CHAPTER 6

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

6.1 POPULATION

According to Husaini Usman, the population is all the values of the results
of calculations and measurements, quantitative and qualitative, of certain
characteristics regarding a group of objects that are complete and clear. Example
of the population is: All accounts registered in the BRI branch in Renon

6.2 SAMPLE

According to Riduwan (2007: 56) the sample is part of the population that
has certain characteristics or circumstances researched.Example of the sample:
BRI branch in Renon is being audited for the level of error in recording its
account. Instead of observing all the accounts registered that have total of 5,500
accounts, an auditor can only choose and observe sample as many as 100
accounts.

6.3 RESEARCH USING POPULATION AND SAMPLE

6.3.1 Population
1. Basic Concepts. Basically, population or universe research is a
psychological object or item that is limited by certain criteria. Therefore in the
research it needs a clear population size. Population size refers to the number of
psychological objects in the population. Usually, population size in research is
represented by the letter N (capital).
2. Form of Research Population Size. The population quantity there
arecountable and some uncountable. Therefore, population size in business
research can be divided into 2 forms, namely:

a. Finite Population. Finite population is a research population whose numbers

can still be determined or can be calculated. For example: The number of
individual taxpayers registered in the Tax Office Pratama North Badung on 2016
was 60,528 people
b. Infinite Population. Infinite Population is a population size that has been so
large that the number cannot be calculated again. Sometimes the number of
individuals in the population is not fixed or the number is infinite. For example:
The number of people visiting the Tax Office Pratama North Badung.

3. Method of Collect Information on Population in Research. Data

obtained in a research is objective, valid and reliable data. In addition,
representative data can be obtained from the population researched. To achieve
these objectives, a method of collecting population information is needed, namely:

a. Complete Enumeration. Collected by counting each unit or unit in the

population. In social research including business, researchers often face an infinite
population. Therefore researchers must first determine the target population. This
population will later become the scope of the conclusions in the study.

b. Sample Enumeration. Collected by only counting a portion of the population

according to the characteristics desired by the population. So the description of the
population is taken from the representative of the population or from the sample
(part of the population that researched).

6.3.2 Sample
1) Basic Concepts. Basically the sample is some psychological object or
member of the population taken according to certain procedures. Sample as part of
a population that has certain characteristics or circumstances to be researched.
Whereas sampling is the process of choosing part of a psychological object from a
population.In the process of selecting a sample, a Sampling Unit is obtained from
the Sampling Frame of the object that are researched.
 Sampling Unit. Sampling unit is everything that the researcher makes as a
unit that will later be used as the object of research. The form of a
sampling group can be an individual and can also be a collection of
individuals or groups. Example: If in the Tax Office Pratama North
Badung on 2016 there are 60,528 people registered as individual taxpayers
and in the research, individual taxpayers selected as research data, so that
is mean the individual taxpayers is the sampling units.
  Sampling Frame. Sampling frame is a list of sampling units in a
population. For example: If in Tax Office Pratama North Badung on the
2016 there are 60,528 people registered as individual taxpayers, and in the
research, individual taxpayers selected as research data, so the list of
individual taxpayers is the sampling frame

6.4 GOOD SAMPLE CRITERIA

6.4.1 A good sample allows the researcher to make decisions related to the size
of the sample to obtain the desired answer
6.4.2 A good sample identifies the probability of each unit of analysis to be a
sample.
6.4.3 A good sample allows the researcher to calculate accuracy and influence
(for example errors) in sample selection rather than having to do a census.
6.4.4 A good sample allows the researcher to calculate the degree of confidence
specified in the population estimate compiled from a statistical sample.

6.5 CONSIDERATION OF SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

The number of samples suitable for a research is influenced by several factors,

namely as follows (Davis & Cosenza) 1993: 222-2231.

6.5.1 Homogeneity. The more homogeneous a sample selection unit is, the
smaller the number of samples needed.
6.5.2 Degree of Trust. The degree of trust measures how far the researcher
believes in estimating the population parameters correctly. The degree of trust is
usually expressed in probability, for example 95%.
6.5.3 Precision. Precision measures the standard errors of the estimates made. In
other words, the expectation of deviation from the population is calculated by
the standard deviation.
6.5.4 Analysis Procedure. Some specific analysis models require a certain
number of samples. Researchers need to consider the number of samples needed
according to the analysis model that will be used.

6.6 SIZE OF SAMPLE

 Gay and Diehl (1992)
Gay ad Diehl’s argue that the sample must be as large as possible. Gay and
Diehl's (1992) opinion assumes that the more samples taken, the more
representative and the results can be derived. But the sample size received
will depend on the type of research:
a. If the research is descriptive, then the minimum sample is 10% of the
population
b. If the research is correlational, the minimum sample is 30 subjects
c. If the research is causal comparison, the sample is 30 subjects per
group
If experimental research, the minimum sample is 15 subjects per group
 Roscoe (1975) quoted by Uma Sekaran (2006) provides a general
reference for determining sample size:
a. Sample sizes of more than 30 and less than 500 are appropriate for
most research
b. If the sample is divided into subsamples (male / female, junior /
senior, etc.), the minimum sample size of 30 for each category is
appropriate
c. In mutivariate research (including multiple regression analysis), the
sample size should be 10 times greater than the number of variables in
the research
d. For simple experimental research with strict experimental controls,
successful research is possible with a small sample size of 10 to 20
 Malhotra (1993)
Malhotra (1993) provides a guide to the sample size taken can be
determined by multiplying the number of variables by 5, or 5x the number
of variables. Thus if the number of observed variables is 20, then the
minimum sample is 5 x 20 = 100
 Arikunto Suharsimi (2005)
Arikunto Suharsimi (2005) gave the following opinion: if
researchers have several hundred subjects in the population, then they can
determine approximately 25-30% of that amount. If the number of subject
 members in the population only covers between 100-150 people, and in
the data collection the researcher uses a questionnaire, then it should be
taken in a number of subjects. But if the researcher uses interview and
observation techniques, the amount can be reduced according to the
sample technique and according to the ability of the researcher.
 Slovin formula ( Riduwan, 2005: 65)

n = N / N (d) 2 + 1

n = sample; N = population; d = 95% precision value or sig. = 0.05.

For example, the total population is 125, and the desired error rate is 5%,
then the number of samples used are: N = 125/125 (0.05) 2 + 1 = 95.23,
rounded 95.

6.7 SOURCE OF SAMPLING ERROR

6.7.1 Random Variation. Random variations are the most common source of
sampling errors. The presence of a mistaken guess is rather easily detected if the
information obtained is clearly doubtful, but if the estimation error is not so large,
of course the error that appears to be difficult to detect so that ultimately the
information obtained will lead to the wrong conclusion
6.7.2 Specification error. Errors caused by misrepresentation of specifications
are very common in opinion making for elections. Specific errors can also arise
due to incorrect lists of population elements (population frames), incorrect
information in the inventory logbook, incorrect selection of sample members
(such as replacing the intended respondent with a neighbor if the respondent who
was supposed to be found was not in place) ), question sensitivity, errors in
gathering information about samples caused by intentional or unintentional
interview bias, or errors in processing sample information.
6.7.3 Error Determining Respondents (mis-specification of sample subjects).
The source of additional errors in the sample survey was caused by errors in the
determination of respondents from several sample members. In general,
researchers assume that respondents and non-responders represent similar layers
of the population when in fact this is a rare case.
 6.7.4 Coverage errors. One of the keys to success from a good sample selection
is the availability of a list of relevant complete population elements. Errors due to
incomplete coverage of the population list (coverage error) arise because of the
unavailability of a list of certain groups in the list of population elements. These
conditions make the individual members of the group not likely to be selected as a
sample and result in a bias in the election.
6.7.5 Nonresponse error. Not every respondent is willing to respond to a
survey. Experience shows that individuals in the upper and lower economic
classes tend to be less responsive to surveys than those in the middle class. Errors
due to incomplete response (nonresponse errors) arise from failure to collect data
from all individuals in the sample
6.7.6 Sample Withdrawal Error (Sampling error). It is believed that a good
sample is a miniature of the population. Even so, repeated sampling usually
results in a different amount of population characteristics between one sample to
another. In this case the sampling error reflects the heterogeneity of the
probability of the emergence of differences from one sample to another because of
the individual differences chosen from the various samples.
6.7.7 Measurement error. Measurement error refers to inaccuracy in recording
the response given by the respondent because of the weakness of the instrument in
the main question, the inability of the question or because the statement made
tends to direct the respondent's answer.

6.8 SAMPLE SELECTION PHASE

6.8.1 Population Determination. The first process for selecting samples is

determining the population. The unit of analysis is as an individual head of
household, student, trader), organization (for example a distributor, manufacturing
company), or it can be a company (for example: car, toothpaste).
6.8.2 Determination of the Sample Selection Unit. The sample selection unit
is a group of elements. From the research population the elements that will be
grouped into one or several groups depend on the sample design used by the
researcher.
 6.8.3 Determination of Sample Selection Framework. The sample selection
framework is a list of elements from each sample selection unit. Research on first-
year students, for example, can use the list of names of first-year students that can
be obtained in the administration section.
6.8.4 Sample Design Determination. Sample design is a method for selecting
samples from existing populations. There are several types of sample designs that
can be used by researchers.
6.8.5 Sample Number Determination. As is known, the data to be analyzed is
obtained from the research sample. Thus the greater the number of samples, with
the correct sample design, of course the data obtained will increasingly represent
the population under study.
6.8.6 Sample Selection. The final step in the sample selection process is to
choose the sample needed. In this step the researcher determines the elements that
will be the sample of the research conducted.

6.9 SAMPLING MAKING METHOD OR SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

In general, the sample design consists of two types, namely probability

design and non-probability design. There are 5 types of probability sample
designs, namely: random samples, systematic samples, stratification samples,
cluster samples, and multistage samples.

Sample Type Description Advantage Disadvantage

Simple Random Each element of Only requires a Requires more of
Sampling the population has little knowledge. more population
the same elements.
opportunity to be
selected as a
sample.
Systematic Select samples Cheaper than Periodic
Sampling from the simple random population allows
population from sampling data and results to
the start and follow be distributed
 the sample abnormally.
selection based on
the order of
elements.
Stratification Researchers The results are If the subsample
Sampling divided the more selected on a
population into representative of different basis
groups and the overall will increase the
randomly selected population so that error.
subsamples from it increases
each group efficiency
statistically.
Cluster Sampling Groups that have More efficient Researchers must
heterogeneous because have the ability to
characteristics are economically divide into truly
identified first and than simple specific clusters.
then randomly random samples.
selected
Multistage The researcher Provide more Researchers may
Sampling chooses a small accurate be reluctant to do
area for each stage information. so because they
and combines the have to be
four sample repetitive.
techniques above
There are 4 types of probability sample designs, namely: convenience
sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, snowball sampling.

Sample Type Description Advantage Disadvantage

Convenience The researcher Does not require Biased variability
Sampling uses the simplest a long population and estimation
or most list. cannot be
economical measured or
 sample. controlled.
Judgment Experienced or The sample The results are
Sampling experienced ensures that the biased because
researchers choose objectives to be the sample is not
samples to fulfill achieved must be representative.
their objectives, achieved.
such as ensuring
that all populations
have certain
characteristics.
Quota Sampling The researcher Do not need a Deviations from
classifies the population list the population
population anymore cannot be
according to estimated due to
certain criteria the use of non-
(pertinent random selection.
properties),
determines the
desired sample
proportion for each
class, sets the
quota for each
interviewer
Snowball Initial respondents Useful in The result is
Sampling are selected with allocating biased because
probability members from a the number of
samples while the small population. samples is not
next respondents independent.
are obtained from
previous
respondents'
suggestions / input
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Empat

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Empat

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