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Article history: In this paper, doped and undoped anatase TiO2 nanoparticle films on indium tin oxide glasses have been
Received 4 March 2008 fabricated by spin coating sols containing Zn2+ or Zn2+ and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS),
Received in revised form 22 August 2009 respectively. The effects of the co-addition of Zn2+ and DBS on the photocatalysis performance and wetting
Accepted 4 September 2009
properties of the resulting TiO2 nanoparticle films were investigated. The results showed that the addition of
Available online 16 September 2009
Zn2+ improved both the photocatalytic activity and the hydrophilicity, which was attributed to surface
Keywords:
oxygen vacancies. The co-addition of Zn2+ and DBS resulted in an important increase of the surface
TiO2 roughness, resulting in films showing a superhydrophilic behavior. However, the photocatalytic activity was
Nanosized film slightly decreased by co-adding Zn2+ and DBS. The DBS addition resulted in changes in the surface
Surface microstructure microstructure of the TiO2 films, changing the photocatalytic activity and wetting performance.
Photocatalysis © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Wetting
0040-6090/$ – see front matter © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.09.006
3178 Y. Qu et al. / Thin Solid Films 518 (2010) 3177–3181
Fig. 3. FE-SEM images of the ZTF and the DZTF with low and high magnifications.
3180 Y. Qu et al. / Thin Solid Films 518 (2010) 3177–3181
Fig. 6. Contact angle values of water droplet on the different as-prepared films.
Fig. 4. SPS responses and UV–Vis absorption spectra (inset) of the as-prepared films. the surface oxygen deficiency content. Surface oxygen vacancy is
beneficial for the separation process of photoinduced electron-hole
pairs [17], enhancing the photocatalytic activity, and it also promotes
photoinduced electrons during the processes of charge transportation, adsorption of H2O molecules in the thermodynamics [32], accordingly
consequently reducing the charge recombination. In addition, coupling improving hydrophilic capability of TiO2. For the DBS addition, it
ZnO can also improve the separation situation of photoinduced electrons results into an unexpected superhydrophilic property of the
and holes of TiO2 [15]. The decreased TiO2 amount and the much rough corresponding films, which is determined by the obvious surface
film surface are possibly responsible for the weak SPS response of the roughness. As accepted widely, the distinguished surface structure
DZTF. The weight-normalized result shows that the SPS response of the can promote the spread of water droplets on the film surface, mainly
DZTF is slightly lower than that of the TF. In addition, it is understandable through the three-dimensional capillary effects of tiny voids [33],
that the rough film surface is not good to connect the TiO2 film with the which results from the aggregations of nanoparticles based on the
testing electrode, contributing to the low SPS signal. SEM images. However, the DBS addition leads to the decrease in the
photocatalytic activity, which is naturally expected to be related to the
3.4. Photocatalytic activity and wetting performance decreased TiO2 amount. For a proper comparison, the weight-
normalized activity is calculated, demonstrating that the photocata-
The experimental results show that the adsorption degradation of lytic activity of the DZTF is still low compared with those of the TF and
RhB on the as-prepared films in the dark can be neglected, compared the ZTF. Thus, it is deduced that it is unfavorable for photocatalytic
with that in the photocatalytic degradation. Relative to the TF, the ZTF reactions to possess a rather rough film surface.
and the DZTF exhibit high and low photocatalytic activities,
respectively (Fig. 5), and both display much good hydrophilicity 4. Conclusion
(Fig. 6). Interestingly, the DZTF reaches to a superhydrophilic extent
and its contact angle nearly does not change after keeping in the dark It is concluded that the addition of Zn2+ improves both photo-
for two weeks. From a practical point of view, it is of great significance catalytic activity and hydrophilic property of the as-prepared TiO2 films,
to possess durable superhydrophilicty, since the resulting TiO2 film is while that of DBS slightly decreases photocatalytic activity and
not exposed to ultraviolet illumination in advance. obviously enhances hydrophilic property, even reaching to super-
The above results demonstrate that the addition of Zn2+ has hydrophilic degree. On the basis of the Raman spectra, FE-SEM images
positive effects on both photocatalytic activity and hydrophilic and SPS responses, the increases in the photoinduced charge separation
property of TiO2 film, which is mainly attributed to the increase in rate and in the surface oxygen vacancy amount are responsible for the
effects of the Zn2+ addition on photocatalytic activity and wetting
performance, and the remarkable increase in the surface roughness by
adding DBS results into the remarkable enhancement in hydrophilic
property, meanwhile makes a slight decrease in the photocatalytic
activity. It can be suggested that the surface microstructure of nanosized
functional TiO2 films be effectively altered by introducing inorganic
impurities or organic macro-molecules, further modifying the perfor-
mances in the photocatalysis and wetting areas purposely. This work
would provide a simple strategy to fabricate high-performance
functional semiconductor films.
Acknowledgements
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