ni–P powder metal alloy using RFe–NI and
R70S-6 filler metals. Hardness tests carried out indicated a heat affected zone (HAZ) with no excessive
hardening for all alloys studied. Furthermore, tensile tests showed that the fractures always occurred in
the base metal with tensile strength slightly superior to the value of unwelded samples. As a result, this
investigation showed the feasibility of joining iron-based powder metal alloys by the pulsed GTAW
process since a rigid control of the heat input is implemented together with an adequate choice of the
filler metal, especially when welding the Fe–Ni–P alloy.

3
Effect of dual torch technique on duplex stainless steel
welds
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2003, Pages 274-282

Abstract: Duplex stainless steels are characterized by balanced ferrite/austenite microstructures and are
well known for their superior corrosion resistance and higher strength compared with the common
austenitic stainless steels. One major concern, however, is that welding might degrade the corrosion
resistance by producing unbalanced phase content, detrimental precipitates, and possible embrittlement of
the weldment. In this paper, a dual-torch arc welding technique (plasma torch followed by a gas tungsten
arc (GTA) torch) was proposed. Effects of the dual-torch technique on the microstructural changes and
corrosion properties were investigated. The preliminary study indicated that a correlation between the
welding parameters and the microstructural changes and corrosion resistance existed. It was found that
the corrosion rate increases with increasing torch pitch and/or decreasing GTA welding current. By
adjusting the distance between the torches, modification of weld microstructure may be realized.
Although further studies are required to fine-tune the technique, the present study demonstrated the
potential of using dual torch technique to improve weldability of duplex stainless steels.

Comparative Studies of High and Low Frequency

Pulsing on the Aspect Ratio of Weld Bead in Gas
Tungsten Arc Welded AISI 304L Plates
Procedia Engineering, 2014, Pages 871-880

Abstract: This research article presents the optimization of process parameters for pulsed current gas
tungsten arc welded austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L of 4 mm thickness. Investigations
were carried out to study the effect of frequency with respect to penetration and bead width to penetration
ratio (Aspect Ratio).Three level 4 factor Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to carry out the bead on
plate welds. Taguchi analysis was done for main effects plot to optimize the process parameters and
ANOVA was used to find the percentage contribution of each factor and their responses. The key findings
of the article elucidated that full penetration with optimized aspect ratio could be achieved on employing
high frequency pulsing.

4
Hydrogen absorption of different welded duplex steels
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, Pages 4368-4374

Abstract: In this study, hydrogen absorption and storage was investigated for various high-alloyed
ferritic–austenitic duplex stainless steels. On account of the specific transformation and solidification
behaviour, respectively, of duplex stainless steels as compared to single-phase ferritic and austenitic
steels, special conditions have to be considered concerning hydrogen absorption which may ultimately
lead to microstructure-dependent hydrogen-assisted weld metal cracking. Hydrogen absorption during
welding may occur via the shielding gas, moisture from the surroundings or via the welding filler
material. As a contribution to the interpretation and prediction of hydrogen-induced cracking in welded
duplex stainless steels, the actual hydrogen absorption via the arc as well as the weld metal hydrogen
diffusion was investigated in a duplex stainless steel DSS (1.4462) and in a lean-duplex stainless steel
LDS (1.4162). Isothermal heat treatment using carrier gas hot extraction enabled quantification of the
amounts of hydrogen trapped in the respective microstructures. The total hydrogen concentrations were
found to be nearly identical. Trapped hydrogen was however observed to be dependent on the material
and on the microstructure condition. The influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of the weld
metal was characterized with the help of tensile tests. In addition, hydrogen embrittlement was detected in
scanning electron microscopic analyses

Influence of Heat Input in Pulsed Current GTAW

Process on Microstructure and Corrosion
Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steel Welds
Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, 2011, Pages 65-69

Abstract: The high corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel (DSS) is due to elements such as Cr, Mo
and N, but also depends on the microstructure. The best general properties are obtained with
approximately equal amounts of austenite and ferrite and the absence of third phases such as σ (sigma)
and Cr2 N. In the present work the effect of heat input variations on the microstructure and corrosion
resistance of a DSS UNS S32760 in artificial sea water media were studied. The corrosion resistance in 3.
5% of NaCl solution was evaluated by potentiostatic polarization tests at room temperature. It is found
that the presence of sigma phase and Cr2 N decreases the corrosion potential. The specimen with heat
input of approximately 0.95 kJ/mm have the best corrosion characteristics, which is the result for the lack
of deleterious phases such as sigma and Cr2 N and balanced ferrite-austenite proportion.

5
Mechanical properties of advanced active-TIG welded
duplex stainless steel and ferrite steel
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2015, Pages 140-148

Abstract: Duplex stainless steel and ferrite steel were welded by the advanced active-TIG (AA-TIG)
welding method at different oxygen contents in the shielding gas. A double-shielded gas flow system was
used and the oxygen content in the outer shielding gas was altered to several levels. With the increase of
the oxygen content in the shielding gas, the weld penetrations in both steels increased; whereas the
change in the impact toughness of the weld metal was strongly dependent on the type of steel. The impact
toughness of the duplex stainless steel remained almost constant, while that of the ferrite steel was
significantly decreased with the increase in the oxygen content. This difference can be linked with the
change in the fracture pass along with the difference in the microstructure.

Characterization of microstructure, chemical composition,

corrosion resistance and toughness of a multipass weld
joint of superduplex stainless steel UNS S32750
Materials Characterization, 2007, Pages 610-616

Abstract: The superduplex stainless steels have an austeno-ferritic microstructure with an average fraction
of each phase of approximately 50%. This duplex microstructure improves simultaneously the mechanical
properties and corrosion resistance. Welding of these steels is often a critical operation. In this paper we
focus on characterization and analysis of a multipass weld joint of UNS S32750 steel prepared using
welding conditions equal to industrial standards. The toughness and corrosion resistance properties of the
base metal, root pass welded with gas tungsten arc welding, as well as the filler passes, welded with
shielded metal arc welding, were evaluated. The microstructure and chemical composition of the selected
areas were also determined and correlated to the corrosion and mechanical properties. The root pass was
welded with low nickel filler metal and, as a consequence, presented low austenite content and significant
precipitation. This precipitation is reflected in the corrosion and mechanical properties. The filler passes
presented an adequate ferrite:austenite proportion but, due to their high oxygen content, the toughness
was lower than that of the root pass. Corrosion properties were evaluated by cyclic polarization tests in
3.5% NaCl and H2SO4 media.

6
Phase transformation and mechanical behavior in annealed
2205 duplex stainless steel welds
Materials Characterization, 2008, Pages 447-453

Abstract: The phase transformations and mechanical behaviour during welding and subsequent annealing
treatment of 2205 duplex stainless steel have been investigated. Detailed microstructural examination
showed the presence of higher ferrite amounts in the heat affected zone (HAZ), while higher amounts of
austenite were recorded in the centre region of the weld metal. Annealing treatments in the temperature
range of 800–1000 °C resulted in a precipitation of σ phase and M23C6
chromium carbides at the γ/δ interfaces that were found to be preferential precipitation sites. Above
1050 °C, the volume fraction of δ ferrite increases with annealing temperature.
The increase of δ ferrite occurs at a faster rate in the HAZ than in the base metal and fusion zone. Optimal
mechanical properties and an acceptable ferrite/austenite ratio throughout the weld regions corresponds to
annealing at 1050 °C. Fractographic examinations showed that the mode of failure
changed from quasi-cleavage fracture to dimple rupture with an increase in the annealing temperature
from 850 to 1050 °C.

Weld failure analysis of 2205 duplex stainless steel nozzle

Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis, 2014, Pages 69-75

Abstract: Failure analyses of weld joint between the nozzle and the head of the reactor made of 2205
duplex stainless steel was performed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). Cracks were found in HAZ of the weld. The depth of the cracks is equal to the thickness of the
inner weld. Localized uneven distribution of ferrite/austenite with 80–90% ferrite in weld is found.
Results show that the cracks occurred along columnar granular with cleavage fracture. Poor weld process
probably results in these cracks.

Effects of solution heat-treatment and nitrogen in shielding

gas on the resistance to pitting corrosion of hyper duplex
stainless steel welds
Corrosion Science, 2011, Pages 1939-1947

Abstract: The effects of solution heat-treatment and shielding gas on the pitting corrosion of hyper duplex
stainless steel (HDSS) welds were investigated in highly concentrated chloride environments. The pitting
resistance of a solution heat-treated HDSS after welding with an Ar shielding gas supplemented with N2
was greatly increased due to the dissolution of Cr2N in α-phase, which followed the diffusion of N atoms
from the α-phase to the γ-phase and an increase of the γ-phase in the weld metal and heat affected zone. It
was also attributed to a decrease of the pitting resistance equivalent number difference between the two
phases.

7
Characteristics of surface layer of sintered stainless steels
after remelting using GTAW method
Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 2014, Pages 425-432

Abstract: The study presents the results of the investigations concerning the effect of remelting using gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process on the microstructure and selected properties of the surface layer
in sintered multi-phase steels obtained from powders of 304L and 434L steels. The effect of surface
treatment was evaluated based on macro- and microstructural observations, EDS analysis, X-ray phase
analysis and measurements of surface roughness and microhardness. It was found that remelting of
surface layer leads to elimination of open porosity and homogenization of the structure, which was
confirmed by microscopic observations and microhardness tests. A cellular or mixed cellular and
dendritic structure was formed in the remelted zone in the sinters. Growth of columnar crystals occurred
along the direction of heat transfer. Using the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the authors found
higher concentration of alloy elements in the intercellular zones compared to cell cores. X-ray analysis
demonstrated that the remelting used is conducive to formation of the austenitic phase in the remelted
material.

Effect of nitrogen content and retained ferrite on the

residual stress in austenitic stainless steel weldments
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2001, Pages 165-171

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of added nitrogen to the argon shielding gas
and retained ferrite on the residual stress in austenitic stainless steel weldment by using autogenous gas
tungsten arc welding. The base metal of type 316L and 310 stainless steels were used in these
experiments. During welding, the thermal cycles of different locations in the weldment were recorded.
The residual stresses were determined by using the hole-drilling strain-gage method of ASTM standard
E837. The depth-to-width ratio was observed with an optical microscope. A thermomechanical analyzer
(TMA) was used to analyze the thermal contraction during the solidification process in investigated
materials. A ferrite-scope was used to measure the ferrite number for each weldment. To study the
variation of ferrite content from weld metal to heat-affected zone, an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer
(EPMA) was employed to analyze the nitrogen content within the weld metal. The experimental results
show that the cross-sectional area of weld metal increased with increased nitrogen content in the shielding
gas. The 4% nitrogen addition has a minimum depth-to-width ratio value. The low heat input condition
has higher retained ferrite content than the high heat input condition when the level of nitrogen in the
shielding gas does not exceed 2%. During solidification, the thermal contraction can be moderated by the
expansion of δ-ferrite. Therefore, the dual phase structure that δ-ferrite retains within the austenite matrix
has lower residual stress in comparison with the single austenite phase matrix.

8
Study on the effects of pulsed TIG welding parameters on
delta-ferrite content, shape factor and bead quality in
orbital welding of AISI 316L stainless steel plate
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2001, Pages 233-238

Abstract: The TIG pulse welding parameters of AISI 316L stainless steel plate of 3 mm
thickness at the welding positions of 6–12 h were investigated. The weld bead profiles
corresponded to DIN 8563 class BS. The studied parameters were welding speed, pulse/base currents,
pulse frequency, and % on time. Pure argon and argon with nitrogen contents of 1–4 vol.%
were used as shielding gas with a flow rate of 8 l/min at both the top and the back sides of
welds. Preliminary welding results at the 6 h welding position showed that the appropriate
parameters were: base current of 61 A, pulse frequency of 5 Hz, and 65% on
time. With these constant parameters the effects of welding speeds of 2–8 mm/s and nitrogen
contents of 0–4 vol.% in argon shielding gas on pulse currents were examined to attain
acceptable weld bead profile corresponding to DIN 8563 class BS with complete penetration. The results
showed that the lowest pulse currents were observed at the 9 h welding position. Increasing
nitrogen content in argon gas decreases the pulse currents. At the welding positions of 6 and
12 h, the maximum welding speed is limited to 6 mm/s, and with a welding speed
of 7 mm/s the formation of slag inclusion at the top of weld metal was observed. The
maximum welding speed of 5 mm/s is found for the welding positions of 8, 9,
10 h, but the welding speed of 6 mm/s is not applicable because of incomplete
filled groove. The depth/width ratios (D/W) are between 0.34 and 0.40. Increasing welding speed
decreases in the weld width and increases in the D/W ratio. The delta-ferrite contents of the weld metal
are about 6–10 vol.%, and are minimum at the welding position of 9 h, because of
the high nitrogen content of the cover gas and lowest pulse currents compared to all other welding
positions. Radiography showed acceptable weld beads free of porosity.

Fracture toughness of a welded duplex stainless steel

Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2006, Pages 377-390

Abstract: The present work includes fracture toughness testing on 30 and 50 mm thick duplex
stainless steel 2205 (22% Cr, 5.5% Ni, 3% Mo, 0.15% N). Base metal and submerged arc weldments
(SAW) at subzero temperatures have been tested using full size three point bending. The evaluation of the
results has been carried out using J-integral calculations and correlations to Charpy impact values. It is
shown that the temperature dependence of the fracture toughness can be described by a transition
temperature curve, the master curve. The reference temperature was evaluated to −143 and
−101 °C for base and weld material respectively.

9
Growth kinetics of secondary austenite in the welding
microstructure of a UNS S32304 duplex stainless steel
Acta Materialia, 2006, Pages 3321-3331

Abstract: A thermodynamic and kinetic assessment was made of secondary austenite (γ2) growth in the
welding microstructure of a UNS S32304 duplex stainless steel during reheat cycles, between 900 and
1250 °C. Calphad-based numerical simulation and analytical electron microscopy
characterization analyses were performed. A non-monotonic relationship between the proportion of γ2
and reheating temperature was observed, a maximum γ2 fraction being attained at
∼1050 °C. γ2 formed at higher reheating temperatures (above
∼1100 °C) displayed an outer shell rich in chromium and nitrogen and a core
region depleted in these alloying elements; in contrast, γ2 formed at lower reheating temperatures (under
∼1000 °C) displayed almost homogeneous chemical composition.

Study on solid-phase welding of duplex stainless steel with

carbon steel based on superplasticity and consideration of
the cyclic fatigue fracture behavior
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2009, Pages 599-603

Abstract: In this study, we have attempted the solid-phase welding of superplastic duplex stainless steel
(SPDSS) with carbon steel that has a carbon content of 0.43 wt% (S45C). The welding was
performed at 1373 K. The ultimate tensile strength of the welded specimen increases with the
welding time and becomes approximately the same as that of S45C for a welding time above
220 s. And the carbon contents of the interface between both materials change. The carbon
content of S45C decreases, while that of SPDSS increases in the region near the interface. Considering
from these result, the carbon in S45C diffuses into SPDSS. Then we have investigated cyclic fatigue
fracture of the welded specimen. The crack initiates in the decarburized layer of the S45C section of the
interface. When the crack propagates the interface, the crack extended drastically. Cyclic fatigue fracture
property is similar to that of low carbon steel that has a carbon content of 0.1 wt%. On the
basis of these results, we can conclude that SPDSS can be suitably used for solid-phase welding of carbon
steel in a short-duration.

Effect of nickel and nitrogen addition on the microstructure

and mechanical properties of power beam processed duplex
stainless steel (UNS 31803) weld metals
Materials Letters, 2005, Pages 2305-2309

Abstract: The joining of duplex stainless steel was attempted by electron beam and laser beam welding,
introducing nickel and nitrogen into the weld metals by different means. The addition of nickel and
nitrogen has a significant role on the microstructure, phase balance and impact toughness, but it seems to
have no appreciable influence on hardness.
10
Microstructural characterization of simulated heat affected
zone in a nitrogen-containing 2205 duplex stainless steel
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2002, Pages 166-181

Abstract: In order to investigate the microstructural evolution in a nitrogen-bearing 2205 duplex stainless
steels (DSS) during welding, a simulated weld thermal cycle with 5 kJ cm−1 heat input followed by
exposure at 700 °C for different time intervals was performed. The microstructure
of high-temperature heat affected zone (HTHAZ) developed with the thermal experience was
characterized via optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The duplex
structure with equivalent phase components was drastically destroyed by the rapid thermal cycle. In the
simulated HTHAZ structure, three different morphologies of newly formed austenite were observed in the
coarse-grained δ-ferrite matrix; i.e. allotriomorphic austenite, Widmanstäten autenite and
intragranularly nucleated autenite. During the exposure at 700 °C, the
intragranularly nucleated austenite got coarse and the Widmanstäten austenite grew
progressively. TEM revealed that several variants of rod-like Cr2N were precipitated selectively at
intragranular and intergranular sites. From the analyses of diffraction patterns of TEM, Kurdjumov–Sachs
orientation relationship was found to describe the interface between intragranularly nucleated autenite and
δ-ferrite, while Pitch–Schrader orientation relationship to describe the disposition between hexagonal
Cr2N precipitates and δ-ferrite matrix.

The effect of short time post-weld heat treatment on the

fatigue crack growth of 2205 duplex stainless steel welds
International Journal of Fatigue, 2007, Pages 2155-2162
Abstract: The influence of γ content and its morphology on the impact and fatigue crack growth behavior
of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) welds were studied in this work. Short time post-heating was able to
effectively raise the γ content and the impact toughness of the weld. The variation in microstructures
showed less influence on the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) of the steel plate and weld except in the
low ΔK regime. In contrast, residual welding stresses played a more significant affection on the FCGR of
the DSS weld than microstructural factors did. Plastic deformation induced martensitic transformation
within a definitely thin layer was responsible for the difference in crack growth behavior between
specimens in the low ΔK range. Coarse columnar structure was more likely to have tortuous crack path in
comparison with the steel plate.

11
Optimization of the pulsed current gas tungsten arc
welding (PCGTAW) parameters for corrosion resistance of
super duplex stainless steel (UNS S32760) welds using the
Taguchi method
 M. Yousefieh1, ,

 M. Shamanian, ,

 A. Saatchi

Abstract

In the present work, a design of experiment (DOE) technique, the Taguchi method, has been used to optimize the
pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW) parameters for the corrosion resistance of super duplex
stainless steel (UNS S32760) welds. A L9 (34) orthogonal array (OA) of Taguchi design which involves nine
experiments for four parameters (pulse current, background current, % on time, pulse frequency) with three
levels was used. Corrosion resistance in 3.5%NaCl solution was evaluated by anodic polarization tests at room
temperature. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed on the measured data and S/N (signal to noise) ratios.
The higher the better response category was selected to obtain optimum conditions. The optimum conditions
providing the highest pitting potential were estimated. The optimum conditions were found as the second level of
pulse current (120 A), second level of background current (60 A), third level of % on time (80) and third level of
pulse frequency (5 Hz). Under these conditions, pitting potential was predicted as 1.04 VSCE that was very close to
the observed value of 1.06 VSCE. As a result of Taguchi analysis in this study, the pulse current was the most
influencing parameter on the corrosion resistance and the background current had the next most significant
effect. The percentage contributions of pulse current, background current, % on time, and pulse frequency to the
corrosion resistance are 66.28%, 25.97%, 2.71% and 5.04%, respectively. Consequently, the Taguchi method was
found to be promising technique to obtain the optimum conditions for such studies. Moreover, the experimental
results obtained confirm the adequacy and effectiveness of this approach.

Research highlights

▶ Among the four factors and three levels tested, it was concluded that the pulse current had the most significant
effect on the pitting potential and the background current had the next most significant effect. The effects of
pulse frequency and % on time are less important when compared to the other factors. ▶ The percentage
contributions of the pulse current, the background current, % on time, and pulse frequency to the corrosion
resistance are 66.28%, 25.97%, 2.71% and 5.04%, respectively. ▶ The optimum conditions within the selected
parameter values were found as the second level of pulse current (120 A), second level of background current
(60 A), third level of % on time (80%) and third level of pulse frequency (5 Hz). ▶ The confirmation test was carried
out at optimum working conditions. Pitting potential was increased to 1.06 VSCE by setting the control factors.
Predicted (1.04 VSCE) and observed (1.06 VSCE) pitting potential values are close to each other, which are the
highest values obtained in the present study.

12
Effect of optimal weld parameters in the microstructure
and mechanical properties of autogeneous gas tungsten arc
weldments of super-duplex stainless steel UNS S32750
 K. Devendranath Ramkumara, , ,

 Debidutta Mishraa,

 B. Ganesh Raja,

 M.K. Vignesha,

 G. Thiruvengatama,

 S.P. Sudharshana,

 N. Arivazhagana,

 N. Sivashanmugamb,

 Arul Maximus Rabelc

Abstract

The present study reported the optimization of process parameters such as current and welding speed to achieve
maximum penetration in the bead on plate Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of super-duplex stainless steel
thick plates by autogeneous-automatic mode. Two factor three level Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was employed
to determine the maximum penetration. A maximum penetration of 3.4439 mm with a heat input of 1.17 kJ/mm
was obtained on employing a current of 250 A and a welding speed of 150 mm/min. Experimental investigations
including microstructure and mechanical properties characterization of the weldments were determined from the
established optimal parameters. The results showed that the tensile strength and the impact toughness of the
joints obtained from autogeneous GTAW process were found to be 851 MPa and 150 J respectively.

13
Effect of current type on microstructure and corrosion
resistance of super duplex stainless steel claddings
produced by the gas tungsten arc welding process
 Abbas Eghlimi,

 Morteza Shamanian, ,

 Keyvan Raeissi

Abstract

In this research, super duplex stainless steel filler metals were clad on high strength low alloy steel substrates by
the tungsten arc welding process using pulsed and constant currents. To characterize the pulsed current effect,
the phase composition and microstructure of the claddings were compared, and the corrosion behavior of the
claddings was evaluated using cyclic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and critical pitting
temperature measurements. The results showed that the slower cooling rate of the constant current cladding led
to a higher total reformed austenite content and better corrosion resistance. It was also found that the formation
of thermally-activated secondary austenite did not influence the corrosion behavior significantly. The
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that the passive film formed on the pulsed current cladding
was more defective. The constant current cladding also showed ten degree higher critical pitting temperature
than the one which was produced by pulsed current.

Weld oxide formation on lean duplex stainless steel

E.M. Westin a,*, C.-O.A. Olsson a, S. Hertzman b

Corrosion Science, 2008, Pages 2620-2634

Abstract: Weld oxides have a strong influence on corrosion resistance, but have hitherto only been
studied to a limited extent for duplex stainless steels. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has here
been used to study heat tint formed on gas tungsten arc (GTA) welds on the commercial duplex grades
LDX 2101 (EN 1.4162/UNS S32101) and 2304 (EN 1.4362/UNS S32304) welded with and without
nitrogen additions to the shielding gas. The process of heat tint formation is discussed in terms of
transport phenomena to explain the effect of atmosphere, temperature and composition. The oxides
formed were found to be enriched in manganese and corrosion testing shows that nitrogen has a strong
influence on the weld oxide. A mechanism is proposed including evaporation from the weld pool and
subsequent redeposition.

14
 ‫بهینه سازی و تاثیر پارامترهای پالسی در جوشکاری قوسی تنگستن ‪ -‬گاز بر رفتار‬
‫خوردگی مقاطع جوش فوالدهای زنگ نزن سوپر دو فازی به کمک روش تاگوچی‬

‫پایاننامه ‪.‬وزارت علوم‪ ،‬تحقیقات و فناوری ‪ -‬دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان ‪ . 1389 .‬کارشناسی ارشد‬
‫موضوع ‪:‬فنی و مهندسی > مهندسی و علم مواد ‪ -‬جوشکاری ‪ -‬خوردگی‬
‫استاد راهنما ‪:‬احمد ساعتچی |استاد مشاور ‪:‬محمد علی گلعذار |دانشجو ‪:‬محمد یوسفیه‬
‫در این پژوهش‪ ،‬از یک تکنیک طراحی آماری آزمایش )‪ (DOE‬تحت عنوان روش تاگوچی جهت بهینه سازی‬
‫پارامترهای موثر بر مقاومت به خوردگی فوالدهای زنگ نزن سوپر دوفازی)‪ (UNS S32760‬در جوشکاری‬
‫قوسی تنگستن – گاز از طریق جریان پالسی )‪ (PCGTAW‬استفاده شده است‪ .‬همچنین در این تحقیق‪ ،‬تاثیر عملیات‬
‫حرارتی آنیل مرحله ای بر ریز ساختار و مقاومت به خوردگی حفره ای در قطعات جوش فوالدهای زنگ نزن‬
‫سوپر دوفازی ‪ UNS S32760‬مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است ‪.‬‬

‫تأثیر حرارت ورودی بر ریزساختار و رفتار خوردگی فلز جوش در جوشکاری قوس‬
‫تنگستن ‪ -‬گاز فوالد زنگ نزن سوپر دوفازی ‪UNS S32750‬‬

‫مقالههای همایشهای ایران ‪.‬چهاردهمین کنگره ملی خوردگی ‪.‬انجمن خوردگی ایران ‪. 1392‬‬
‫نویسنده ‪:‬سیدمصطفی قهاری ‪.‬کیوان رئیسی ‪.‬مرتضی شمعانیان‬
‫هدف از این تحقیق‪ ،‬بررسی تأثیر حرارت ورودی بر جوشکاری فوالد زنگ نزن سوپر دوفازی ‪UNS S32750‬‬
‫روش قوس تنگستن‪ -‬گاز)‪ ، (GTAW‬و بررسی ریز ساختار و مقاومت به خوردگی فلز جوش و مقایسه آن با فلز‬
‫پایه است ‪.‬نتایج نشان داد که فلز جوش با افزایش حرارت ورودی نسبت به فلز پایه فعال تر شده و پتانسیل خوردگی‬
‫کمتری از خود نشان می دهد‪ .‬این در حالیست که فلز جوش دارای دانسیته جریان روئین شدن کمتری نسبت به فلز‬
‫پایه بود که نشان از مقاومت به خوردگی باالتر آن نسبت به فلز پایه است‪ .‬طبق معیار اختالف پتانسیل آند و کاتد فلز‬
‫جوش نسبت به فلز پایه در حرارت ورودی بیشتر برای خوردگی گالوانیک مستعدتر است‪ .‬فلز پایه و فلز جوش هر‬
‫دو نسبت به خوردگی حفره ای مصون بوده که این امر نشان دهنده عدم جدایش عناصر آلیاژی فلز جوش و انتخاب‬
‫مناسب پرکنند برای عملیات جوشکاری است ‪.‬‬

‫‪15‬‬