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Step-by-step procedure for design of waveguide filters with HFSS

Conference Paper · January 2001

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 Step-by-step procedure for
design of waveguide filters with HFSS

Kjetil Folgerø
Nera Telecommunications, Norway
kfo@nera.no

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -1-

 Outline

 Filters at Nera
 Introduction / Motivation
 Step-by-step design procedure
 Detailed design example
 Other examples
 Conclusion

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -2-

 Filters at Nera

 Channel filters:  Narrow-band (< 1 %)  tuning

 2 GHz - 15 GHz
 Sub-band filters:  “Broad-band” (2-5%)  no tuning
 15 GHz - 40 GHz

 Waveguide (inductive iris, circular posts)

 Dielectric resonator

 Other waveguide components

 OMT, bends, hybrids, transitions, ...

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -3-

 Motivation

 There exist many EM computer programs for design of

waveguide filters, but these are limited to specific filter
topologies or coupling structures
 need for a general tool like HFSS
 HFSS can be used for global optimization of filters, but
optimization is slow for large structures with a large
number of optimization variables
 need for a better design procedure
 Solution:
Apply well known circuit theory synthesis methods in
combination with HFSS

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -4-

 Global optimization
a/2

b
width1
length1
port 1
width2
length2

width3
length2

width2
length1

symmetry
width1 boundary

port 2

 many variables to optimize,

 long simulation time,
 non-optimum solution
Brian Gray, Ansoft, ”External Optimization Using Ansoft HFSS”, AB053-9905, May 1999.
Michael Brenneman, Ansoft, ”AnsoftHFSS V7: OptimetricsTM Case Studies of Optimization and
Parametrics”, 1999 HFSS User Workshop

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -5-

 Equivalent circuit
a/2

b
width1
length1
port 1

waveguide filter length2

width2

(HFSS) length2
width3

width2
length1
symmetry
width1 boundary

port 2

Z0A K01 Z0 K12 Z0 K23 Z0 Z0 Kn,n+1 Z0B

g/2 g/2 prototype filter

(equivalent circuit)
S B Cohn “Direct-coupled-resonator filters” Proc. IRE pp187-96, Feb 1957

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -6-

 Step-by-step procedure
- optimization of one dimension in each step

a/2
waveguide filter
length1
width1
b
(HFSS) tune
port 1
width2
length2 width1
width3
length2

width2
length1
symmetry
boundary
width1
tune
length1
port 2

optimize / tune

Z0 K34 Z0 Z0A K01 Z0 K12 Z0

d0 g/2 g/2
Z0A K01 Z0 K12 Z0 K23 Z0 Z0 Kn,n+1 Z0B

g/2 g/2
prototype
d filter
(equivalent circuit)
HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -7-
 Step-by-step procedure

Advantages:
 Simulation of small structures in each step => fast simulation
 Only one dimension is optimized in each step => fast convergence

Procedure:
 1) Obtain prototype filter from filter specifications
 2) For all couplings: Optimize coupling with HFSS to give the right
K-inverter value at the center frequency
 3) For all resonators: Calculate resonator length, fine tune
parameter with HFSS

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -8-

 Design Example
Filter with inductive posts
Design Requirements
WR62
f0 = 15.35 GHz BW= 32 MHz
S11 < -20 dB
S21 < -40 dB @ f0 ± 40 MHz

The filter shall be tunable from 14.9

to 15.35 GHz

Z0 K01 K12 K23 K34 K23 K12 K01

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -9-

 Step-by-step procedure
step 1: Prototype filter
1a) Obtain low-pass prototype parameters (gi) f0 BW
IL RL
from filter specifications (see e.g. Matthaei*)

g2 g4 gn

g0 g1 g3 gn-1 gn+1

Example: 6th order

f0 = 15.35 GHz BW= 32 MHz Chebychev filter
S11 < -20 dB prototype
S21 < -40 dB @ f0 ± 40 MHz elements
g0 = 1.0000
Z0A K01 Z0 K12 Z0 K23 Z0 Z0 Kn,n+1 Z0B g1 = 0.8836
g2 = 1.3966
g3 = 1.7894
g/2 g/2 g4 = 1.5528
*Matthaei, Young and Jones “Microwave filters, impedance-matching g5 = 1.6095
networks, and coupling structures”, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 1992 g6 = 0.7667
g7 = 1.1524

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -10-

 Step-by-step procedure
step 1: Prototype filter

1b) Calculate K-inverters (band-pass prototype parameters)

Z0A K01 Z0 K12 Z0 K23 Z0 Z0 Kn,n+1 Z0B

g/2 g/2

 wA K i ,i 1 wi 1
K
  01 
K 01 K i,i 1  
Z0 A 2 g 0 g1 Z 0i Z 0,i 1 2 g i g i 1 Example:

 gi0  f
2
K´01=0.0775
K n,n 1  wB wi   
K n ,n 1  
 0  f 0
K´12=0.0048
Z0B 2 g n g n 1
K´23=0.0034
K´34=0.0032

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -11-

 Step-by-step procedure
step 2: Optimize couplings
 For all couplings: Optimize coupling to give the right K-
inverter value at the center frequency

Z0A K01 Z0 K12 Z0 2 K23 Z0 Z0

S 21 
jK   j K 
d
g/2 g/2
Coupling S21 (dB) diameter offset
1 -16.14 d1 = 2.50 mm do1 = 3.845mm
do 2 -40.40 d2 = 3.50 mm do2 = 3.135 mm
3 -43.47 d3 = 3.50 mm do3 = 2.960 mm
4 -43.93 d4 = 3.50 mm do4 = 2.972 mm
5 -43.47 d5 = 3.50 mm do5 = 2.960 mm
6 -40.40 d6 = 3.50 mm do6 = 3.135 mm
 7 -16.14 d7 = 2.50 mm do7 = 3.845 mm

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -12-

 Step-by-step procedure
step 3: Optimize resonator lengths
 For all resonators: calculate resonator length, fine tune
until the structure resonates at the center frequency
-10

Z0A K01 Z0 K12 Z0 -15 K23 Z0 Z0 Kn,n+1 Z0B

-20
lr Denne figuren er IKKE for første resonator

S (dB)
g/2 g/2
-25

-30

-35 resonator length

l1 = 10.839 mm
-40

1  r  2
15.37l 15.38
2 = 11.346 mm
15.31 15.32 15.33 15.34 15.35 15.36 15.39 15.4
frequency (GHz)
l3 = 11.395 mm

r g
l4 = 11.395 mm

r    1  2 
1
l
l5 = 11.346 mm
l6 = 10.839 mm
2
2

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -13-

 Measurements
Filter with inductive posts
 Designed at 15.35 GHz
 Tunable from 14.9 to 15.35 GHz
 Measured at 15.32 GHz
0
10

-1 0

-2
-10
S21 (dB)

-20
-3

-30
S (dB)

-4
-40
-5
-50
-6
15.29 15.3 15.31 15.32 15.33 15.34 15.35 -60
frequency (GHz)

-70

-80

-90
15.24 15.26 15.28 15.3 15.32 15.34 15.36 15.38 15.4 15.42
frequency (GHz)

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -14-

 Measurements
Filter with inductive posts
 data centered on f0
0

-10

-20
S (dB)

-30

-40
S11 Measured
S21 Measured
-50
S11 HFSS
S21 HFSS
S11 Goal
-60 S21 Goal

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

f -f0 (MHz)

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -15-

 Simulation Setup
Filter with inductive posts

 The procedure is automated with Octave (/Matlab)

 Assume infinite conductivity
 3 frequency points enough to determine the resonator length
 Use symmetry (E- and H-plane)

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -16-

 Simulation Data
Filter with inductive posts

 Couplings:
 10 adaptive passes
 2274 tetrahedra
 appr. 1 min solution time per simulation

 Resonators
 10 adaptive passes
 3871 tetrahedra
 appr. 2 min solution time per simulation

Dual Pentium III 866 MHz, 768 MB RAM

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -17-

 Example
Inductive iris filter with “rounded” corners

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -18-

 Example
Folded inductive iris filter

Design procedure:
M. Guglielmi, Simple CAD procedure for microwave filters and multiplexers, IEEE
Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol 42, pp 1347-1352, July 1994

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -19-

 Example
Power divider

M Guglielmi, B Ginemo, T Kjøde “A new equiripple power splitter for radio link
applications” , Proc. 28th European Microwave Conf ,vol 2, pp 30, 1998

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -20-

 Refinements of the design-procedure

 Consider other prototype filters for broadband filters

 see e.g. S Yin, T. Vasilyeva, P Pramanick “Use of three-dimensional
field simulators in the synthesis of waveguide round rod bandpass
filters”, Int J RF and Microwave CAE, vol 8, no 6, pp 484-497, 1998

Build coupling databases

dual posts in waveguide R140 @ 13.28 GHz
 0.4
d=2.5mm
d=3.5mm
0.35
d
0.3

0.25

|K|
0.2

do 0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
offset (mm)

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -21-

 Conclusion

 Easy-to-use design procedure

 Fast convergence of the optimizations because only one
parameter is optimized in each step
 Fast solution times because all simulated structures are
small

 This design procedure allows us to use HFSS for controlled

design of filters - not only for design verification and fine
tuning

HFSS WS 2001-01-19 -22-

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