TYPES OF SONNET

Spenserian sonnet
3 quatrains and a couplet - "abab bcbc cdcd ee"

English(shakespearean) sonnet
3 quatrains of "abab cdcd efef" followed by a single couplet

Italian(petrarchan) sonnet
octave of "abba abba" then a sestet of "cdc cdc"

Morris Bishop
Morris Gilbert Bishop (April 15, 1893 – November 20, 1973) was an American scholar, historian,
biographer, essayist, translator, anthologist, and versifier.

Anna Maria Armi

-translator of Petrarch sonnets and Songs

Laura
Feminine form of the Late Latin name Laurus, which meant "laurel". This meaning was favourable, since
in ancient Rome the leaves of laurel trees were used to create victors' garlands. The name was borne by
the 9th-century Spanish martyr Saint Laura, who was a nun thrown into a vat of molten lead by the
Moors.

Tinder
dry, flammable material, such as wood or paper, used for lighting a fire.

Though the bow’s unbent

The poet gives us a hint that she didn't love him (it was a false pity) normally
when a person hits an arrow, he bends the bow and releases the arrow but when
its unbent, he can’t release the arrow but here, the wound is already given by the
false love so the poet is trying to convey the following message. Its a wound of
love even if the bow(cupid's) is unbent now. The wound bleeds on the wound of
love is dangerous than a physical wound he showed us how much he loved her
and how much pain he felt after that.

Doe
Doe means an adult female in some animal species such as deer and goat.
Suavely
to be smooth, polite and little bit cool.

Topaz
a precious stone, typically colorless, yellow, or pale blue, consisting of a fluorine-
containing aluminum silicate.

Unearthly
mysterious or unnatural

Spring
the season after winter and before summer, in which vegetation begins to appear, in the
northern hemisphere from March to May and in the southern hemisphere from September to
November.

Zephyr
a soft gentle breeze

Procne
Procne (Ancient Greek) is a minor figure in Greek mythology. She was the elder daughter of a king of
Athens named Pandion and the wife of King Tereus of Thrace. Her beautiful sister Philomela visited the
couple and was raped by Tereus, who tore out her tongue to prevent her revealing the crime. She wove
a tapestry which made it clear what had been done, and the two women took their revenge.

Procne killed her son by Tereus, Itys (or Itylos), boiled him and served him as a meal to her husband.
After he had finished his meal, the sisters presented Tereus with the severed head of his son, and he
realised what had been done. He snatched up an axe and pursued them with the intent to kill the
sisters.They fled but were almost overtaken by Tereus. In desperation, they prayed to the gods to be
turned into birds and escape Tereus' rage and vengeance.The gods transformed Procne into a swallow,
Philomela into a nightingale and Tereus into a hoopoe. The swallow genera Progne, Ptyonoprogne and
Psalidoprocne derive their names from the myth.

Philomel
The Rape of Philomela by Tereus, engraved by Virgil Solis for a 1562 edition of Ovid's Metamorphoses
(Book VI, 519–562).

Philomela or Philomel (Greek: Φιλομήλη, Philomēlē) is a minor figure in Greek mythology and is
frequently invoked as a direct and figurative symbol in literary, artistic, and musical works in the
Western canon.

She is identified as being the "princess of Athens" and the younger of two daughters of Pandion I, King
of Athens, and Zeuxippe. Her sister, Procne, was the wife of King Tereus of Thrace. While the myth has
several variations, the general depiction is that Philomela, after being raped and mutilated by her
sister's husband, Tereus, obtains her revenge and is transformed into a nightingale (Luscinia
megarhynchos), a migratory passerine bird native to Europe and southwest Asia and noted for its song.
Because of the violence associated with the myth, the song of the nightingale is often depicted or
interpreted as a sorrowful lament. Coincidentally, in nature, the female nightingale is mute and only the
male of the species sings.

Ovid and other writers have made the association (either fancifully or mistakenly) that the etymology of
her name was "lover of song," derived from the Greek φιλο- and μέλος ("song") instead of μῆλον ("fruit"
or "sheep"). The name means "lover of fruit," "lover of apples," or "lover of sheep."

Jove
Jupiter (from Latin: Iūpiter or Iuppiter from Proto-Italic *djous “day, sky” + *patēr “father," thus
"heavenly father"), also known as Jove gen. Iovis, is the god of the sky and thunder and king of the gods
in Ancient Roman religion and mythology. Jupiter was the chief deity of Roman state religion throughout
the Republican and Imperial eras, until Christianity became the dominant religion of the Empire. In
Roman mythology, he negotiates with Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, to establish principles
of Roman religion such as offering, or sacrifice.

Jupiter is usually thought to have originated as an aerial god. His identifying implement is the
thunderbolt and his primary sacred animal is the eagle, which held precedence over other birds in the
taking of auspices and became one of the most common symbols of the Roman army (see Aquila). The
two emblems were often combined to represent the god in the form of an eagle holding in its claws a
thunderbolt, frequently seen on Greek and Roman coins. As the sky-god, he was a divine witness to
oaths, the sacred trust on which justice and good government depend. Many of his functions were
focused on the Capitoline Hill, where the citadel was located. In the Capitoline Triad, he was the central
guardian of the state with Juno and Minerva. His sacred tree was the oak.

The Romans regarded Jupiter as the equivalent of the Greek Zeus, and in Latin literature and Roman art,
the myths and iconography of Zeus are adapted under the name Iuppiter. In the Greek-influenced
tradition, Jupiter was the brother of Neptune and Pluto, the Roman equivalents of Poseidon and Hades
respectively. Each presided over one of the three realms of the universe: sky, the waters, and the
underworld. The Italic Diespiter was also a sky god who manifested himself in the daylight, usually
identified with Jupiter. Tinia is usually regarded as his Etruscan counterpart.

Venus
Venus (Classical Latin) is the Roman goddess whose functions encompassed love, beauty, desire, sex,
fertility, prosperity and victory. In Roman mythology, she was the mother of the Roman people through
her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. Julius Caesar claimed her as his ancestor.
Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was revered in Roman religion under numerous cult
titles.

The Romans adapted the myths and iconography of her Greek counterpart Aphrodite for Roman art and
Latin literature. In the later classical tradition of the West, Venus becomes one of the most widely
referenced deities of Greco-Roman mythology as the embodiment of love and sexuality.
In the poem of laura how was laura described by the speaker?
Hair which is golden that fly freely, eyes that is brighter than the radiant west; the speaker
speaker in short described laura as a beautiful lady (ideal woman).

How does rhyme and rhytm contribute to the message of the poem "The White
Doe"?
The sonnet "The White Doe" kind of makes us believe that it is just about an encounter with a
white doe. However, it is actually is a love poem.
So this is how the figure of speech, rhyme and the rhythm contribute to the message of the
poem:
White doe represents the woman the author loves (Laura).
Notice how the fourth stanza has no rhyme scheme. Its deterioration of rhyme steady serves as
tool to exemplify how Petrarch became lost in following the subject.
The poem can be an example of personification (figure of speech).

"The White Doe". What is the basis of the ryhme scheme?

A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem.
Its ideal form is often attributed to Petrarch.
Thus, a Petrarchan sonnet is structured as an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines).
The octave often proposes a problem or concern that the sestet resolves or otherwise engages.
The 9th line (first line of the sestet) marks a shift in the direction of the poem and is frequently
called the "turn" or the "volta".
The 1st stanza has a rhyme scheme of ABAB, the 2nd has ABBA, the 3rd has ABA, while the 4th
stanza has no rhyme scheme.
The deterioration of the rhyme steady serves as tool to exemplify how the poet/author
becomes lost while writing it (or while expressing his feelings). It adds a tragic or dramatic tone.
What emotion does the last stanza of the poem "The White Doe" evoke in you?
This is the last stanza of "The White Doe":
Already toward noon had climbed the sun
my weary eyes were not sated to see
When I fell in the stream and she was gone.

For me the poem has a tragic twist. The sonnet especially the last stanza evokes unpleasant
realities in my mind. One of those bitter truths is that we cannot always get everything we
desire. Even if we hanker after something/someone and sacrificed a lot to win it/him/her,
there are times that whatever it is that we are longing for are not destined for us.

What is the meaning of spring by morris bishop?

In any form of literature and art, spring always signifies life, youth, and the return of vitality.
But in Morris Bishop's reference to spring in his poem, he points out that spring might be a bad
thing. It turns the wine sour and the wild vines only blossoming with a few buds.
This could be interpreted as an old person's refusal to accept change. When one has been set in
his ways for so many years, change can be very difficult to accept. They may think that it "sours
the wine", but in reality the souring is part of the process to turn grape into wine.

Who is referred to in the three poems?( Spring translated by Morris Bishop)?

In the three poems Laura, Spring (translated by Morris Bishop), and The White Doe (translated by Anna
Maria-Armi) featured in the text book, Laura was the one being referred to.

The three poems are from the collection called Canzoniere which is a collection specifically written by
Italian poet Francesco Petrarch to declare and celebrate his love for his muse, Laura.