ASSIGNMENT-4

Vishnu Harikumar
18

1. What is Poisson’s ratio?

Poisson's ratio, named after Siméon Poisson, also known as the

coefficient of expansion on the transverse axial, is the negative ratio of
transverse to axial strain. If the material is stretched in a direction, it usually
tends to contract in the directions transverse to the direction of stretching. This
phenomenon is called the Poisson effect. Poisson's ratio is a measure of this
effect. The Poisson ratio is the fraction (or percent) of expansion divided by
the fraction (or percent) of compression, for small values of these changes. The
Poisson's ratio of a stable, isotropic, linear elastic material cannot be less than
−1.0 nor greater than 0.5 due to the requirement that Young's modulus,
the shear modulus and bulk modulus have positive values. Most materials
have Poisson's ratio values ranging between 0.0 and 0.5. A perfectly
incompressible material deformed elastically at small strains would have a
Poisson's ratio of exactly 0.5.
Poisson’s ratio of some of materials are:
Steel 0.27-0.3
Cast iron 0.21-0.26
Stainless steel 0.3-0.31
Rubber 0.499
Titanium 0.265-0.34

One area in which Poisson's effect has a considerable influence is in

pressurized pipe flow. When the air or liquid inside a pipe is highly pressurized
it exerts a uniform force on the inside of the pipe, resulting in a radial stress
within the pipe material. Due to Poisson's effect, this radial stress will cause
the pipe to slightly increase in diameter and decrease in length. The decrease
in length, in particular, can have a noticeable effect upon the pipe joints, as the
effect will accumulate for each section of pipe joined in series. A restrained
joint may be pulled apart or otherwise prone to failure.
2. What is Tensor?
Tensor is a linear mapping. Tensors, defined mathematically, are simply arrays
of numbers, or functions that transform according to certain rules under a
change of coordinates. A tensor may consist of a single number, in which case
it is referred to as a tensor of order zero, or simply a scalar. For reasons which
will become apparent, a scalar may be thought of as an array of dimension zero.
The next most complicated tensor is the tensor of order one, otherwise known
as a vector. Just as tensors of any order, it may be defined at a point, or points,
or it may vary continuously from point-to-point, thereby defining a vector field.
In ordinary three dimensional space, a vector has three components (contains
three numbers, or three functions of position). In four dimensional space-time,
a vector has four components. And, generally, in an n-dimensional space, a
vector (tensor of order one) has n components. A vector may be thought of as
an array of dimension one. This is because the components of a vector can be
visualized as being written in a column or along a line, which is one
dimensional.
Next above a vector are tensors of order 2, which are often referred to as
matrices. As might also be guessed, the components of a second order tensor
can be written as a two dimensional array. Just as vectors represent physical
properties more complex than scalars, so too matrices represent physical
properties yet more complex than can be handled by vectors.
3. What is principal stresses and stress invariants?

At every point in a stressed body there are at least three planes,

called principal planes, with normal vectors, called principal directions, where
the corresponding stress vector is perpendicular to the plane, i.e., parallel or in
the same direction as the normal vector, and where there are no normal shear
stresses . The three stresses normal to these principal planes are
called principal stresses.
The components of the stress tensor depend on the orientation of the
coordinate system at the point under consideration. However, the stress tensor
itself is a physical quantity and as such, it is independent of the coordinate
system chosen to represent it. There are certain invariants associated with
every tensor which are also independent of the coordinate system.
For a state of stress
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑧
𝜎 = 𝜎𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑧
𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧
The invariants are
𝐼1 =𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦
𝐼2 =| 𝜎 𝜎𝑧𝑧 | + | 𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑧 | + | 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 |
𝑦𝑧
𝐼3 = det (σ)

4. What is von-mises stress?

The von Mises yield criterion suggests that the yielding of materials begins
when the second deviatoric stress invariant 𝐽2 reaches a critical value. For this
reason, it is sometimes called the 𝐽2 plasticity or 𝐽2 flow theory. In materials
science and engineering the von Mises yield criterion can be also formulated
in terms of the von Mises stress or equivalent tensile stress, , a scalar stress
value that can be computed from the Cauchy stress tensor. In this case, a
material is said to start yielding when its von Mises stress reaches a critical
value known as the yield strength, . The von Mises stress is used to predict
yielding of materials under any loading condition from results of simple
uniaxial tensile tests. The von Mises stress satisfies the property that two
stress states with equal distortion energy have equal von Mises stress.
Von-mises stress in terms of principal stress is given by
(𝜎1 −𝜎2 )2 +(𝜎2 −𝜎3 )2 +(𝜎3 −𝜎1 )2
𝜎𝑣 = √
2
5. A stress analysis of space craft structural member gives the state of stress as
follows
200 30 0
𝑇𝑖𝑗 = [ 30 100 0 ]
0 0 −50
If the part is made of aluminium alloy with strength 500MPa
Find
 Stress invariants
 Principal stresses
 Von-mises stress

𝐼1 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧

=250
𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦
𝐼2 =| 𝜎 𝜎𝑧𝑧 | + | 𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝜎𝑧𝑧 | + | 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 |
𝑦𝑧

= -5000-10000+19100 = 4100
𝐼3 = det (σ)
=-955000

Characteristic equation is given by

𝜎 3 − 250 𝜎 2 + 4100𝜎 + 955000 = 0

Principal stresses are

𝜎1 = -50 MPa

𝜎2 = 208.309 MPa
𝜎3 = 91.690 MPa

Von-mises stress
(𝜎1 −𝜎2 )2 +(𝜎2 −𝜎3 )2 +(𝜎3 −𝜎1 )2
𝜎𝑣 = √
2

=224.0531 MPa